Green Management of Postharvest Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

Fruits and vegetables are constantly affected by postharvest diseases, of which anthracnose is one of the most severe and is caused by diverse Colletotrichum species, mainly C. gloeosporioides. In the last few decades, chemical fungicides have been the primary approach to anthracnose control. However, recent trends and regulations have sought to limit the use of these substances. Greener management includes a group of sustainable alternatives that use natural substances and microorganisms to control postharvest fungi. This comprehensive review of contemporary research presents various sustainable alternatives to C. gloeosporioides postharvest control in vitro and in situ, ranging from the use of biopolymers, essential oils, and antagonistic microorganisms to cultivar resistance. Strategies such as encapsulation, biofilms, coatings, compounds secreted, antibiotics, and lytic enzyme production by microorganisms are revised. Finally, the potential effects of climate change on C. gloeosporioides and anthracnose disease are explored. Greener management can provide a possible replacement for the conventional approach of using chemical fungicides for anthracnose postharvest control. It presents diverse methodologies that are not mutually exclusive and can be in tune with the needs and interests of new consumers and the environment. Overall, developing or using these alternatives has strong potential for improving sustainability and addressing the challenges generated by climate change.

Evaluation of Foliar Diseases for Soybean Entries in the Pan-African Trials in Malawi and Zambia.

Soybean production has expanded worldwide including countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Several national and international agencies and research groups have partnered to improve overall performance of soybean breeding stocks and have introduced new germplasm from Brazil and the United States with the goal of developing new high-yielding cultivars. Part of this effort has been to test improved soybean lines/cultivars accumulated from private and public sources in multilocational trials in sub-Saharan Africa. These trials are known as the Pan-African Soybean Variety Trials, and the entries come from both private and public breeding programs. The objective of this research was to evaluate entries in the trials that include commercial cultivars or advanced experimental lines for the incidence and severity of foliar diseases. All trials were planted in December 2018 with six located in Zambia and one in Malawi. Plants were evaluated during the reproductive growth stages using a visual pretransformed severity rating scale. Foliar disease ratings were recorded for three bacterial diseases, six fungal diseases, one oomycete, and viruses. The overall occurrence of most of the diseases was high except for soybean rust and target spot, which were only found at two and one location, respectively. However, disease severity was generally low, although there were differences in disease severity ratings among the entries at some of the locations for brown spot, downy mildew, frogeye leaf spot, red leaf blotch, and soybean rust.

Oviposition Preference and Survival of the Mexican Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Bioenergy and Conventional Sugarcane and Sorghum.

Oviposition preference and host suitability of the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), on bioenergy and conventional cultivars of sugarcane, Saccharum spp., and sorghum, Sorghum spp., were examined in a series of greenhouse experiments. Two energycane cultivars, two sugarcane cultivars, two high-biomass sorghum cultivars, and one sweet sorghum cultivar were assessed at two phenological stages (immature and mature). Mature plants possessed greater availability of dry leaf material compared with immature plants, and all E. loftini eggs were observed exclusively on dry leaves. Oviposition did not vary among host combinations (cultivar by phenological stage); however, eggs per plant and eggs per oviposition event were numerically greater on mature plants than immature plants. In a no-choice experiment, survival from egg to adult did not vary among host combinations, with <2.0% of E. loftini larvae surviving to adulthood. Failed establishment by neonates on plants was 13.4- to 53.9-fold greater than successful establishment across all host combinations. Results from this study suggest that plant physical characteristics continue to play an important role in host selection, but further evaluations will be needed to quantify other characteristics which influence host suitability.

A Relative Resistance Ratio for Evaluation of Mexican Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Susceptibility Among Sugarcane Cultivars.

The Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), is a major pest of sugarcane (hybrids of Saccharum spp.) in Louisiana and Texas. Resistance to E. loftini was evaluated in 51 commercial and experimental cultivars of sugarcane, energycane (hybrids of Saccharum spp.), and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and hybrids of Sorghum spp.] in four replicated small plot field experiments from 2009 to 2012. A relative resistance ratio was developed to compare levels of susceptibility among cultivars based on the percentage of bored internodes and survival to adulthood. This index was able to separate cultivars into five resistance categories and provides a new method for comparing levels of resistance among cultivars. E. loftini pest pressure in 2009 was among the highest recorded with injury ranging from 55 to 88% bored internodes. Commercial sugarcane cultivar HoCP 85-845 was identified as resistant in three of four experiments, whereas HoCP 04-838 was identified as susceptible in all experiments. Of the five sugarcane cultivars in commercial production in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas, only TCP 87-3388 was categorized as resistant. Of the cultivars with potential for bioenergy production, all of the energycane cultivars demonstrated higher levels of resistance than high-biomass and sweet sorghum cultivars. Continued evaluation of cultivar resistance to E. loftini is important to development of effective integrated pest management strategies for this pest.

UTILIZAÇÃO DE DOIS MÉTODOS DE INOCULAÇÃO NA AVALIAÇÃO DA RESISTÊNCIA DE CULTIVARES E LINHAGENS DE FEIJOEIRO A Fusarium oxysporum F. SP. phaseoli

This experiment was conducted aiming to study the efficiency of two inoculation methods to evaluate the resistance of common bean to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli. The reaction of 16 cultivars and lines tested, including resistant and suscetible patterns to the disease. In one of the methods, plants were inoculated by the soil perfuration method, which consists on the aplication of 10m img SRC="http:/img/fbpe/cr/v32n1/a01img01.gif"> of conidia suspension around, previously wounded plants. For the other method, named root immersion, the plants obtained in washed and warmed up sand (60ºC - 30min) were extracted, washed with running water, and tipped about one centimeter from their roots, which were submersed into conidia suspension for 05 minutes. Then, plants were replanted in plastic pots with treated soil. Two inoculation procedures were performed after seven days from plant emergence. A suspension containing 1 x 10(6) conidia/m img SRC="http:/img/fbpe/cr/v32n1/a01img01.gif"> was used in both inoculation methods. The experiment was performed in completely randomized split-plot design, with 04 replicates per treatment. Each replicate consisted of one plastic pot containing four plants. The evaluations were carried out 15, 20, 25 and 30 days after each inoculation procedure. A grading scale, proposed by CIAT, considering levels of infection ranging from 1 (highly resistant) to 9 (highly suscetible) was used. The data were converted to Mackinney disease index. The root immersion method presented better efficacy than soil perfuration method to assess commom bean resistance to Fusarium wilt, evidencing Goiano precoce, RH 3104 and IPA-9 cultivars as the most resistant genotypes, and LM 93204247, LM 93204296 and IPA-1 as the most susceptible ones.

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de comparar a eficiência de dois métodos de inoculação na avaliação da resistência de plantas de feijoeiro a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli. Avaliou-se a reação de 16 cultivares e linhagens, incluindo padrões de resistência e suscetibilidade à doença. Num dos métodos, o plantio foi realizado em solo tratado com brometo de metila (CH3Br). As plantas foram inoculadas através do método de perfuração do solo, que consistiu na aplicação de 10m img SRC="http:/img/fbpe/cr/v32n1/a01img01.gif"> de suspensão de conídios ao redor das plantas, previamente feridas. No outro método utilizado, denominado método de imersão de raízes, as plantas obtidas em areia lavada e aquecida (60ºC - 30min) foram retiradas e lavadas em água corrente e cortadas em cerca de 01cm do sistema radicular, o qual foi imerso em suspensão de conídios por 05 minutos. As plantas foram então replantadas em vasos contendo solo tratado com brometo de metila. Em ambos os métodos de inoculação, as plantas estavam com 07 dias de germinação, sendo inoculadas com a suspensão de inóculo a uma concentração de 1 x 10(6) conídios/m img SRC="http:/img/fbpe/cr/v32n1/a01img01.gif">. As plantas controle sofreram o mesmo tratamento, referente ao método de inoculação correspondente. O experimento foi delineado inteiramente ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com 04 repetições por tratamento, sendo o método de inoculação locado na parcela principal e as cultivares e linhagens nas subparcelas. Cada repetição foi constituída por 01 vaso com 04 plantas. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias após a inoculação, baseadas em escala de notas, com 9 graus de infecção, proposta pelo CIAT. Os dados obtidos foram transformados para índice de doença de Mackinney. Observou-se uma maior eficiência do método de imersão das raízes, na avaliação da resistência do feijoeiro a murcha de Fusarium, evidenciando os genótipos Goiano precoce, RH 3104 e IPA-9 como resistentes, e LM 93204247, LM 93204296 e IPA-1 como suscetíveis.

Reação de cultivares de batata-doce à podridão-do-pé, em condições de campo

For selecting the resistance sources to sweet potato foot-rot, disease caused by the fungus Plenodomus destruens, the reaction of ten cultivars, inoculated under field conditions, were evaluated. The inoculum was produced on toothpick by the cultivation of fungi on PDA, for 06 days, under continuous light and room temperature ranging from 26 ± 2º C. The inoculation procedure was carried out 20 days after planting, by insertion of infected toothpick at the base of plant. The evaluation was performed 35 days after inoculation procedure, using a grading scale ranging from 1 (highly resistant) to 4 (highly susceptible). The Angico, Mãe de Família També and Carpinteira cultivars showed susceptibility reactions while RC 18, C O Branca and CR 71 cultivars were the most resistant to foot-rot, although it did not differed significantly from UFRPE 1-88, CNPH 004, Princesa cultivars. The high resistance level presented by these cultivars makes them suitable for the use of the same ones in management of this disease, and still, in programs of genetic improvement, as resistance sources to P.destruens.

Visando selecionar fontes de resistência em batata-doce à podridão-do-pé, doença causada pelo fungo Plenodomus destruens, estudou-se o comportamento de dez genótipos, inoculados em condições de campo. O inóculo foi produzido em palitos de madeira, previamente preparados e esterilizados, colonizados com micélio fúngico, mantidos em meio de cultura BDA, por 06 dias, em regime de luz contínua, a uma temperatura de 26 ± 2º C. A inoculação foi realizada 20 dias após o plantio das ramas através da inserção de palito contaminado na base da haste da planta. A avaliação foi realizada aos 35 dias após a inoculação, aplicando-se uma escala de notas, que variaram de 1 a 4, sendo nota igual a 1,0 para planta sem sintomas e nota 4,0 para plantas altamente suscetíveis (planta morta). As cultivares Angico, Mãe de Família També e Carpinteira apresentaram-se como suscetíveis enquanto as cultivares RC 18, C O Branca e CR 71 foram as mais resistentes, embora não diferindo significativamente das cultivares UFRPE 1-88, CNPH 004 e Princesa. O alto nível de resistência apresentado por estas cultivares as tornam indicadas para a utilização das mesmas no manejo desta doença, e ainda, em programas de melhoramento genético, como fontes de resistência a P. destruens.

Reação de cultivares de batata-doce à podridão-do-pé, em condições de campo

For selecting the resistance sources to sweet potato foot-rot, disease caused by the fungus Plenodomus destruens, the reaction of ten cultivars, inoculated under field conditions, were evaluated. The inoculum was produced on toothpick by the cultivation of fungi on PDA, for 06 days, under continuous light and room temperature ranging from 26 ± 2º C. The inoculation procedure was carried out 20 days after planting, by insertion of infected toothpick at the base of plant. The evaluation was performed 35 days after inoculation procedure, using a grading scale ranging from 1 (highly resistant) to 4 (highly susceptible). The Angico, Mãe de Família També and Carpinteira cultivars showed susceptibility reactions while RC 18, C O Branca and CR 71 cultivars were the most resistant to foot-rot, although it did not differed significantly from UFRPE 1-88, CNPH 004, Princesa cultivars. The high resistance level presented by these cultivars makes them suitable for the use of the same ones in management of this disease, and still, in programs of genetic improvement, as resistance sources to P.destruens.

Visando selecionar fontes de resistência em batata-doce à podridão-do-pé, doença causada pelo fungo Plenodomus destruens, estudou-se o comportamento de dez genótipos, inoculados em condições de campo. O inóculo foi produzido em palitos de madeira, previamente preparados e esterilizados, colonizados com micélio fúngico, mantidos em meio de cultura BDA, por 06 dias, em regime de luz contínua, a uma temperatura de 26 ± 2º C. A inoculação foi realizada 20 dias após o plantio das ramas através da inserção de palito contaminado na base da haste da planta. A avaliação foi realizada aos 35 dias após a inoculação, aplicando-se uma escala de notas, que variaram de 1 a 4, sendo nota igual a 1,0 para planta sem sintomas e nota 4,0 para plantas altamente suscetíveis (planta morta). As cultivares Angico, Mãe de Família També e Carpinteira apresentaram-se como suscetíveis enquanto as cultivares RC 18, C O Branca e CR 71 foram as mais resistentes, embora não diferindo significativamente das cultivares UFRPE 1-88, CNPH 004 e Princesa. O alto nível de resistência apresentado por estas cultivares as tornam indicadas para a utilização das mesmas no manejo desta doença, e ainda, em programas de melhoramento genético, como fontes de resistência a P. destruens.

UTILIZAÇÃO DE DOIS MÉTODOS DE INOCULAÇÃO NA AVALIAÇÃO DA RESISTÊNCIA DE CULTIVARES E LINHAGENS DE FEIJOEIRO A Fusarium oxysporum F. SP. phaseoli

This experiment was conducted aiming to study the efficiency of two inoculation methods to evaluate the resistance of common bean to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli. The reaction of 16 cultivars and lines tested, including resistant and suscetible patterns to the disease. In one of the methods, plants were inoculated by the soil perfuration method, which consists on the aplication of 10m img SRC="http:/img/fbpe/cr/v32n1/a01img01.gif"> of conidia suspension around, previously wounded plants. For the other method, named root immersion, the plants obtained in washed and warmed up sand (60ºC - 30min) were extracted, washed with running water, and tipped about one centimeter from their roots, which were submersed into conidia suspension for 05 minutes. Then, plants were replanted in plastic pots with treated soil. Two inoculation procedures were performed after seven days from plant emergence. A suspension containing 1 x 10(6) conidia/m img SRC="http:/img/fbpe/cr/v32n1/a01img01.gif"> was used in both inoculation methods. The experiment was performed in completely randomized split-plot design, with 04 replicates per treatment. Each replicate consisted of one plastic pot containing four plants. The evaluations were carried out 15, 20, 25 and 30 days after each inoculation procedure. A grading scale, proposed by CIAT, considering levels of infection ranging from 1 (highly resistant) to 9 (highly suscetible) was used. The data were converted to Mackinney disease index. The root immersion method presented better efficacy than soil perfuration method to assess commom bean resistance to Fusarium wilt, evidencing Goiano precoce, RH 3104 and IPA-9 cultivars as the most resistant genotypes, and LM 93204247, LM 93204296 and IPA-1 as the most susceptible ones.

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de comparar a eficiência de dois métodos de inoculação na avaliação da resistência de plantas de feijoeiro a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli. Avaliou-se a reação de 16 cultivares e linhagens, incluindo padrões de resistência e suscetibilidade à doença. Num dos métodos, o plantio foi realizado em solo tratado com brometo de metila (CH3Br). As plantas foram inoculadas através do método de perfuração do solo, que consistiu na aplicação de 10m img SRC="http:/img/fbpe/cr/v32n1/a01img01.gif"> de suspensão de conídios ao redor das plantas, previamente feridas. No outro método utilizado, denominado método de imersão de raízes, as plantas obtidas em areia lavada e aquecida (60ºC - 30min) foram retiradas e lavadas em água corrente e cortadas em cerca de 01cm do sistema radicular, o qual foi imerso em suspensão de conídios por 05 minutos. As plantas foram então replantadas em vasos contendo solo tratado com brometo de metila. Em ambos os métodos de inoculação, as plantas estavam com 07 dias de germinação, sendo inoculadas com a suspensão de inóculo a uma concentração de 1 x 10(6) conídios/m img SRC="http:/img/fbpe/cr/v32n1/a01img01.gif">. As plantas controle sofreram o mesmo tratamento, referente ao método de inoculação correspondente. O experimento foi delineado inteiramente ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com 04 repetições por tratamento, sendo o método de inoculação locado na parcela principal e as cultivares e linhagens nas subparcelas. Cada repetição foi constituída por 01 vaso com 04 plantas. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias após a inoculação, baseadas em escala de notas, com 9 graus de infecção, proposta pelo CIAT. Os dados obtidos foram transformados para índice de doença de Mackinney. Observou-se uma maior eficiência do método de imersão das raízes, na avaliação da resistência do feijoeiro a murcha de Fusarium, evidenciando os genótipos Goiano precoce, RH 3104 e IPA-9 como resistentes, e LM 93204247, LM 93204296 e IPA-1 como suscetíveis.