Effectiveness of dairy products to protect against cognitive decline in later life: a narrative review.

As the world's population ages the prevalence of age-related health concerns is increasing, including neurodegeneration disorders such as mild cognitive impairment, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Diet is a key modifiable risk factor for the development of neurodegeneration, likely due to gut-brain axis interactions related to neuroinflammation. Analyses of dietary patterns identified dairy as being part of a cognitively healthy diet; however, its contribution to cognitive outcomes is difficult to discern. This narrative review evaluates the literature to determine whether there is sufficient evidence that the consumption of dairy products helps to maintain cognitive function in later life. A search using the terms (dairy OR milk OR cheese OR yogurt OR yogurt) AND ("mild cognitive impairment" OR dementia OR "Alzheimer's disease") identified 796 articles. After screening and sorting, 23 observational studies and 6 intervention studies were identified. The results of the observational studies implied that the relationship between total dairy consumption and cognitive outcomes is inverse U-shaped, with moderate consumption (1-2 servings per day) being the most beneficial. The analysis of the intake of different types of dairy products indicated that fermented products, particularly cheese, were most likely responsible for the observed benefits. The experimental studies all used dairy-derived peptides produced during fermentation as the dietary intervention, and the results indicated that these could be an effective treatment for early-stage cognitive impairment. Further experimental studies with whole dairy products, particularly fermented dairy, are needed to determine whether the regular consumption of these foods should be recommended to maximize the likelihood of healthy cognitive aging.

A retrospective analysis of conception per embryo transfer in dairy cattle in South Korea.

The bovine embryo production industry has seen significant growth over the past two decades, particularly in the production of in vitro produced embryos. This growth, driven by advancements in cryopreservation, in vitro culture mediums, ovum pick-up (OPU) procedures, ultrasonography devices, and embryo transfer (ET) has been notable. Particularly, ET is crucial for disseminating high genetic merit and amplifying foreign breeds by importing frozen embryos. This retrospective study aimed to assess factors affecting conception per embryo transfer (CPET) in Holstein-Friesian cattle in South Korea from October 2008 to July 2022. We evaluated type of embryo breed, type of embryo production (fresh and frozen; in vitro and in vivo production), recipient conditions including estrus type, corpus luteum quality, parity (nulliparous heifers, primiparous, and multiparous cows), and the daily mean temperature-humidity index (THI) as an index for heat stress. Type of embryo breed and estrus had no significant impact on CPET. However, we observed higher CPET in recipients with good quality corpus luteum, nulliparous heifers, and surrogates receiving fresh in vitro and frozen in vivo embryos. Importantly, CPET was not adversely affected by mild heat stress conditions (up to daily mean THI 76), indicating that using frozen in vivo embryos produced by multiple ovulation embryo transfer and fresh in vitro embryos by OPU-ET can help alleviate the subfertility issues in dairy cattle caused by global warming in Korea.

An exploration into the sleep of workers on block-calving, pasture-based dairy farms.

The benefits of sufficient and high-quality sleep for people are well documented. Insufficient sleep increases the risk of accidents, injuries, and negative health implications for people. This is especially relevant for farmers, as they work with large animals and machinery. Dairy farming often requires early start times and long days, particularly over the high workload calving period in block calving, pasture-based systems. However, there is little published data quantifying the sleep quantity and quality of farmers over this period. In this study, the sleep patterns of workers (n = 33) on 10 New Zealand dairy farms was measured for 90 d over the spring calving period using a sleep measuring device (OuraTM ring, Oura Health Ltd., Oulu, Finland). Total sleep time (TST) averaged 6 h 15 min, lower than the required 7 to 9 h for optimal wellbeing and cognitive functioning. TST decreased over the calving period and was significantly correlated with both sleep start and wake times. Factors such as work start time, farm location, and role on farm influenced sleep quantity and quality; indicating adjusting these on-farm factors could positively impact TST. Further research is required to better understand sleep and its effect on dairy farmers, over both the calving period and the remaining months of the year.

Genomic Modifications of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Applications in Dairy Fermentation.

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have a long history of safe use in milk fermentation and are generally recognized as health-promoting microorganisms when present in fermented foods. LAB are also important components of the human intestinal microbiota and are widely used as probiotics. Considering their safe and health-beneficial properties, LAB are considered appropriate vehicles that can be genetically modified for food, industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Here, this review describes (1) the potential opportunities for application of genetically modified LAB strains in dairy fermentation and (2) the various genomic modification tools for LAB strains, such as random mutagenesis, adaptive laboratory evolution, conjugation, homologous recombination, recombineering, and CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)- Cas (CRISPR-associated protein) based genome engineering. Lastly, this review also discusses the potential future developments of these genomic modification technologies and their applications in dairy fermentations.

Use of a commercial feed supplement based on diatom earth and yeast products on oxidative status and in vitro immune response in buffaloes during peripartum.

The transition period is a critical metabolic phase for dairy ruminants, especially those with high production levels. In spite of this, little is still known about dairy water buffalo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercial feed additive based on diatomaceous earth and hydrolyzed yeasts on health status, milk quality and immune response of buffalo cows during the transition period. Eighty healthy Water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) of Italian Mediterranean breed were included in the trial. They were subdivided in two groups: one group received the additive (n = 40) while the control group (n=40) received a placebo. The trial lasted 120 days, from 60 days before calving to 60 days in milk. Blood samples were collected from each buffalo at -60d (60 days from the expected calving), -30 d, 0 d (calving), +15 d, +30 d, and +60 d (respectively, i.e., 15, 30 and 60 days in milking). The biochemical as well as the oxidative profile, and the antioxidant power and enzymatic activity were evaluated in the samples obtained. Moreover, acute phase proteins, reactive proteins and Interleukine plasma levels were determined. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocytes were isolated and viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) were measured on PMBC and monocytes. The introduction of additives enhanced the total antioxidant capacity and enzyme activity, while no differences were observed in oxidation products throughout the trial. Additionally, it significantly reduced the synthesis of ROS in polymorphonuclear cells, supporting a potential positive response in animals experiencing inflammation. The impact of oxidation on the products was not evident. Despite higher enzyme levels in plasma, this did not necessarily correspond to significantly increased enzymatic activity, but rather indicated a higher potential. From these results, it was evident that the transition period in buffaloes differs notably from what reported in literature for cows, probably due to the absence of common postpartum production diseases in dairy cows and lower metabolic challenges linked to lower milk production in buffaloes. Few parameters exhibited notable changes during the transition period in buffaloes, notably certain antioxidant enzymes, PBMC viability, PBMC ROS production, and Hp levels.

An investigation of a novel milk allergy-friendly food supplement program.

Introduction: Compared to households not managing food allergy, households managing food allergy are faced with greater direct and indirect costs. To address these cost burdens, we developed and piloted a milk allergy-friendly food supplement program for lower- and middle-income households managing a dairy allergy in a child age <6 years. Herein, we aimed to evaluate to the impact of this program on food costs, food security, and caregiver mental health using a longitudinal design. Methods: Participants living in or near the city of Winnipeg, in Manitoba, Canada were recruited from January to February 2022 via social media, word-of-mouth, and a database maintained by the principal investigator. Consenting participants took part in a 6-month allergen-friendly food supplement program that provided them with biweekly deliveries of allergen-friendly foods free of charge. To evaluate the impact of the program on food costs, food security, and well-being, participants completed a series of questionnaires at baseline, mid-point, and at the end of the program. Changes in these variables were assessed via a series of Friedman tests. Results: The final sample was comprised of 8 households. Relative to baseline, participants reported higher total direct food costs at midpoint (+5.6%) and endpoint (+13.5%), but these changes did not reach statistical significance. In contrast, total indirect food costs decreased over the course of the study relative to baseline (midpoint = -28.2%; endpoint = -18.5%), but the changes were not found to be statistically significant. Participants did, however, report a statistically significant decrease in costs related to lost time from work or school as a result of their child's food allergy at endpoint relative to baseline (-100%). Few changes in food security, caregiver well-being, or child food allergy quality of life were noted. Discussion: The provision of allergen-friendly foods helped keep grocery costs below the pace of inflation. Participants also reported reduced costs associated with missed time from work or school as a result of their child's food allergy. Despite these encouraging findings, a relatively high proportion of the current sample reported experiencing food insecurity throughout the study period, suggesting that additional financial support for families is needed.

Role of Veterinary Practitioners in the Genomic Era in Dairy: Economic Impact.

As veterinary practitioners serve modern dairies and ranches, genetic consultation is an area that many practitioners are implementing to bring value to their clients. As an unbiased professional with intimate knowledge of the herd's health and management practices and vision for the future, veterinarians are uniquely positioned to provide this consultative service.

Effects of coagulation pre-treatment on chemical and microbial properties of water-soil-plant systems of constructed wetlands.

Chemical coagulation has gained recognition as an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of pollutants in wastewater prior to their entry into a constructed wetland (CW) system. However, its potential impact on the chemical and microbial properties of soil and plant systems within CWs requires further research. This study investigated the impact of using ferric chloride (FeCl3) as a pre-treatment stage for dairy wastewater (DWW) on the chemical and microbial properties of water-soil-plant systems of replicated pilot-scale CWs, comparing them to CWs treating untreated DWW. CWs treating amended DWW had better performance than CWs treating raw DWW for all water quality parameters (COD, TSS, TP, and TN), ensuring compliance with the EU wastewater discharge directives. Soil properties remained mostly unaffected except for pH, calcium and phosphorus (P), which were lower in CWs treating amended DWW. As a result of lower nitrogen (N) and P loads, the plants in CWs receiving FeCl3-amended DWW had lower N and P contents than the plants of raw DWW CWs. However, the lower loads of P into amended DWW CWs did not limit the growth of Phragmites australis, which were able to accumulate trace elements higher than CWs receiving raw DWW. Alpha and Beta-diversity analysis revealed minor differences in community richness and composition between both treatments, with only 3.7% (34 genera) showed significant disparities. Overall, the application of chemical coagulation produced superior effluent quality without affecting the properties of soil and plant of CWs or altering the functioning of the microbial community.

Risks of dairy derived excipients in medications for lactose intolerant and cow milk protein allergic patients.

The use of lactose and cow milk protein (CMP) as potential allergens in pharmaceuticals and their ability to cause allergic reactions remains a significant concern in medicine. Lactose, a common pharmaceutical excipient due to its inert, inexpensive, and stable properties, is found in many prescription-only and over-the-counter medications. However, despite their widespread use, individuals with lactose intolerance (LI) or cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) may experience adverse reactions to these excipients. This study investigated the prevalence of lactose and other dairy-derived ingredients in pharmaceuticals marketed in Portugal. Using the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) from the INFOMED database, various medications, including analgesics, antipyretics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antiasthmatics, were analyzed. Results showed a high prevalence of dairy-derived excipients, particularly in antiasthmatic drugs (62.6%) and NSAIDs (39%). Although CMP are not explicitly mentioned in SmPCs, the presence of lactose as an ingredient poses a risk of cross-contamination. The findings emphasize the need for healthcare professionals to be aware of potential allergens in medications and the importance of developing lactose-free alternatives to ensure the safety of patients with LI and CMPA. Further research is required to assess the safety and implications of lactose in medicines for these populations.

Would you bet on the vet? Influences on dairy farmers' vaccination choices, with a spotlight on the Veterinarian impact.

Ensuring effective vaccination is crucial for epidemic control, particularly in voluntary vaccination scenarios. Though highly important for planning voluntary vaccination programs, we lack insights into the effectiveness of veterinarian communication and the impact of disease-specific traits on farmer vaccination intentions. To fill this void, our study compared five diseases affecting Israeli dairy cattle (Botulism, Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF), Brucellosis, Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), and Rabies). Using questionnaires grounded in the theory of planned behavior, we surveyed 340 Israeli dairy farmers to understand their vaccination intentions for each disease.Simultaneously, veterinarians overseeing these farms provided insights into their opinions and perceived influence on vaccination decisions. Results revealed varying levels of farmer vaccination intention, with Botulism showing the highest and BEF the lowest. Social pressure significantly influenced farmers' vaccination intentions, with distinct patterns across diseases. Veterinarian opinions had the highest influence only for LSD, while other factors played crucial roles in different diseases. Intriguingly, there was no correlation between veterinarians' recommendations and farmers' perceptions of these recommendations. In conclusion, the optimization of voluntary vaccination programs necessitates tailoring interventions to the unique characteristics of each disease. Additionally, improving communication between veterinarians and farmers is essential, with an emphasis on effective risk communication training.

Bacterial networks and enzyme genes in bacterial floccules from hydrolysis and aeration reactors in a dairy wastewater treatment system.

The dairy industry generates substantial wastewater, which is commonly treated using integrated anaerobic hydrolysis and aerated biofilm reactors. However, the bacterial composition and functional differences within the generated floccules remain unclear. In this study, we employed 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing to compare bacterial communities and enzyme gene profiles between suspended floccules from the hydrolysis ponds and the aeration ponds. Results revealed that the bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, dominated the wastewater treatment system and the relative abundance of these bacterial phyla varied in each pond. Additionally, the aeration ponds exhibited higher bacterial OTUs and enzyme gene abundance. Network analysis demonstrated a more complex bacterial network structure in the hydrolysis ponds compared to the aeration ponds. Furthermore, enzyme gene abundance revealed higher metabolic enzyme genes in the hydrolysis ponds, while signal transduction enzyme genes were more abundant in the aeration ponds. Notably, the top ten bacterial genera, primarily Hydromonas in the hydrolysis ponds and Ferruginibacter in the aeration ponds exhibited distinct contributions to signal transduction enzyme genes. Hydromonas dominated the metabolic enzyme genes in both ponds. These findings provide crucial insights for optimizing dairy wastewater treatment technologies.

Grape seed oil in the diet of primiparous Jersey cows before and after parturition: effects on performance, health, rumen environment, and milk quality.

The objective of the study was to determine whether adding grape seed oil (GSO) to the diet of primiparous Jersey breeds during the transition period would improve animal health by measuring effects on the rumen environment, serum biochemistry, oxidative response, and the composition and quality of milk. We used 14 Jersey heifers, weighing an average of 430 kg and 240 days of gestation. The animals were divided into two groups and offered a basal diet, including GSO in the concentrate for the GSO group (dose of 25 mL per animal day) and the same dose of soybean oil (SO) for the control group. The animals were allocated and maintained in a compost barn system, receiving an anionic diet (pre-partum) and a diet for postpartum lactating animals. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, serum biochemistry, serum and milk oxidative stability, ruminal fluid and milk fatty acid profile, milk qualitative aspects, and ruminal parameters such as pH, bacterial activity, and protozoan count were evaluated. The addition of GSO had a positive effect on the health of the cows, especially on the oxidative stability of the cows, by increasing total thiols (P = 0.03), higher plasma ferric reducing capacity (FRAP) (P = 0.01), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (P = 0.01). In the oxidative stability of the milk produced by the treated animals, there was also an increase in TAC (P = 0.05) and FRAP (P = 0.03). Discreet changes were observed in the ruminal environment with a decreasing trend in pH (P = 0.04) but an increase in bacterial activity (P = 0.05) and protozoa counts (P = 0.07) in cows that consumed the additive. GSO consumption affected the fatty acid profile in milk, increasing saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P = 0.05) and reducing unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (P = 0.03). The oil did not affect milk production or efficiency in the postpartum period. Based on this information, it is concluded that the addition of GSO positively affects the cow's antioxidant system.

Healthy Effects of Milk and Dairy Product Consumption in the Mediterranean Area and Japan.

Milk is a food enriched in essential components for human health. Especially, in the Mediterranean area, besides cow's milk, milk from goats, sheep, and donkeys, is largely used. The consumption of animal milk is an important component of the Mediterranean (MED) diet, even if in moderate amounts. Milk is a complete food since it contains proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, as well as micronutrients (minerals and vitamins). Milk-fermented products are largely consumed in the MED diet, such as cheese and yogurt, which are rich in essential metabolites, bioactive compounds, vitamins, minerals, and exopolysaccharides. A large body of evidence suggests that consumption of milk and dairy products does not increase the risk of all-cause mortality, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, even if some earlier studies have reported harmful effects associated with their higher consumption. Also, in Japan, despite the lower consumption of milk than in Western countries, intake of bovine milk is associated with healthy effects. The present review describes the effects of the various constituents of animal milk on human health, with special reference to the Mediterranean area and Japan. Experimental data and clinical trials support the ability of milk and dairy products to lower the risk of chronic diseases.

An integral assessment of the impact of diet and manure management on whole-farm greenhouse gas and nitrogen emissions in dairy cattle production systems using process-based models.

Feed management decisions are crucial in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) and nitrogen (N) emissions from ruminant farming systems. However, assessing the downstream impact of diet on emissions in dairy production systems is complex, due to the multifunctional relationships between a variety of distinct but interconnected sources such as animals, housing, manure storage, and soil. Therefore, there is a need for an integral assessment of the direct and indirect GHG and N emissions that considers the underlying processes of carbon (C), N and their drivers within the system. Here we show the relevance of using a cascade of process-based (PB) models, such as Dutch Tier 3 and (Manure)-DNDC (Denitrification-Decomposition) models, for capturing the downstream influence of diet on whole-farm emissions in two contrasting case study dairy farms: a confinement system in Germany and a pasture-based system in New Zealand. Considerable variation was found in emissions on a per hectare and per head basis, and across different farm components and categories of animals. Moreover, the confinement system had a farm C emission of 1.01 kg CO2-eq kg-1 fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM), and a farm N emission of 0.0300 kg N kg-1 FPCM. In contrast, the pasture-based system had a lower farm C and N emission averaging 0.82 kg CO2-eq kg-1 FPCM and 0.006 kg N kg-1 FPCM, respectively over the 4-year period. The results demonstrate how inputs and outputs could be made compatible and exchangeable across the PB models for quantifying dietary effects on whole-farm GHG and N emissions.

Environmental assessment of phosphorus recovery from dairy sludge: A comparative LCA study.

Phosphate rock is a finite, non-renewable mineral resource that is used primarily in fertiliser production. The scarcity and the increasing demand for this finite material led the European Commission to include it in the critical raw material list in 2014. As a consequence, efforts have been directed towards enhancing material use efficiency, initiating recycling efforts, and formulating waste policies to mitigate the criticality of raw materials. Interest in the development of technologies for nutrient recovery from organic waste streams has increased in recent years, and dairy processing sludge (DPS) is a potential input waste stream. Although the recovery of P from DPS can contribute to more circular flows of nutrients in society, it has to be assessed whether there are also overall environmental gains. This paper reports on a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the environmental impacts of three scenarios for phosphorus (P) recovery involving hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and struvite precipitation and a comparison to a reference drying scenario. HTC produces a solid fraction (hydrochar), and a liquid fraction (process water) and in one of the scenarios (Scenario 3), leaching the hydrochar for additional P recovery is considered. From the process water as well as from the hydrochar leachate, P is precipitated in the form of struvite. Scenarios 1 and 2 both consider HTC and struvite production with the only difference that the hydrochar is used as a fuel instead of as a fertilizer in the latter case, and Scenario 3 adds leaching of the hydrochar with subsequent struvite production and considers that hydrochar is used as a fuel. In the fourth (reference) scenario, dewatering and drying of DPS is considered. The recovered product use in agriculture was not assessed at this stage. The assessment of the emerging technologies in Scenarios 1-3 was done by studying the technologies in early stages of development but modelling them as more developed in the future. Additional functions beyond the functional unit of one kg of P recovered were handled through a system expansion by substitution approach. This way, the system was credited for calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) production in all scenarios and for wood chips production in Scenarios 2 and 3. Looking at net outcomes for all scenarios, the life cycle impact indicator results for scenario 2 are lower than the other scenarios in several impact categories. Large gains in scenario 2 are related to the avoided production of wood chips.

Influence of bovine pestivirus heterogeneity on serological responses to 10 different commercial vaccine formulation.

Bovine Pestivirus typically involves one or more organ systems, with clinical manifestations ranging from mild to severe fatal systemic illness that lead to significant reproductive, productive, and economic losses. Vaccines face the challenge of addressing the significant variability of pestiviruses, which affects the interaction between viral antigens and the immune system's ability to provide protection. This study aimed to evaluate the serological responses against bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (Pestivirus A) and Pestivirus B induced by 10 commercial vaccines, including one recombinant (vaccine E), two modified live (MLV multivalent, vaccine I, and MLV monovalent, vaccine J), and seven killed vaccines (KLV, vaccines A to H). Additionally, we evaluated the cross-reactivity between Pestivirus A and B from vaccines and HoBi-like pestivirus (Pestivirus H). In Phase 1, guinea pigs were used to screen for non-MLVs. They were divided into nine groups (n=6 each) and received two doses (⅕ of bovine dose) of eight different non-MLV on Days 0 and 21. Serum samples were collected on Days 0 and 30 for serological analyse. In Phase 2, Holstein × Gir heifers (n= 45) were divided into five groups, comprising 6-9 animals. They were vaccinated either once with MLVs or twice with the top non-MLVs screened in Phase 1. Serum samples were harvested on d0 (vaccination day) and d60 (60 days after the first dose) for MLV and non-MLV. Specific antibody titers were assessed virus neutralization (VN) and transformed in log2 for statistical analysis using PROC-MIXED. Significant effects were observed for vaccine groups, time points, and their interactions concerning neutralizing antibodies against Pestivirus A and B in both Guinea pigs and heifers. The Phase 1 study revealed serological responses against Pestivirus A exclusively in non-MLV D (85.33±13.49) and E (72.00±19.26). In the bovine study, the KLD vaccine D (72.00±15.10), recombinant vaccine E (90.66±25.85), and MLV I (170.66±28.22) resulted in an average of neutralizing antibodies against Pestivirus A that exceeded the protective threshold (≥ 60). However,individual analysis of heifers showed a higher frequency of animals presenting titers of Pestivirus A Ab surpassing 32 following vaccination with MLV I and J. None of the vaccine formulations in either study elicited a protective immune response against Pestivirus B or demonstrated cross-reactivity against Pestivirus H.

Awareness and adoption of farm biosecurity practices in commercial dairy, pig and poultry farms of Uttar Pradesh (India).

India's livestock sector has been facing significant losses due to episodes of disease outbreaks since time immemorial. Hence, biosecurity measures are very important to maintain and improve animal health along with prevention of disease outbreak. Keeping these facts into consideration, the study was proposed with an objective to assess the existing biosecurity practices adopted by the commercial dairy, pig and poultry farms. The current study was undertaken in the state of Uttar Pradesh as it is the leading state in milk and meat production. A total of 120 farmers were selected randomly including 40 each practicing commercial dairy, pig and poultry farming. An ex-post facto research methodology was used with face-to-face interview and observation to collect data. The biosecurity practices were assessed under seven dimensions such as, location and design of farm, restricted access, isolation and quarantine, cleaning and disinfection, management of feed and water, disposal of carcass, manure and waste, and health management. Results elicited that about 50% of the farmers had medium level of adoption who adopted 18-34 practices out of 51 practices. The average overall adoption score was 34.17 out of 51 (67%) which makes an overall adoption gap of 33%. Maximum adoption gap was seen in case of restricted access (43%) whereas minimum gap in adoption was seen in case of management of feed and water (27%). Pig and poultry farmers showed significantly higher biosecurity measures than dairy farmers (p < 0.05). The more significant contributors to the adoption of biosecurity measures were the level of knowledge of the farmers (p < 0.01). Other factors such as education, income, herd/flock size, Information and Communication Technology utilization, number of trainings also had a significant contribution (p < 0.05) in actual implementation of biosecurity. Hence, better understanding of these measures among the farmers must be ensured by hands on training along with proper demonstration of various procedures involved in maintaining farm biosecurity is need of the hour.

Impact of saliva incorporation on the rheological properties of in vitro gastric contents formulated from sour cream.

Rheological properties of gastric contents depend on the food ingested, and on the volume and composition of secretions from the host, which may vary. This study investigates the impact of saliva regular incorporation in the stomach after a meal on the rheological properties of gastric contents, considering two levels of salivary flow (low = 0.5 and high = 1.5 mL/min). In vitro chymes were obtained by mixing sour cream, simulated gastric fluid, two different volumes of oral fluid (at-rest human saliva, SSF for Simulated Salivary Fluid or water) and adjusting pH at 3. Chymes samples were characterized at 37°C for their particle size and rheological properties. Overall, particle size distribution was not different between samples: incorporating a larger volume of saliva resulted in more heterogeneity, but the surface area moment D[3,2] and volume moment D[4,3] did not differ significantly with the oral fluid type. Shear viscosity of chyme samples was higher when saliva was incorporated, in comparison with water or SSF. In addition, as shown from data extracted at γ ̇ $$ \dot{\gamma} $$ = 20 s-1 the higher the fluid volume the lower the shear viscosity, which is attributed to a dilution effect. However, this dilution effect was attenuated in the case of saliva, most likely due to its composition in organic compounds (e.g., mucins) contributing to the rheological properties of this biological fluid. In these in vitro conditions, both saliva and the salivation rate had a significant but slight impact on the rheological properties of gastric contents (of the order of 1-5 mPa s at γ ̇ $$ \dot{\gamma} $$ = 20 s-1).

A Review on Camel Milk Composition, Techno-Functional Properties and Processing Constraints.

Camel milk plays a critical role in the diet of peoples belongs to the semi-arid and arid regions. Since prehistoric times, camel milk marketing was limited due to lacking the processing facilities in the camel-rearing areas, nomads practiced the self-consumption of raw and fermented camel milk. A better understanding of the techno-functional properties of camel milk is required for product improvement to address market and customer needs. Despite the superior nutraceutical and health promoting potential, limited camel dairy products are available compared to other bovines. It is a challenging impetus for the dairy industry to provide diversified camel dairy products to consumers with superior nutritional and functional qualities. The physicochemical behavior and characteristics of camel milk is different than the bovine milk, which poses processing and technological challenges. Traditionally camel milk is only processed into various fermented and non-fermented products; however, the production of commercially important dairy products (cheese, butter, yogurt, and milk powder) from camel milk still needs to be processed successfully. Therefore, the industrial processing and transformation of camel milk into various products, including fermented dairy products, pasteurized milk, milk powder, cheese, and other products, require the development of new technologies based on applied research. This review highlights camel milk's processing constraints and techno-functional properties while presenting the challenges associated with processing the milk into various dairy products. Future research directions to improve product quality have also been discussed.

Gut colonization by extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in dairy herd in Brazil: successful dissemination of a One Health clone.

The overuse of antimicrobials in livestock has contributed to the emergence and selection of clinically relevant multidrug-resistant bacteria. In Brazil, there is no conclusive information on the occurrence of Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESßL) in cattle breeding, which is an important sector of agribusiness in this country. Herein, we investigated the presence of ESßL-positive E. coli strains in dairy cattle from a commercial farm with routine practice of therapeutic cephalosporins. Ninety-five rectal swab samples were collected from healthy dairy calves and cows under treatment with ceftiofur. Samples were screened for the presence of ESßL producers, and positive isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF, with subsequent screening for genes encoding ESßL variants by PCR and sequencing. The presence of ESßL (CTX-M-15)-producing E. coli was confirmed in calves, and lactating and dry cows. Most ESßL strains with genetic homologies ≥ 90% were grouped into two major PFGE clusters, confirming the suscessful expansion of clonally related lineages in animals from different lactating cycles, on the same property. Four representatives CTX-M-15-positive E. coli strains had their genomes sequenced, belonging to the clonal complex (CC) 23 and sequence type (ST) 90. A phylogeographical landscape of ST90 was performed revealing a global One Health linkage. Our results highlight the intestinal microbiota of dairy cattle as a hotspot for the spread of critical priority ESßL-producing E. coli and demonstrate that ST90 is an international clone genomically adapted to human and animal hosts, which deserve additional investigation to determine its zoonotic potential and impact in food chain.