RESUMO
Dermatophytosis is a superficial cutaneous infection, most commonly caused by fungal species such as Microsporum canis, Nannizzia gypsea (Microsporum gypseum), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in dogs and cats. The zoonotic potential of these species is concerning, as companion animals are increasingly close to their owners. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to evaluate the current prevalence of Nannizzia-causing canine and feline dermatophytosis in Curitiba and Metropolitan Region, as well as perform phenotypic and phylogenetic characterizations of these isolates. Thus, 241 skin and fur samples from 163 dogs and 78 cats were analyzed from 2020 to 2021. The samples were obtained from animals of three sources: Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, animal shelters, and private clinics. The diagnosis was performed through phenotypic characterization and sequencing ITS rDNA region. Among 97 positive samples for dermatophytes, Nannizzia was identified in 14 (14.4%) samples, while other dermatophyte genera were found in the remaining 83 (85.6%) samples. Among the canine samples, nine (90%) were N. gypsea, and one (10%) was N. incurvata. Whereas in feline samples, three (75%) were N. gypsea, and one (25%) was N. incurvata. It was concluded that among 97 animals infected with dermatophytes, dogs (24.4%; 10/41) were significantly more affected by Nannizzia than cats (7.1%; 4/56) (P < .05). According to molecular analyses, the ITS rDNA region provided satisfactory results for species-level identification of Nannizzia, confirming the first report of N. incurvata as an etiological agent of canine and feline dermatophytosis in Brazil.
Nannizzia genus affected significantly more dogs (24.4%) than cats (7.1%) (P < .05). The ITS rDNA exhibited higher accuracy for identifying dermatophytes compared to phenotypic diagnosis, allowing the confirmation of the first reports of N. incurvata as an etiological agent of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats in Brazil.
Assuntos
Arthrodermataceae , Doenças do Gato , Dermatomicoses , Doenças do Cão , Tinha , Animais , Gatos , Cães , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Microsporum , Tinha/microbiologia , Tinha/veterinária , DNA Ribossômico , Dermatomicoses/epidemiologia , Dermatomicoses/veterinária , Dermatomicoses/microbiologiaRESUMO
- Mycological analysis is considered the gold standard in the diagnosis of very common fungal diseases of nails. The purpose of the article is to present the prevalence of onychomycosis obtained by using direct microscopic examination (DME) and cultivation on Sabouraud media without cycloheximide. The quantitative retrospective research was conducted on 2706 patients of both sexes (mostly middle-aged to elderly) with various toenail lesions, who had undergone mycological analyses in the Mycological Laboratory of our Department of Dermatovenereology in 2013 and 2014. Analysis of the results obtained revealed that there were 35.4% of positive DME results; of these, there were 39.2% of dermatophytes, 59.1% of yeasts and 1.7% of molds. The percentage of dermatophytes (Trichophyton spp.) was twice as high in men as in women. A considerable percentage (12%) of mixed isolates was also observed. Particularly worrisome was the high percentage (one-third) of suppressed and insufficiently developed dermatophytes (a possible indicator of inappropriate preparation of patients for mycological analysis). Cultivation on culture media without cycloheximide requires frequent inspections because of the fast-growing molds while not allowing sporulation for a great number of dermatophytes. However, it has certain advantages, i.e. it offers an insight into the wide range of the present fungi. As part of the biofilm, they can be potentially pathogenic in dystrophic nails under certain circumstances because, according to our results, the percentage of dermatophytes does not change substantially with aging; however, what does change is the percentage of molds, yeasts and mixed isolates.
Assuntos
Arthrodermataceae/isolamento & purificação , Cicloeximida/farmacologia , Fungos , Unhas , Onicomicose , Idoso , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Croácia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Unhas/microbiologia , Unhas/patologia , Onicomicose/diagnóstico , Onicomicose/epidemiologia , Onicomicose/microbiologia , Onicomicose/terapia , Prevalência , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), free or conjugated with monoclonal antibody and mediated by Q-switched Nd:YAG laser on five dermatophytes. The laser was applied for 45 s at 532 nm and 0.8 J/cm2. The application of AgNPs combined with laser caused an increase in fungal susceptibility compared to application of AgNPs alone. The MIC50 and MIC100 recorded 3 and 9 µg/ml in the case of E. floccosum (the most susceptible species), 10 and 19 µg/ml for T. rubrum (the most tolerant species), respectively. A decrease in keratinase activity reaching 76.1, 67.1, and 62.4% was attained in the case of M. gypseum, T. rubrum, and T. mentagrophyte, respectively, on application of 10 µg/ml AgNPs combined with Nd:YAG laser. Under the same conditions of application, a steady increase in leaked materials coupled with reduction in ergosterol synthesis was reached. The structural alterations occurred to the fungus were more observed on the application of AgNPs in combination with laser where the conidia and hyphae lost their cellular integrity, become flaccid, permanently destructed, and completely killed. The monoclonal antibody conjugated AgNPs did not result in significant variation in in vitro experiments compared with that produced by nonconjugated nanoparticles. However, the conjugates achieved significantly more curing of M. canis-inoculated guinea pigs compared with nonconjugated nanoparticles.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anticorpos Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Arthrodermataceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Dermatomicoses/terapia , Lasers de Estado Sólido/uso terapêutico , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Prata/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Arthrodermataceae/metabolismo , Arthrodermataceae/efeitos da radiação , Arthrodermataceae/ultraestrutura , Linhagem Celular , Membrana Celular/ultraestrutura , Terapia Combinada , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ergosterol/metabolismo , Cobaias , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Prata/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Identification of fungi in dermatological samples using PCR is reliable and provides significantly improved results in comparison with cultures. It is possible to identify the infectious agent when negative results are obtained from cultures. In addition, identification of the infectious agent can be obtained in 1 day. Conventional and real-time PCR methods used for direct fungus identification in collected samples vary by DNA extraction methods, targeted DNA and primers, and the way of analysing the PCR products. The choice of a unique method in a laboratory is complicated because the results expected from skin and hair sample analysis are different from those expected in cases of onychomycosis. In skin and hair samples, one dermatophyte among about a dozen possible species has to be identified. In onychomycosis, the infectious agents are mainly Trichophyton rubrum and, to a lesser extent, Trichophyton interdigitale, but also moulds insensitive to oral treatments used for dermatophytes, which renders fungal identification mandatory. The benefits obtained with the use of PCR methods for routine analysis of dermatological samples have to be put in balance with the relative importance of getting a result in a short time, the price of molecular biology reagents and equipment, and especially the time spent conducting laboratory manipulations.
Assuntos
Arthrodermataceae/classificação , Arthrodermataceae/isolamento & purificação , Biologia Molecular/métodos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Tinha/diagnóstico , Arthrodermataceae/genética , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of nails primarily caused by dermatophyte fungi. Fungi are traditionally understood as existing in the environment as planktonic organisms; however, recent advancements in microbiology suggest that fungi form biofilms-complex sessile microbial communities irreversibly attached to epithelial surfaces by means of an extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix also acts as a protective barrier to the organisms within the biofilm. The biofilm is surprisingly resistant to injury and may act as a persistent source of infection possibly accounting for antifungal resistance in onychomycosis.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Biofilmes , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Fungos/fisiologia , Onicomicose/tratamento farmacológico , Arthrodermataceae , HumanosRESUMO
Las micosis superficiales son muy comunes y por ello son motivo de consulta médica frecuente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la frecuencia de diagnóstico de las micosis superficiales en el Departamento de Micología del Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel en Caracas, Venezuela, durante 14 años (2001-2014). Se realizó un estudio transversal y retrospectivo de revisión de historias micológicas de pacientes con diagnóstico presuntivo de micosis superficial. Las muestras procesadas fueron uñas, pelos y escamas epidérmicas. La identificación de los hongos se realizó mediante observación macro y microscópica de las colonias y pruebas de identificación bioquímicas y fisiológicas, según requerimiento del agente aislado. Para la investigación de Malassezia spp. solo se realizó examen directo. De las 3228 muestras procesadas, 1098 (34%) resultaron positivas y su distribución según el agente etiológico fue: 79,5% dermatofitos; 10,9% levaduras; 5,1% hongos no dermatofitos y 4,5% Malassezia spp. El dermatofito más aislado fue el Complejo Trichophyton rubrum (70,1%), seguido del Complejo T. mentagrophytes (15,1%), Microsporum canis (9,4%) y Epidermophyton floccosum (4%). Las tiñas más frecuentes fueron: Tinea unguium (66,8%), seguida de Tinea pedis (16,4%) y Tinea capitis (8,1%). En el grupo de levaduras el Complejo Candida parapsilosis (37,5%) fue el más aislado y entre los hongos no dermatofitos el más frecuente fue Fusarium spp. (53,6%), seguido de Aspergillus spp. (19,6%) y Acremonium spp. (10,7%). La identificación del agente etiológico es fundamental para orientar un tratamiento adecuado. Esta casuística constituye un aporte importante para el conocimiento de la epidemiología de las micosis superficiales en nuestro país.
The superficial mycoses are very common infectious diseases and therefore are a frequent reason for medical consultation. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic frequency of superficial mycoses in the Mycology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel during 14 years (2001-2014). A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed to review the mycological records of patients with presumptive diagnosis of superficial mycosis. Nails, hairs and epidermal scales were the processed samples. The identification of fungi was performed by macro and microscopic observation of colonies and biochemical and physiological tests, as required of the isolated agent. For the investigation of Malassezia spp. only direct examination was performed. Of the 3 228 samples processed, 1 098 (34%) were positive and their distribution according to the etiological agent was: dermatophytes 79.5%; 10.9% yeasts; non-dermatophytes fungi 5.1% and 4.5% Malassezia spp. The most frequently isolated dermatophyte was Trichophyton rubrum Complex (70.1%), followed by T. mentagrophytes complex (15.1%), Microsporum canis (9.4%) and Epidermophyton floccosum (4%). The most frequent ringworms were: Tinea unguium (66.8%), followed by Tinea pedis (16.4%) and Tinea capitis (8.1%). Candida parapsilosis complex (37.5%) was the most frequently isolated yeast and Fusarium spp. (53.6%) was the most isolated among non-dermatophyte fungi, followed by Aspergillus spp. (19.6%) and Acremonium spp. (10.7%). The identification of the etiological agent is essential to guide appropriate treatment. This study constitutes an important contribution to the knowledge of the epidemiology of superficial mycoses in our country.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Dermatomicoses/diagnóstico , Fatores de Tempo , Venezuela , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Dermatomicoses/microbiologia , Arthrodermataceae/isolamento & purificação , Departamentos Hospitalares , MicologiaRESUMO
Companion animals, often asymptomatic reservoir of fungi, can be important sources of infection in humans, due to the close contact with their owners. The present study was aimed to assess the occurrence of dermatophytes and other fungi isolated from pet dermatological lesions in Turin, Italy. Dermatological specimens were examined for fungal elements by direct microscopy and cultured to detect dermatophytes, other filamentous fungi and yeasts: 247 pets (118 cats, 111 dogs and 18 dwarf rabbits) were positive for fungal detection in culture. Microsporum canis was the most frequent dermatophyte in cats and dogs, whereas Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the most common in rabbits. Among the other fungi, for all examined pets, dematiaceous fungi were the most isolated, followed by Mucorales, penicilli, yeasts and yeast-like fungi, and aspergilli. No gender predisposition was detected for dermatophyte growth; on the contrary, for the other fungi male cats were more susceptible than female. The highest fungal occurrence was recorded in <1-year-old cats for dermatophytes, and in <5-year-old cats and dogs for the other fungi. Autumn was the period associated with a relevant incidence of fungal infection. Finally, fungi were more frequent in non pure-breed cats and in pure-breed dogs. These data underline the importance to timely inform pet owners about the potential health risk of infection caused not only by dermatophytes but also by non-dermatophyte fungi, routinely considered to be contaminants or harmless colonizers, since their role as source of zoonotic infections is not to be excluded.
Assuntos
Arthrodermataceae/isolamento & purificação , Doenças do Gato , Dermatomicoses , Doenças do Cão , Doenças do Cabelo , Animais , Arthrodermataceae/patogenicidade , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Gatos , Dermatomicoses/epidemiologia , Dermatomicoses/microbiologia , Dermatomicoses/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Cães , Feminino , Doenças do Cabelo/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cabelo/microbiologia , Doenças do Cabelo/veterinária , Humanos , Itália/epidemiologia , Masculino , CoelhosRESUMO
Dermatophyte fungi are the most common cause of dermatophytosis in humans and animals. Artemisia sieberi is traditionally used for treatment of fungi related skin infections. In this investigation, we analyzed five samples of A. sieberi oils (different harvesting times and distinctive collecting locations) by GC-FID and GC-MS. The antifungal activities of A. sieberi oils were evaluated against different dermatophytes. The anti-elastase activities of essential oils were also evaluated. The results of analysis showed that the harvesting time and collecting location can affect the chemical compositions and oil yields. The best time for collecting the A. sieberi with high yield was spring season (January-February). There was no significant difference between the desirable anti-dermatophyte activities of A. sieberi oils with different chemical compositions. M. gypseum, T. rubrum and M. canis had more sensitivity than others to A. sieberi oils. The oils with higher amounts of α-thujone, ß-thujone showed the higher anti-elastase activity. Therefore, A. sieberi can be used as topical antifungal agent for treatment of skin dermatophyte infections.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Artemisia/química , Arthrodermataceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Arthrodermataceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Tinha/microbiologiaRESUMO
Antecedentes: la onicomicosis es una infección fúngica de las uñas, que puede ser causada por dermatofitos, levaduras y hongos filamentosos no dermatofitos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar-morfológica y molecularmente- un aislamiento realizado a partir de la uña del dedo medio de la mano derecha de un paciente inmunosuprimido con trasplante renal. Métodos: a la muestra se le realizó un examen microscópico directo en KOH 40 por ciento, y las características de la colonia fueron evaluadas en medio de cultivo Agar Sabouraud Glucosado y Agar Mycosel. El hongo aislado se identificó molecularmente mediante la amplificación, por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y secuenciación de la región espaciadora transcrita (ITS) de los genes ribosomales y de una porción del gen del factor de elongación 1 alfa (EF-1). La secuencia de nucleótidos de cada región fue comparada con las secuencias publicadas en la base de datos del Anco de Genes del Centro Nacional para la Información Biotecnológica (NCBI). Resultados: las características macro y microscópicas de la colonia concordaron con las directrices para Cylindrocarpon lichenicola (sinónimo Fusarium lichenicola). La secuencia de nucleótidos, tanto de la región ITS (544 pb) como de la porción del gen EF-1alfa (710 pb), presentó un 100 por ciento de similitud con secuencias de F. lichenicola. Conclusión: se identificó por primera vez en Costa Rica C. lichenicola asociado con onicomicosis en un paciente inmunosuprimidos. Este tipo de pacientes deben ser instruidos sobre las posibles fuentes de agentes infecciosos, particularmente los riesgos que pueden generar la jardinería y la agricultura...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Fungos , OnicomicoseRESUMO
Dermatophytose diseases were investigated in 384 patients in the Hue Medical School's hospital. Dermatophyte fungi and Candida sp were investigated by direct examination using KOH 20% solution. The following results were found: A total of 199 positive cases (51.85%) was found of which most cases were determined to be dermatophyte (91%) and the remaining was Candida sp (9.00%). The rate of male/female was 1/4. The highest rate of infection was found in the age group of 11-30 years old
Assuntos
Dermatomicoses , Faculdades de Medicina , Diagnóstico , HospitaisRESUMO
Las infecciones interdigitales de los pies causadas por hongos no dermatofiticos (HND), usualmente saprofitos, son infrecuentes; en este articulo se informa la comprobacion de dichos agentes como unicos responsalbes de la entidad en 12 pacientes remitidos para estudio al Laboratorio de Micologia de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Antioquia entre 1983 y 1989. Los agentes aislados fueron: fusarium (4 casos), hendersonula toruidea ( 7 casos) y scedosporium apiospermun (1caso). Las lesiones se asemejaban a las de una dermatofitosis cronica y en tres casos, habia pigmento.Es bien conocida la resistencia de las lesiones por hongos saprofiticos a los antifungicos tradicionales; por ello se hace enfasis en la conveniencia de comprobar por medio de examenes repetidos el papel patogeno de estos agentes con el fin de que el medico pueda plantear enfoques terapeuticos diferentes
Between 1983 and 1989 twelve cases of interdigital lesions of the feet due to non-dermatophytic fungi (NDF) were diagnosed at the Medical Mycology Laboratory, University of Antioquia, School of Medicine, Medellín, Colombia; the agents responsible for these infections were: Fusarium spp. (4 cases); Hendersonula toruloidea (7 cases) and Scedosporium apiospermum (1 case); clinical appearance of the lesions resembled that of chronic dermatophytosis and in 3 cases there was pigment. Strains were sensitive to imidazoles and resistant to fluorocytosine. The presence of NDF In both skin and nail lesions needs to be demonstrated repeteadly before these fungi are accepted as the etiologic agents