Identifying Gender and Racial Bias in Pediatric Fellowship Letters of Recommendation: Do Word Choices Influence Interview Decisions?

OBJECTIVES: To describe linguistic differences in letters of recommendation (LORs) for pediatric fellowship candidates based on applicant and letter writer demographics and to examine if these differences influenced the decision to interview a candidate for a fellowship position. STUDY DESIGN: LORs for applicants to 8 pediatric subspecialty fellowships at a single academic center from the 2020 Match were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. Frequency of validated agentic and communal terms in each letter were determined by a language processing web application. Bias was determined as having a >5% surplus of agentic or communal terms. RESULTS: We analyzed 1521 LORs from 409 applicants: 69% were women, 28% were under-represented minorities in medicine (URM), and 50% were invited to interview. Overall, 66% of LORs were agentic biased, 16% communal biased, and 19% neutral. There was no difference in bias in LORs by an applicant's gender (woman 67% agentic vs man 62% agentic; P = .058), race, or ethnicity (non-URM 65% agentic vs URM 67% agentic; P = .660). Despite a lower frequency of agentic terms in LORs for applicants invited for interviews, when accounting for other components of an application and applicant demographics, no significant association was made between language bias in LORs and fellowship interview status. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of agentic and communal terms in LORs for pediatric subspecialty fellowship candidates were not found to influence the decision to invite a candidate to interview. However, raising awareness of potential areas of bias within the pediatric fellowship selection process might lead to a more equitable and holistic approach to application review.

Patrones de actividad de mamíferos alrededor de la línea transportadora de gas natural de Camisea en la Reserva Comunal Machiguenga, Cusco, Perú

En el presente trabajo se estudia la actividad horaria de los mamíferos que habitan el área circundante a la línea transportadora de gas de Camisea que atraviesa la Reserva Comunal Machiguenga. Desde febrero del 2020 hasta enero del 2021, se realizó un registro fotográfico mediante cámaras trampa dispuestas a lo largo de la tubería de gas. Los patrones de actividad se estimaron mediante la función de densidad de Kernel. Durante el periodo de estudio, se registraron 25 especies de mamíferos. Se encontró que Dasyprocta kalinowskii y Eira barbara presentan un patrón de actividad diurno; mientras que Cuniculus paca, Tapirus terrestris, Dasypus spp. y Mazama spp. presentan un patrón predominantemente nocturno. Se sugiere que los patrones de actividad observados estarían influenciados por varios factores como la exclusión competitiva entre D. kalinowskii y C. paca, disponibilidad estacional del alimento para T. terrestris, variación de temperatura y precipitación para Dasypus spp., restricciones filogenéticas en Mazama spp., y segregación temporal con otros carnívoros para E. barbara. Se destaca la importancia de la colaboración entre las empresas del rubro energético, las comunidades nativas y las organizaciones gubernamentales.

The present study investigates the hourly activity patterns of mammals inhabiting the area surrounding the Camisea gas pipeline that crosses the Machiguenga Communal Reserve. From February 2020 to January 2021, a photographic record was conducted using camera traps placed along the gas pipeline. Activity patterns were estimated using Kernel density functions. During the study period, 25 mammal species were recorded. It was found that Dasyprocta kalinowskii and Eira barbara exhibit a diurnal activity pattern, whereas Cuniculus paca, Tapirus terrestris, Dasypus spp., and Mazama spp. display predominantly nocturnal behavior. It is suggested that observed activity patterns could be influenced by various factors such as competitive exclusion between D. kalinowskii and C. paca, seasonal food availability for T. terrestris, temperature and precipitation variations for Dasypus spp., phylogenetic constraints in Mazama spp., and temporal segregation with other carnivores for E. barbara. The significance of collaboration between energy industry companies, native communities, and governmental organizations is emphasized.

Communal Labor in Ecovillages: Contradictions, Impasses, and Possibilities within the Notion of Self-sufficiency.

Our goal is to outline the concept of communal labor in ecovillages of Brazil. To do that, we considered three elements: (1) political orientation for self-sufficiency; (2) technical-productive orientation in self-managed work and in plural economic practices; and (3) socio-environmental orientation centered on the recovery of biodiversity. We collected data in four ecovillages for 49 days, through a methodological path of inspiration ethnography with fieldnote and participant observation, followed by remote monitoring for 22 months. Our option was for flexible procedure to collect complex dynamics of management and routines of life by dialogues between researchers and informants. The results show that communal labor emerged in ecovillages as a resistance to market-centric society, although dependent on it incidentally. If, on the one hand, there are tensions and contradictions, on the other they reveal a strong organizational practice that shows possibilities and ways of redefining the relationships among human beings, and between collective organizations and ecosystems, by mitigating elements of alienation on values that inspire human emancipation.

Evidence of cooperative calves' care and providers' characteristics in zebu cattle (Bos indicus) raised under extensive conditions.

Communal rearing has been reported in several mammals, including wild ungulates. However, until now, there was no evidence of any alloparental care in the Bos genus. To test the hypothesis that calves' groups are formed under the care of specific cows, a herd of 31 peri-partum zebu cows raised under pasture conditions were used. Groups of ≥ 3 individuals within a 10-m diameter were estimated using aerial pictures taken every other day at 7:00, 10:30, 13:30, 16:00, and 18:00 h, during 6 weeks. Temperament (exit speed, flight distance, intensity of reaction), age, and parity of each cow were registered. A total of 142 groups were observed, and in all of them, at least one calf was present. A total of 75% of the groups were more calves than cows, and in 65.4% of the cases, there were 1 to 3 cows with 2 to 32 calves. While there were no groups integrated only by cows, there were 3.5% integrated only with calves. The most frequent group was formed by 2 calves and 1 cow (14.8%). Parity was positively related with the number of times that a cow was observed in a group (R2 = 0.19, P = 0.01) and with the number of groups in which her calf was present (R2 = 0.16; P = 0.03). The results of the temperament tests were unrelated to the total number of groups in which a cow was observed nor the number of groups with or without its calf. It was concluded that zebu calves congregate in newborn groups in companion with one or more adults, preferably high parity cows, regardless of their temperament.

Formación de voluntarios como promotor es comunales de la salud cardiovascular en el programa Cartago da vida al corazón: 10 años de experiencia. Área demostrativa iniciativa CARMEN - Costa Rica / Training of volunteers as community promoters of cardiovascular health in the program Cartago gives life to the heart: 10 years of experience. Demonstration area CARMEN initiative - Costa Rica

Resumen Objetivos: Dar a conocer la metodología y los resultados de la formación de promotores de la salud cardiovascular en el programa " Cartago da vida al corazón" Introducción: La enfermedad cardiovascular es el problema número uno de la salud en una gran cantidad de países de Latinoamérica. Esta enfermedad es de origen más conductual que biológico y se inicia en gran proporción por efecto de los estilos de vida inadecuados en la población. La intervención de la enfermedad se realiza usando estrategias individuales para los casos y poblacionales para los grupos en riesgo. La participación de la comunidad en la producción de su salud cardiovascular es una estrategia que ha demostrado tener un mayor impacto que las intervenciones individuales. Basado en la idea promocionada por el Ministerio de Salud de los Educadores Comunitarios de Salud (ECOS), se adaptó y validó una estrategia para promocionar la salud cardiovascular en las comunidades cartaginesas. Métodos: Se identificaron y motivaron los candidatos, se capacitaron durante un mínimo de 90 horas en los conocimientos básicos sobre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, su medición y técnicas educativas. Se realizaron actividades de práctica con el grupo en formación y se le brindaron los elementos mínimos necesarios para que puedan planificar sus acciones elaborar proyectos comunales simples y evaluar su trabajo. Teóricamente a los promotores formados se les dio seguimiento sobre sus actividades en la comunidad y se les dio refrescamiento sobre conocimientos y practicas útiles en sus acciones. Resultados: Se han realizado seis cursos de formación en el que participaron 94 voluntarios, de éstos 50 se mantienen activos, algunos realizan acciones comunales como dar educación a grupos comunales, otros tienen grupos para realizar ejercicio físico y la mayoría colaboran con el programa en la realización de los talleres comunales de promoción de la salud cardiovascular. El 100% de los evaluados, ha logrado modificar por lo menos 1 factor de riesgo, 87% han modificado 2 factores, 76% modificaron tres factores, 52% cuatro factores y 32% 5 factores y más. Discusión: Es bien teorizado que la salud se producirá en mejor forma cuando se incorpore activa y sostenidamente la participación de la comunidad en los programas de salud. Sin embargo, este siempre ha sido un problema dado la participación siempre es escasa. En este proyecto se partió de la hipótesis que se mejora la participación y la acción dando a los voluntarios los elementos siguientes: motivación, capacitación, independencia funcional, seguimiento y evaluación. Se persigue que los voluntarios se empoderen del problema cardiovascular y sus factores de riesgo en sus comunidades y que por su propia iniciativa desarrollen acciones de intervención del riesgo. Los que están trabajando lo hacen bien, la falla ha estado en el seguimiento y re-motivación pues no se ha llevado a cabo en la forma en que propuso originalmente.

Abstract Aims: Publish the methodology and the results of the cardiovascular health promoters training in the Program Cartago da vida al corazón" (Catago gives life to the heart"). Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the first health problem in a large number of Latin American countries. This disease have a behavioral origin rather than biological and initiate in a large proportion because of inappropriate life styles in the population. The control of this disease is performed using individual strategies for cases and population strategies for groups in risk. Community participation in its own cardiovascular health production is a strategy that has shown having a better impact than individual interventions. Based on the idea of Educadores Comunitarios de Salud (ECOS), Health Community Teachers, promoted by the Ministry of Health, a strategy was adopted and validated for promoting cardiovascular health in the communities-of-Cartago-city. Methods: Candidates were identificated and motivated. They were trained for a minimum of 90 hours about basic knowledge related to cardiovascular risk factors, its measurement and educative techniques. It was conducted practical activities with the group being trained and they were given minimum required elements so they can plan their actions, prepare simple comunal projects and evaluate their work. Trained promoters were monitored about their activities in the community and were updated about their knowledge and useful practices for their actions. Results: Six training courses were conducted with the attendance of 94 volunteers from which 50 are still active. Some of they conduct activities like educate community groups, others have groups for physical exercising and most of them participate in the program conducting cardiovascular health promotion community workshops. Out of those that were evaluated, 100% have modified at least one risk factor, 87% have modified two factors, 76% modified three factors, 52% four factors and 32% five factors ore more. Discussion: It is well theorized that health will be produced better when community participation in the health programs is active and continuous. However, this have always been a problema because of the scarce participation. This Project started from the hypothesis that participation and action are improved by giving to the volunteers the following elements: motivation, training, functional independence, monitoring and evaluation. It is pursued to empower volunteers about the cardiovascular problem and its risk factors in their communities and to achieve that they develop risk intervention actions by their own initiative. Those that are working are doing well, the fault has been the monitoring and the remotivation since it has not been conducted as it was originally proposed.

Consumo, juego, palabra. "Cuestiones preliminares" y movilidad de los discursos en un espacio comunitario / Consumption, game, word, "Prelimininary questions" and discourses mobility in a communal space

Se exponen los resultados parciales de un proyecto de investigación y de intervención, que implicó el armado de un espacio de escucha para adolescentes con consumos problemáticos en un asentamiento en vías de urbanización de la ciudad de Corrientes. El objetivo central del Proyecto de investigación apuntó a indagar la relación entre los consumos problemáticos, la circulación discursiva y el lazo social, desde una opción teórica y clínica por el psicoanálisis. En la medida en que se significó el problema en relación con el sujeto que lo porta, se orientó el abordaje según una ética del decir

This article exposes the partials results of a Research and Intervention Project, that implied putting up a Listening Space for teenagers with problematic drugs 'consumption. This space was located in a slum, in Corrientes city (Argentine). The central goal of the Research Project was to drelate problematic consumption of drugs, discourses circulation and social bound, starting from a theoretical and clinic option for Psychoanalysis. As the problem was signified in relation to the subject that supports it, the Project pointed towards an "Ethic of saying"

La rehabilitación de la base comunitaria de una paciente con fractura bilateral de tibia / A patient communal base rehabilitation from tibia bilateral fracture

Se rehabilitó una paciente de 27 años de edad, presentó una fractura bilateral de tibia, de etiología traumática, en el Policlínico Docente Jorge Fernández Arderí, del municipio Sagua de Tánamo. La misma fue diagnosticada y tratada, siguiendo los fundamentos del método clínico; empleando las tecnologías disponibles en la sala de rehabilitación integral, donde la interdisciplinariedad, la profesionalidad, la creatividad, y un sólido trabajo en equipo son las mayores virtudes de la atención primaria de salud.

A 27 years old patient, presented a tibia bilateral fracture of traumatic etiology, was rehabilitated at Jorge Fernández Arderí Teaching Poly-clinic, in Sagua de Tánamo municipality. She was diagnosed and treated, by clinical methods foundations and available rehabilitation technologies. In this institution, an interdisciplinary, creative, professional, and solid teamwork are the Primary Attention Health system main values.

A new species of poison-dart frog (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from Manu province, Amazon region of southeastern Peru, with notes on its natural history, bioacoustics, phylogenetics, and recommended conservation status.

We describe and name a new species of poison-dart frog from the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Manu Province, Madre de Dios Department, Peru; specifically within the Amarakaeri Communal Reserve and the buffer zone of Manu National Park. Ameerega shihuemoy sp. nov. is supported by a unique combination of characters: black dorsum with cream to light orange dorsolateral lines, blue belly reticulated with black, and the lack of axillary, thigh and calf flash marks. Within Ameerega, it shares the general appearance of A. altamazonica, A. boliviana, A. hahneli, A. ignipedis, A. petersi, A. picta, A. pongoensis, A. pulchripecta, A. simulans, A. smaragdina, and A. yungicola; each possessing a granular black to brown dorsum, a light labial bar, a conspicuous dorsolateral line running from the snout to the groin, and a metallic blue belly and underside of arms and hind limbs. From most of these species it can be distinguished by lacking flash marks on the axillae, thighs, and calves (absent in only A. boliviana and A. smaragdina, most A. petersi, and some A. pongoensis), by having bright cream to orange dorsolateral stripes (white, intense yellow, or green in all other species, with the exception of A. picta), and by its blue belly reticulated with black (bluish white and black in A. boliviana, green and blue with black marbling in A. petersi, and green and blue lacking black marbling in A. smaragdina). Its mating call also shows clear differences to morphologically similar species, with a lower note repetition rate, longer space between calls, and higher fundamental and dominant frequencies. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S mitochondrial rRNA fragment also support the distinctiveness of the new species and suggest that A. shihuemoy is most closely related to Ameerega macero, A. altamazonica, A. rubriventris, and two undescribed species (Ameerega sp. from Porto Walter, Acre, Brazil, and Ameerega sp. from Ivochote, Cusco, Peru). Genetically, the new species is most similar to the sympatric A. macero, from which it clearly differs in characteristics of its advertisement call and coloration. The new species is found near rocky streams during the dry season and near temporary water bodies during the rainy season. Tadpoles are found in lentic water along streams, or in shallow, slow-moving streams. Given its small geographic range, we recommend that A. shihuemoy should be considered 'Near threatened' (NT) according to IUCN Red List criteria.

The modulating role of group stability on fitness effects of group size is different in females and males of a communally rearing rodent.

Group size may influence fitness benefits and costs that emerge from cooperative and competitive interactions in social species. However, evidence from plural breeding mammals indicates that group size is insufficient to explain variation in direct fitness, implying other attributes of social groups were overlooked. We studied the natural population of a social rodent during 5 years to test the hypothesis that social stability - in terms of group composition - modulates the effects of increasing number of breeding females (a proxy of communal rearing) and males on the number of offspring weaned (sired) and on the number of offspring weaned (sired) surviving to breeding age (two proxies of direct fitness). We quantified the effects of social stability (measured as changes in female or male group members between mating and the onset of lactation) on these fitness measures. We used live trapping, telemetry and DNA markers to determine social and fitness measures. Social stability in degus was variable in terms of the number of changes in group composition across groups. Low stability was mostly due to mortality and emigration of group members. Results supported a modulating role of social stability on the relationship between group size and the number of offspring weaned (sired). Stability in female and male group composition were both modulators of fitness to females and males. The modulatory role of stability was sex specific, where high social stability was often fitness beneficial to the females. Instead, low social stability was fitness enhancing to the males.

Infanticide and within-clutch competition select for reproductive synchrony in a cooperative bird.

Reproduction among members of social animal groups is often highly synchronized, but neither the selective advantages nor the proximate causes of synchrony are fully understood. Here I investigate the evolution of hatching synchrony in the Greater Ani (Crotophaga major), a communally nesting bird in which several unrelated females contribute eggs to a large, shared clutch. Hatching synchrony is variable, ranging from complete synchrony to moderate asynchrony, and is determined by the onset of incubation of the communal clutch. Data from a 10-year field study indicate that individual reproductive success is highest in synchronous groups, and that nestlings that hatch in the middle of the hatching sequence are most likely to survive. Nestling mortality is high in asynchronous clutches because early-hatching nestlings are more likely to be killed by adult group members, whereas late-hatching nestlings are more likely to starve due competition with their older nest-mates. Therefore, the timing of hatching appears to be under stabilizing selection from infanticide and resource competition acting in concert. These results provide empirical support for models predicting that synchrony may evolve as an adaptive counter-strategy to infanticide, and they highlight the importance of competition in shaping the timing of reproduction in social groups.

A simple and rapid method for the determination of nicotine in third-hand smoke by liquid chromatography and its application for the assessment of contaminated outdoor communal areas.

This is the first report on the determination of nicotine in third-hand smoke (THS) in outdoor communal areas. The term THS can be defined as the contamination of surfaces by second-hand smoke. This can remain for extended periods of time and undergo further chemical reactions to produce further pollutants which can be re-suspended in dust or re-emitted into the gas phase. As THS is a rather complex mixture, studies have focused on using nicotine as a marker of THS, as it is the most abundant organic compound emitted during smoking. In this present study, the extraction of dust-wipe samples and the subsequent chromatographic conditions required for the separation of nicotine by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography were optimized. The optimum chromatographic conditions were identified as a 150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm Zorbax Carbohydrate Analysis column with a mobile phase consisting of 90 % acetonitrile, 10 % water at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at 259 nm. Further investigations were made on samples collected from surfaces of public entrance ways. Under these conditions, a linear range for nicotine of 0.05 to 24 µg/mL (1.0-480 ng on column) was obtained, with a detection limit of 1.0 ng on column based on a signal-to-noise ratio of three. Acetone, naphthalene, phenol, musk ketone, and palmitic acid were found not to interfere. Communal entrance ways were found to be contaminated with THS nicotine levels of between 5.09 µg/m(2) and 309 µg/m(2) comparable to that found in other previous studies of indoor environments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Resiliencia comunitaria: propuesta de una escala y su relación con indicadores de violencia criminal / Community Resilience: Proposal of a Scale and its Relationship with Criminal Violence Indicators / Resiliência comunitária: proposta de uma escada e sua relação com indicadores de violência criminal

Objetivo. Este trabajo pretendió validar una versión breve de la escala Resiliencia comunitaria (RC), así como explorar las relaciones entre este tipo de resiliencia e indicadores de eficacia colectiva y de violencia criminal. Método. En el estudio participó una muestra no aleatoria de estudiantes de carreras técnicas, tecnológicas y universitarias (n=965), quienes respondieron a una batería de escalas sobre RC, eficacia colectiva, probabilidad percibida de victimización y aspectos sociodemográficos. Resultados. La escala RC obtuvo una satisfactoria fiabilidad interna (alfa de Cronbach=0.87), y arrojó dos factores: afrontamiento comunal y autoestima colectiva. La experiencia de victimización se asoció con mayor afrontamiento comunal y menos autoestima colectiva, mientras que una mayor eficacia colectiva se relacionó con más RC. A nivel departamental, más homicidios, secuestros y hurtos, así como un mayor nivel socioeconómico se asociaron con menor autoestima colectiva. Conclusión. La escala RC presenta una alta fiabilidad interna, validez convergente con indicadores de victimización y de eficacia colectiva, así como validez ecológica con indicadores objetivos de criminalidad.

Objective. The aims of this paper were to both validate a short Community Resilience Scale (CR) and to explore relationships between resilience and collective efficacy and criminal violence indicators. Method. A non-randomized sample (n = 965) was taken of students from technical programs and universities, who answered a scales pool on CR, collective efficacy, victimization perceived probability and background variables. Results. Results showed that the CR scale had high internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87), with two factors: communal coping and collective self-esteem. Victimization experiences were associated with both higher communal coping and lower collective self-esteem, and CR and collective efficacy were directly associated. In a macro level analysis, more homicides, kidnappings, and car thefts were associated with lower collective self-esteem level. Conclusion. CR Scales show high internal reliability, convergent validity with victimization and collective efficacy indicators and ecological validity with objective crime indicators.

Escopo. Este trabalho pretendeu validar uma versão breve da escala Resiliência comunitária (RC), assim como explorar as relações entre este tipo de resiliência e indicadores de eficácia coletiva e de violência criminal. Metodologia. No estudo participou uma amostra não aleatória de estudantes de faculdades técnicas, tecnológicas e universitárias (n= 965), que responderam a uma bateria de escalas sobre RC, eficácia coletiva, probabilidade percebida de vitimização e aspetos sócio-demográficos. Resultados. A escala RC obteve uma satisfatória fiabilidade interna (alfa de Cronbach= 0.87) e jogou dois fatores, afrontamento comunal e autoestima coletiva. A experiência de vitimizações foi associada com maior afrontamento comunal e menos autoestima coletiva, enquanto uma maior eficácia coletiva foi relacionada com mais RC. No nível departamental, mais homicídios, sequestros e furtos, assim como um maior nível socioeconómico, foram associados com menor autoestima coletiva. Conclusão. A escala RC apresenta uma alta fiabilidade interna, validez convergente com indicadores de vitimização e de eficácia coletiva e validez ecológica com indicadores objetivos de criminalidade.

Afrontamiento comunal, crecimiento postraumático colectivo y bienestar social en el contexto del terremoto del 27 de febrero de 2010 en Chile / Coping community, collective posttraumatic growth and social well-being in context february 27 earthquake in Chile, 2010

El terremoto y tsunami ocurridos en Chile el 27 de febrero de 2010 constituyeron un contexto de desastre que movilizó estrategias para afrontar sus efectos. Una de ellas corresponde al afrontamiento comunal (AC), que implica activar recursos sociales para resolver problemas colectivos. Otra de estas formas es la reevaluación asociada a cambios positivos que las personas perciben tras el desastre o crecimiento postraumático (CPT). El presente trabajo explora el uso de formas de AC y de CPT después del terremoto, en una muestra de 80 personas en Chile. Se identificaron dimensiones de afrontamiento directo, distracción y expresión o compartimiento emocional y evitación, así como una estructura del CPT a nivel individual, relacional y colectivo. El afrontamiento directo, la distracción y la compartición emocional correlacionaron significativamente con CPT y bienestar social. Se discuten estos resultados y se plantean sus implicaciones en el estudio psicosocial de las catástrofes naturales.

The earthquake and tsunami in Chile on February 27, 2010 constituted a context of disaster which mobilized collective strategies to cope with its effects. One of them corresponds to the communal coping (CC), which involves activating social resources to solve shared collective problems. Another aspect is the reevaluation associated with positive changes that people perceive after a disaster and it is defined as post-traumatic growth (PTG). This paper explores the use of different forms of CC and PTG after the earthquake, in a sample of 80 people in Chile. Four dimensions of communal coping were identified: direct coping, distraction, emotional expression and avoidance. Furthermore, PTG structure was defined as composed of individual, relational and collective levels. Direct coping, distraction and emotional sharing significantly correlated with CPT and social well-being. The results and their implications are discussed in a context of psychosocial studies of natural disasters.

Reproductive biology of Pleurodema guayapae (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) / Biología reproductiva de Pleurodema guayapae (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

Pleurodema guayapae is a species that inhabits saline environments and semidesert zones from central Argentina. To date, the knowledge about the reproductive biology of this species is very poor, and our aim is to contribute to its knowledge with the description of some important reproductive aspects. For this, field work was undertaken in an area near to Patquía, La Rioja province. Sampling was undertaken during three summer periods (2006-2007; 2007-2008; 2008-2009) in Chamical-Patquía area, where we could find reproductively active populations. We observed and described breeding sites, type of clutch, process of foam nest construction, clutch and egg number and sizes, and hatching time and stage. Behaviour observations were performed from the time that males began to call until the pairs ended up the foam nests building, and layed the eggs. Additionally, one amplected pair was observed and filmed in the process of foam nest construction, and four amplectant pairs were collected and separatelly placed in plastic containers, for nests observations in the laboratory. Hatching time was based on three different foam nests of known age. We found that P. guayapae populations were acoustically active only after a rainfall. Its breeding sites were represented by ephemeral ponds of fresh water, product of rains. The males emitted their calls inside or outside these ponds. A detailed description of the foam nest construction process by both females and males was made. The clutches were in dome-shaped foam nest type of 6-9cm in diameter and 1-3cm in height, some of which were in communal nests. The nests had an average of 1 137 pigmented eggs. This species showed a short hatching time. Our results allow us to conclude that this species should be considered an extreme explosive breeder. Our results are discussed with others obtained for related species.

Pleurodema guayapae es una especie que habita en zonas semidesérticas y salinas del área central de Argentina. Los conocimientos actuales sobre la biología reproductiva de esta especie son muy pobres, por lo que nuestro objetivo fue contribuir a su conocimiento con la descripción de algunos aspectos reproductivos importantes. Para ello se realizaron tres campañas de muestreo durante los veranos (2006-2007, 2007-2008 y 2008-2009) en el área de Chamical-Patquía, provincia de La Rioja, donde se encontraron poblaciones reproductivamente activas. Se observaron y describieron los sitios reproductivos, tipo de puesta, proceso de construcción del nido de espuma, tamaño de la puesta y de los huevos, número de huevos por puesta y tiempo y estado de eclosión de la larva. Las observaciones de comportamiento se realizaron desde el momento en que los machos comenzaron a emitir los cantos hasta que la pareja en amplexo terminó de construir el nido de espuma con los huevos en su interior. Además, se observó y filmó una pareja en amplexo, en el proceso de construcción del nido de espuma y se recolectaron cuatro parejas en amplexo y se colocaron separadamente en recipientes plásticos para que sus puestas pudieran ser observadas en el laboratorio. El tiempo de eclosión se determinó en tres nidos de espuma de edad conocida. Se encontró que las poblaciones de P. guayapae solo estuvieron acústicamente activas luego de una lluvia torrencial. Los sitios de reproducción fueron charcas efímeras de agua de lluvia. Los machos emitieron sus cantos de advertencia desde adentro o fuera de esas charcas. Se realizó una descripción detallada del proceso de construcción del nido de espuma por parte de la hembra y el macho de P. guayapae. El tipo de la puesta en esta especie es un nido de espuma flotante con forma de domo de 6 a 9cm de diámetro y de 1 a 3cm de alto, algunos de los cuales estaban unidos entre sí formando puestas comunales. Los nidos de espuma poseen en promedio 1 137 huevos pigmentados. Esta especie mostró un tiempo de eclosión corto. Nuestros resultados nos permiten concluir que P. guayapae debe ser considerada como reproductor explosivo extremo. Nuestros resultados son discutidos con los obtenidos en otras especies afines.

Fatores associados ao uso de suplementos em recém-natos em alojamento conjunto no município do Rio de Janeiro, 2009 / Factors associated with the use of supplements among newborns in communal wards in Rio de Janeiro, 2009

O Hospital Amigo da Criança preconiza só dar leite materno a recém-nascidos, a não ser que haja indicação médica". O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência do uso de suplementos em recém-natos e analisar os fatores associados a este. Estudo transversal realizado em 2009 mediante entrevista a amostra representativa de 687 mães em alojamento conjunto em 15 hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro. Foram obtidas razões de prevalência do uso de suplementos por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, segundo modelo hierarquizado. A prevalência de uso de suplementos foi de 49,8%, tendo como fatores associados: realização de teste rápido anti-HIV (RP = 1,37; IC95%:1,18-1,58), parto cesáreo (RP = 1,57; IC95%:1,38-1,79), não ajuda na sala de parto para amamentar (RP = 1,60; IC95%:1,29-1,99), afastamento do bebê de sua mãe (RP = 1,24; IC95%:1,05-1,46), uso de chupeta (RP = 1,31; IC95%:1,08-1,58), intercorrências maternas ou neonatais (RP = 1,56; IC95%:1,34-1,82), certificação como HAC (RP = 0,52; IC95%:0,44-0,61) e não recebimento de ajuda no alojamento conjunto para amamentar (RP = 0,78; IC95%:0,66-0,92). A suplementação ao leite materno vem sendo amplamente utilizada. Rotinas hospitalares devem ser revistas para que o aleitamento materno exclusivo converta-se em norma.

The scope of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the use of supplements among newborns and analyze the factors associated with their use. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2009 with a representative sample of 687 mothers interviewed in 15 communal wards in hospitals of the Unified Health System in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Prevalence ratios (PR) of supplement use were obtained by Poisson Regression with robust variance, using a hierarchical model. The prevalence of supplement use was 49.8%. Factors associated with supplement use were: being submitted to the rapid HIV test (PR = 1.37; CI95%:1.18-1.58); cesarean delivery (PR = 1.57; CI95%:1.38-1.79); not being helped to breastfeed in the delivery room (PR = 1.60; CI95%:1.29-1.99); mother-child separation (PR = 1.24; CI95%:1.05-1.46); pacifier use (PR = 1.31; CI95%:1.08-1.58); maternal or neonatal interventions (PR = 1.56; CI95%:1.34-1.82); BFH certification (PR = 0.52; CI95%:0.44-0.61); and not receiving help to breastfeed in the communal ward (PR = 0.78; CI95%:0.66-0.92). Supplements to breast milk are being widely used. Hospital routines should be reviewed, so that exclusive breastfeeding becomes the norm.

Exigibilidad y justiciabilidad desde la epidemiología territorial: una construcción inicial con actores/as comunales / Exigibility and justiciability from territorial epidemiology: an initial construction with communal actors

La Epidemiología Territorial Participativa articula conocimientos y técnicas provenientes de las ciencias sociales y la salud comunitaria que potencian prácticas implicadas y transformadoras. Igualdad y no discriminación se conjugan con los imperativos éticos de exigibilidad y justiciabilidad del derecho a la salud. El objetivo del trabajo es transmitir un primer momento de mapeo de actores y análisis de necesidades, demandas, problemas y prioridades de salud de las comunas 3 y 4, de la CABA, desde las narrativas y sentidos de actores sociales. Desde una perspectiva del Análisis Crítico del Discurso y la Investigación Acción Participativa, identificamos situaciones sanitarias locales con efectores de Centros de de Salud y Acción Comunitaria, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, equipos técnicos de defensorías de niñas/os y adolescentes, y docentes de escuelas medias. Triangulamos entrevistas, observación participante y dialéctica con fuentes de datos de registros locales. Visualizamos nudos críticos en la percepción de derechos de ciudadanía de sectores de vecinos, y la incorporación de prácticas y lógicas de inclusión de la diversidad de género, social y cultural.

Territorial Participative Epidemiology articulates knowledge and technologies from social sciences and community health to promote implied practices and social change. Interdiscipline and knowledge's democratization are based on a participative action perspective that includes diverse actors on monitoring and social audit of communitarian problems. Equality and antidiscrimination conjugate with ethical imperatives of exigibility and justiciability of health's right. Our objective is to transmit a preliminary diagnosis of actors and communitarian problems and priorities on collective health in communes 3 and 4, of Buenos Aires City, from the point of view of social actors. From Participatory Action Research and Critical Discourse Analysis, sources of information and instruments are triangulated, in co-management with health and legal local professionals and social organizations. Methodological tools used are: simple, participatory and dialectic observations; in-depth and participatory interviews; analysis of local reports. We visualize critical knots and gaps over perception of rights in population in social vulnerability, and lack of incorporation of practices and logics based in diversity of gender, social and cultural.

Exigibilidad y justiciabilidad desde la epidemiología territorial: Una construcción inicial con actores/as comunales / Exigibility and justiciability from territorial epidemiology: An initial construction with communal actors

La Epidemiología Territorial Participativa articula conocimientos y técnicas provenientes de las ciencias sociales y la salud comunitaria que potencian prácticas implicadas y transformadoras. Igualdad y no discriminación se conjugan con los imperativos éticos de exigibilidad y justiciabilidad del derecho a la salud. El objetivo del trabajo es transmitir un primer momento de mapeo de actores y análisis de necesidades, demandas, problemas y prioridades de salud de las comunas 3 y 4, de la CABA, desde las narrativas y sentidos de actores sociales. Desde una perspectiva del Análisis Crítico del Discurso y la Investigación Acción Participativa, identificamos situaciones sanitarias locales con efectores de Centros de de Salud y Acción Comunitaria, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, equipos técnicos de defensorías de niñas/os y adolescentes, y docentes de escuelas medias. Triangulamos entrevistas, observación participante y dialéctica con fuentes de datos de registros locales. Visualizamos nudos críticos en la percepción de derechos de ciudadanía de sectores de vecinos, y la incorporación de prácticas y lógicas de inclusión de la diversidad de género, social y cultural.(AU)

Territorial Participative Epidemiology articulates knowledge and technologies from social sciences and community health to promote implied practices and social change. Interdiscipline and knowledges democratization are based on a participative action perspective that includes diverse actors on monitoring and social audit of communitarian problems. Equality and antidiscrimination conjugate with ethical imperatives of exigibility and justiciability of healths right. Our objective is to transmit a preliminary diagnosis of actors and communitarian problems and priorities on collective health in communes 3 and 4, of Buenos Aires City, from the point of view of social actors. From Participatory Action Research and Critical Discourse Analysis, sources of information and instruments are triangulated, in co-management with health and legal local professionals and social organizations. Methodological tools used are: simple, participatory and dialectic observations; in-depth and participatory interviews; analysis of local reports. We visualize critical knots and gaps over perception of rights in population in social vulnerability, and lack of incorporation of practices and logics based in diversity of gender, social and cultural.(AU)

Análisis histórico de la Reforma Psiquiátrica andaluza: los inicios y el proyecto / Historical analysis of the psychiatric reform in Andalucia: the beginning and the proposed

Se expone en las páginas siguientes el proceso de transformación de los recursos psiquiátricos habido en la región de Andalucía, España. En este artículo se describe en primer lugar, las transformaciones realizadas en los últimos años de la etapa franquista, y cuya iniciativa se debió casi exclusivamente a las actividades organizadas por los profesionales frente a las Administraciones de las que dependían. En segundo lugar, el período posterior a la instauración de la democracia y que permitió y favoreció el desarrollo de políticas sanitarias que diseñaron e implantaron nuevos modelos de atención sanitaria general y de salud mental en particular.

The following paper talks about the transformation process of psychiatrics resources in Andalousia, Spain. This article firstly describes the transformations happened in the last years of the Franco disctatorship and whose initiatives were set, almost exclusively, by the professionals, instead of the authorities which they were depending on. Secondly, the following period to the establishment of the democracy allowed and helped the development of sanitary politics that draw and introduced new methods of sanitary general attention and particularly of mental health.

Análisis histórico de la Reforma Psiquiátrica andaluza: los inicios y el proyecto / Historical analysis of the psychiatric reform in Andalucia: the beginning and the proposed

Se expone en las páginas siguientes el proceso de transformación de los recursos psiquiátricos habido en la región de Andalucía, España. En este artículo se describe en primer lugar, las transformaciones realizadas en los últimos años de la etapa franquista, y cuya iniciativa se debió casi exclusivamente a las actividades organizadas por los profesionales frente a las Administraciones de las que dependían. En segundo lugar, el período posterior a la instauración de la democracia y que permitió y favoreció el desarrollo de políticas sanitarias que diseñaron e implantaron nuevos modelos de atención sanitaria general y de salud mental en particular.(AU)

The following paper talks about the transformation process of psychiatrics resources in Andalousia, Spain. This article firstly describes the transformations happened in the last years of the Franco disctatorship and whose initiatives were set, almost exclusively, by the professionals, instead of the authorities which they were depending on. Secondly, the following period to the establishment of the democracy allowed and helped the development of sanitary politics that draw and introduced new methods of sanitary general attention and particularly of mental health.(AU)

La práctica del voluntariado: experiencias en contextos de precariedad / The practice of volunteering: experiences in precarious contexts

Se presentan lineamientos generales, teóricos y metodológicos, y primeros resultados de una investigación que se ejecuta en un asentamiento situado en la zona sur de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Los protagonistas son un grupo de voluntarios/as, los habitantes del barrio y un grupo de psicólogos/as sociales recientemente incorporados a la relación entre ellos. Los objetivos generales son explorar las prácticas que despliegan los agentes e identificar el tipo de relación ya establecida entre los miembros del voluntariado y la comunidad. El método y las principales técnicas (entrevistas individuales y grupales y observación participante) son cualitativos. Esta primera aproximación está centrada en el grupo voluntario en función de la elaboración de algunos resultados y, desde el punto de vista teórico, atendiendo sus distintas dimensiones, contextualizándolo e interrogando su definición.

The general outline is presented , with its theoretical and methodological basis, as well as the first results of a Scolarship Plan for Master´s degree , " A pycho-social approach of the relationship among different actors in precarious contexts". The research is carried out in a settlement located in the south area of Buenos Aires City. The protagonists are a group of volunteers, the neighbourhood inhabitants and a group of social psychologists, recently incorporated . The general aims are to explore the practices performed by the agents and to identify the type of relation already established between the volunteering members and the community. The methodology and the main techniques (individual and collective interviews and active observation ) are cualitative. This first approach focuses on the group of volunteers in order to elaborate some results and, from the theoretical point of view, paying especial attention to its different dimensions, giving it a context and asking about its definition.