Concepción didáctica del proceso formativo interdisciplinar de la habilidad diagnosticar enfermedades para residentes de Dermatología / Didactic Concept of the Interdisciplinary Formation Process of the Diagnostic Ability of Dermatology Residents

Fundamento: El estudio teórico, el diagnóstico realizado y la experiencia de los investigadores, posibilitan formular como problema de la presente investigación: limitaciones en el desarrollo de la habilidad diagnosticar enfermedades dermatológicas en los residentes de la especialidad de Dermatología del Hospital General Provincial Docente "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola" de Ciego de Ávila. Objetivo: Elaborar una concepción didáctica del proceso de formación interdisciplinar de la habilidad diagnosticar enfermedades dermatológicas en los residentes de la especialidad de Dermatología, a partir de la caracterización del estado actual de esta habilidad. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación educativa con un componente descriptivo en el Hospital General Provincial Docente "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola" de Ciego de Ávila, en los cursos escolares desde 2016 al 2020. La población de estudio fueron los 16 residentes de 1.er año que matricularon la especialidad de Dermatología en el período de estudio. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico y empírico. Resultados: La caracterización realizada reveló limitaciones en el desarrollo de la habilidad diagnosticar enfermedades dermatológicas en los laboratorios de Anatomía Patológica, Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, por los residentes (100 %). La concepción didáctica del proceso de formación interdisciplinar de la habilidad diagnosticar orienta el proceso desde las actividades docentes-atencionales y prácticas de laboratorio en una consecutividad lógica y sistematización desde las diferentes formas de enseñanza y tipologías de clase. Integra la interdisciplinariedad y la utilización del método investigativo establecido en las ideas rectoras. Conclusiones: La concepción didáctica como aporte de la investigación resuelve la contradicción dialéctica entre la aplicación del método clínico y los procedimientos en la práctica de laboratorio que se da en ese proceso formativo y constituye un soporte didáctico que respalda las actividades prácticas en los laboratorios para cumplir con los objetivos del Plan de estudio de la especialidad.

Background: The theoretical study, the diagnosis conducted and the experience of the researchers make possible to formulate the problem of the present research: limitations in the development of the ability to diagnose dermatological diseases in residents of the Specialty of Dermatology of the General Provincial Teaching Hospital "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola" of Ciego de Avila. Objective: To elaborate a didactic conception of the interdisciplinary training process of the ability to diagnose dermatological diseases in residents of the specialty of Dermatology, based on the characterization of the current state of that ability. Methodology: An educational research with a descriptive component was conducted at the Provincial General Teaching Hospital "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola" of Ciego de Avila, in the 2016-2020 school years. The study population consisted of the 16 first-year dermatology residents who enrolled in the specialty during the study period. Results: The characterization conducted showed limitations in the development of the ability to diagnose dermatological diseases in anatomic pathology laboratories, Microbiology and Medical Parasitology, by residents (100%). The didactic conception of the interdisciplinary training process of diagnostic ability focuses on teaching and learning activities and laboratory practices in a logical consecutiveness and systematization from the different forms of teaching and class typologies. It integrates the interdisciplinary and the use of the research method that is established in the guiding ideas. Conclusions: The didactic conception, as a research contribution, resolves the dialectic contradiction between the application of the clinical method and the procedures in laboratory practice that occurs in this formative process which is a didactic support that backs up the practical activities in the laboratories in order to achieve the objectives of the study plan of the specialty.

First report of sunflower chlorotic mottle virus infecting sunflower plants in Brazil

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants showing symptoms of chlorosis, mosaic, chlorotic ringspot, and necrosis on younger leaves were found in a small experimental plot in Piracicaba, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Preliminary examinations by transmission electron microscopy of symptomatic leaf tissue revealed flexuous filamentous particles 13-15 nm wide and 700-750 nm long, and cytoplasmatic cylindrical inclusions typical of those found in plant cells infected by members of the Potyvirus genus. Total RNA extracted from symptomatic leaves and subjected to RT-PCR followed by partial nucleotide sequencing confirmed the presence of a potyvirus in the affected plants, which was identified as sunflower chlorotic mottle virus (SuCMoV), a member of the Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus (genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) species. Mechanical transmission assays with extracts of symptomatic sunflower leaves reproduced the original symptoms in sunflowers, mosaic symptoms in Zinnia elegans, and chlorotic local lesions in Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa. Sunflower and zinnia plants became infected after aphid transmission experiments with Myzus persicae. RT-PCR tests using specific primers for SuCMoV confirmed the presence of this virus in experimentally infected plants, meeting the criteria of Koch's postulate. This is the first report of SuCMoV infecting sunflower plants in Brazil.

Analysis of virome by high-throughput sequencing disclosed multiple infection in a single grapevine plant / Análise do viroma por sequenciamento de alto rendimento revelou infecção múltipla em uma planta de videira

Among phytosanitary problems of the grapevine, viruses stand out for their capacity of reducing the quality and yield of grapes. However, detecting and identifying viral infections in grapevines can be challenging. This study performed a high throughput sequencing (HTS) of the viral pathogens present in a vine showing virus-like symptoms to elucidate the etiology. HTS analysis reported in a hybrid grapevine with mild curling down of leaf edges, the presence of four viruses and viroids, which were probably implicated in the observed symptoms. The determined complete genomes showed high genetic identities with previously characterized isolates of homologous pathogens.

Dentre os problemas fitossanitários da videira, os vírus se destacam pela capacidade de reduzir a qualidade e o rendimento da uva. No entanto, detectar e identificar infecções virais em videiras pode ser um desafio. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar um sequenciamento de alto rendimento (HTS) para determinar os patógenos virais presentes em uma videira com sintomas de virose e elucidar a etiologia. Com o HTS foi detectada, em uma videira híbrida com leve enrolamento dos bordos foliares, a presença de quatro vírus e viroides, os quais provavelmente estavam implicados com os sintomas observados. Os genomas completos determinados mostraram altas identidades genéticas com isolados previamente caracterizados de patógenos homólogos.

Automatic Facial Palsy Diagnosis as a Classification Problem Using Regional Information Extracted from a Photograph.

The incapability to move the facial muscles is known as facial palsy, and it affects various abilities of the patient, for example, performing facial expressions. Recently, automatic approaches aiming to diagnose facial palsy using images and machine learning algorithms have emerged, focusing on providing an objective evaluation of the paralysis severity. This research proposes an approach to analyze and assess the lesion severity as a classification problem with three levels: healthy, slight, and strong palsy. The method explores the use of regional information, meaning that only certain areas of the face are of interest. Experiments carrying on multi-class classification tasks are performed using four different classifiers to validate a set of proposed hand-crafted features. After a set of experiments using this methodology on available image databases, great results are revealed (up to 95.61% of correct detection of palsy patients and 95.58% of correct assessment of the severity level). This perspective leads us to believe that the analysis of facial paralysis is possible with partial occlusions if face detection is accomplished and facial features are obtained adequately. The results also show that our methodology is suited to operate with other databases while attaining high performance, even though the image conditions are different and the participants do not perform equivalent facial expressions.

Symptoms of deficiency and initial growth of maize cultivated with biochar under nutrient omission / Sintomas de deficiência e crescimento inicial do milho cultivado com biocarvão sob omissão de nutrientes

Maize is the second largest agricultural crop in Brazil. It reaches high yields as supported by the intensive use of technologies, particularly mineral fertilization, which is normally costly. To lower production costs and improve crop productivity on small farms, the present study tested the efficiency of poultry litter biochar as a source of nutrients in the initial growth of BRS 2022 maize by the 'diagnosis by subtraction' method. The study was carried out in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized experimental design with a factorial arrangement (7×3). The following treatments were tested: complete nutrient solution (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn); complete nutrient solutions with omission of only nitrogen (-N), phosphorus (-P), potassium (-K), calcium (-Ca), and magnesium (-Mg); and complete absence of nutrients and three increasing rates of biochar (0, 5, and 10 t ha-1). Absence of nutrients with biochar rates significantly influenced the growth and dry biomass production variables of the maize plants. Except for stem diameter and the ratio between shoot and root dry biomass, all variables were influenced by the interaction between nutrients and biochar rates. Nutrient omission limited maize growth; however, the application of biochar reduced these limitations and significantly improved all analyzed variables. In the treatments without fertilizer, maize growth was very low, with generalized symptoms of deficiency that would decrease with the application of biochar. Even in the treatment with complete fertilization, which showed some slight visual symptoms, these decreased with the application of biochar.(AU)

A cultura do milho é a segunda maior produção agrícola do Brasil. Alcança altos rendimentos, apoiada no uso intensivo de tecnologias, em particular, a adubação mineral, normalmente onerosa. Na visão de baixar custos de produção e melhorar a produtividade da cultura na pequena propriedade rural, neste trabalho foi testado pelo método diagnose por subtração a eficiência do biocarvão da cama de frango como fonte de nutrientes ao crescimento inicial do milho BRS 2022. O estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação, utilizando delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (7x3), com os seguintes tratamentos: solução nutritiva completa (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn); soluções nutricionais completas com a omissão de apenas nitrogênio (-N), fósforo (-P), potássio (-K), cálcio (-Ca) e magnésio (-Mg); com ausência completa de nutrientes e três doses crescentes de biochar (0, 5 e 10 t ha-1). As variáveis de crescimento e produção de biomassa seca de plantas de milho foram significativamente influenciadas pela ausência de nutrientes e pelo efeito das doses de biocarvão. Com exceção do diâmetro do caule e da relação entre a parte aérea e a biomassa da raiz seca as interações também foram significativamente afetadas pelos tratamentos. A omissão de nutrientes limitou o crescimento do milho, no entanto, a aplicação do biocarvão diminuiu essas limitações e melhorou significativamente todas as variáveis analisadas. Nos tratamentos sem adubação, o crescimento do milho foi muito baixo, com sintomas generalizados de deficiência que diminuiriam com a aplicação do biocarvão. Até mesmo o tratamento com adubação completa que apresentou alguns leves sintomas visuais, houve redução a aplicação do biocarvão.(AU)

A review of the diagnosis and geographical distribution of the recently described flea toad Brachycephalus sulfuratus in relation to B. hermogenesi (Anura: Brachycephalidae).

BACKGROUND: The flea toad Brachycephalus sulfuratus was recently described from southeastern and southern Brazil. In its description, the authors overlooked previous records of flea toads that had been identified as "Brachycephalus sp. nov." and B. hermogenesi occurring in the same regions, which could suggest the possibility of up to three flea toads coexisting in southern Brazil. In addition, B. sulfuratus is characterized by substantial phenotypic variability, to an extent that compromises its current diagnosis with respect to its congener B. hermogenesi. Therefore, the current state-of-affairs regarding the geographical distribution of these two species and the identification of previously known populations is hitherto uncertain. Our goals are to reassess previous records of flea toads attributable to B. hermogenesi, B. sulfuratus and "Brachycephalus sp. nov.", considering the description of B. sulfuratus, and to review the diagnosis of B. sulfuratus. METHODS: A critical analysis of the species identity of flea toad specimens attributable to B. hermogenesi, B. sulfuratus, or to a potentially undescribed species from southeastern and southern Brazil was based either on the analysis of morphology or on their advertisement calls. These analyses include our independent examinations of specimens and, when not possible, examinations of published descriptions. To allow for a consistent comparison of advertisement calls between B. hermogenesi and B. sulfuratus, we made recordings of both species, including in the type locality of the former. RESULTS: We found that morphological and call characters originally proposed as diagnostic for B. sulfuratus in relation to B. hermogenesi vary intraspecifically. Live individuals with ventral yellow spots correspond to B. sulfuratus; individuals without yellow spots can be either B. sulfuratus or B. hermogenesi. In preservative, they are indistinguishable. Previous records of Brachycephalus sp. nov. correspond to B. sulfuratus. We propose that the reduced number of notes per call and the presence of only isolated notes in the call of B. sulfuratus, as opposed to a high number of notes per call with isolated notes and note groups in the call of B. hermogenesi, as the only diagnostic characters between them. Regarding their distributions and based in our assessment, only B. sulfuratus occurs in southern Brazil, without any overlap with B. hermogenesi. There is a narrow gap between the distributions of these species around the southeast of the city of São Paulo. Our revision also revealed that some records previously attributed to B. hermogenesi in Rio de Janeiro and north São Paulo represent a distinct, unidentified flea toad that is not B. sulfuratus. Both species occur side by side in Corcovado, São Paulo, a locality from where five paratypes of B. hermogenesi were obtained. Biogeographic events that might have led to vicariance between B. hermogenesi and B. sulfuratus are discussed.

Sarcopenia, definición y diagnóstico: ¿Necesitamos valores de referencia para adultos mayores de Latinoamérica? / Sarcopenia, definition and diagnosis: do we need reference values in older adults from latin america?

La sarcopenia es uno de los principales síndromes geriátricos que está asociada con limitación en las actividades de la vida diaria, discapacidad y mortalidad en la población adulta mayor. Sin embargo, su definición, criterios diagnósticos y puntos de corte son diversos en la literatura, lo que dificulta el diagnóstico de la sarcopenia. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa fue detectar en la literatura todos los consensos internacionales relacionados con sarcopenia, comparar su definición, criterios diagnósticos y puntos de corte, con el propósito de identificar una definición y criterios que puedan ser utilizados en Latinoamérica. Fueron identificados 7 consensos internacionales que han definido la sarcopenia como un síndrome/enfermedad caracterizado por la pérdida de la masa y función muscular asociada al proceso de envejecimiento. A pesar de tener una definición similar, no hay una total concordancia entre los criterios y evaluaciones. La sarcopenia puede ser detectada utilizando evaluaciones funcionales de fuerza muscular, velocidad de la marcha y equilibrio, que son frecuentemente utilizados por profesionales del área de la rehabilitación. Adicionalmente, el riesgo de sarcopenia puede ser identificado utilizando los cuestionarios SARC-F y SARC-CalF. Debido a su impacto funcional, la sarcopenia debería ser diagnosticada precozmente en adultos mayores por terapeutas ocupacionales, kinesiólogos y fisioterapeutas, para prevenir y tratar futuras complicaciones clínicas y funcionales en esta población. Es necesario la creación de valores de referencia para favorecer el diagnóstico de la sarcopenia en población latinoamericana.

Sarcopenia is one of the main geriatric syndromes that has been associated with limitation in activities of daily living, disability, and mortality in the elderly population. However, the definition, diagnostic criteria and cut-off points are diverse in the literature, which makes the diagnosis of sarcopenia difficult. The aim of this narrative review was to detect in the literature all the international consensus related to sarcopenia, to compare their definition, diagnostic criteria and cut-off points, in order to identify a definition and criteria that can be used in Latin America. Seven international consensuses were identified that have defined sarcopenia as a syndrome / disease characterized by loss of muscle mass and function associated with the aging process. Despite having a similar definition, there is not a total concordance between the criteria and evaluations. Sarcopenia can be detected using functional assessments of muscle strength, gait speed, and balance, which are frequently used by professionals in the area of rehabilitation. Additionally, the risk of sarcopenia can be assessed using SARC-F and SARC-CaF. Due to its functional impact, sarcopenia should be diagnosed early in older adults by occupational therapists, physical therapists and physiotherapists, to prevent and treat future clinical and functional complications in this population. The creation of reference values is necessary to favor the diagnosis of sarcopenia in the Latin American population.

Depression is associated with efavirenz-containing treatments in newly antiretroviral therapy initiated HIV patients in Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that people living with HIV (PLWH) is in higher risk for the development of depression and it has also been suggested that the use of efavirenz into the antiretroviral regimens increases even that risk. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of efavirenz-containing antiretroviral regimens on the development of depression in newly ART initiated HIV patients in Ecuador. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study from June 2016 to May 2017, all newly HIV diagnosed patients at the HIV/AIDS Unit of the Hospital Eugenio Espejo in Quito, Ecuador were evaluated using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression followed by a second assessment 8-12 weeks after antiretroviral therapy containing efavirenz was initiated. RESULTS: A total of 79 patients, mainly males younger than 35 years were studied. Majority of them were on TDF/FTC/EFV. Initial score in Hamilton Rating Scale revealed that less than 30% had no depression symptoms while almost 40% had mild depression. However, in the second assessment, 22.6% of the subjects had a score in the Hamilton Rating Scale compatible with severe or very severe depression (RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.28; p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: In our cohort study, depression was much higher in patients on Efavirenz-containing treatments. Therefore, assessment for depression must be essential as part of follow-up in these patients.

A Critical Analysis of Methodology Pitfalls in Duplex Doppler Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Patients With Erectile Dysfunction: Technical and Interpretation Deficiencies.

BACKGROUND: Penile duplex Doppler ultrasound (PDDU) is a minimally invasive tool to evaluate erectile hemodynamics in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). Despite decades of use, there is still a large variability in PDDU protocols, and a high rate of false diagnosis is reported. AIM: Review of PDDU methodology in the published literature addressing protocol heterogeneity, technical and interpretation challenges. METHODS: A PubMed literature search was performed using the search terms "penile doppler ultrasound", "penile duplex ultrasound" or "penile ultrasound", and "Erectile dysfunction". Studies were analyzed for the presence of the following elements in reporting of the PDDU protocol: (i) intracavernosal vasoactive agents used, (ii) use of a redosing protocol, (iii) means of rigidity assessment, (iv) report of at-home best-quality erection, (v) normative criteria for peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and (vi) use of time-based hemodynamics assessment. Inclusion criteria were studies available in English, from 2005 onwards, and with full text. Exclusion criteria were review, descriptive or short communication articles, animal studies, and studies in populations other than those with ED. OUTCOMES: A critical review of the heterogeneity in published literature was performed to guide a structured discussion of methodological challenges and to create a list of recommendations. RESULTS: Significant heterogeneity was seen in key methodological aspects. Fifty percent of studies reported the use of prostaglandin E1 only, and 12% of studies did not mention the agent used. Redosing as part of the PDDU protocol was mentioned in only 26% of studies. The majority (56%) did not mention any form of rigidity assessment. The most frequently used grading system was the Erection Hardness Score (14%). Overall, most studies (59%) used a timed-base protocol for hemodynamic assessment. No clear consensus was defined for normative criteria for PSV and EDV, 39% defining a normal PSV as ≥30 cm/s, and 57% using EDV values ≤5 cm/sec as normal. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The absence of standardization has led to inadequate reporting of key factors which has rendered data interpretation and comparison between studies challenging. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: Our strengths include an extensive review of literature, with a structured analysis of the impact of each methodological pitfall. Our main limitation is the fact that protocol reporting, and not its application, was assessed. CONCLUSION: Despite its widespread use, analysis of the literature on PDDU use in the ED population shows marked protocol heterogeneity, rendering data interpretation a problem. Nascimento B, Miranda EP, Terrier JE, et al. A Critical Analysis of Methodology Pitfalls in Duplex Doppler Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Patients With Erectile Dysfunction: Technical and Interpretation Deficiencies. J Sex Med 2020;17:1416-1422.

Hemoplasma infection in wild captive carnivores / Infecção por hemoplasmas em carnívoros selvagens cativos

Hemoplasmas are bacteria able to adhere themselves loosely to the plasma membrane of erythrocytes and may parasitize several species of mammals. There are three known species of hemoplasmas that parasitize domestic and wild cats: Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis'. Dogs are infected by at least two species of hemoplasmas: 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum' and Mycoplasma haemocanis. The hemoplasmoses are very important in veterinary clinics, either because of its worldwide distribution and severity of clinical signs, depending on parasite species and host immune competence, or due to its zoonotic potential and capability of infecting endangered species. This study set out to investigate which hemoplasmas species parasitize different captive wild carnivores in order to clarify the epidemiology of hemoplasmoses in wild animals. Furthermore, the research intended to characterize the hematological changes caused by different species of hemotropic mycoplasmas infection in order to establish their clinical importance to wild species and the capacity of these species to become a reservoir of studied agents. Samples of 33 wild felids and 18 wild canids were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect hemoplasmas DNA and it was observed that the occurrence of infection in these species is 45.5% and 83.3%, respectively. Factors such as age, gender or anaemia are not more frequent in animals positive for the infection. Therefore, it is concluded that infection caused by hemoplasmas in wild carnivores has high prevalence, and either agent pathogenicity is low, or chronic stage is more frequent, resulting in a low rate of diagnosis.(AU)

Hemoplasmas são bactérias capazes de aderir frouxamente à membrana plasmática de eritrócitos e que podem parasitar diversas espécies de mamíferos. São conhecidas três espécies de hemoplasmas que parasitam felídeos domésticos e selvagens: Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis'. Cães são infectados por ao menos duas espécies de hemoplasmas: Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum' and Mycoplasma haemocanis. As hemoplasmoses são de grande importância na clínica veterinária, tanto pela sua distribuição ubíqua e severidade dos sinais clínicos, a depender da espécie do parasita e imunocompetência do hospedeiro, quanto pelo seu potencial zoonótico e capacidade de infectar espécies ameaçadas. Este estudo visa investigar quais espécies de hemoplasmas parasitam diferentes carnívoros selvagens de cativeiro, a fim de esclarecer a epidemiologia das hemoplasmoses em animais selvagens. Além disso, o trabalho objetivou caracterizar as alterações hematológicas causadas pela infecção por diferentes espécies de micoplasmas hemotrópicos visando estabelecer sua importância clínica para espécies selvagens e a capacidade destas espécies de se tornar reservatórios dos agentes estudados. Amostras de 33 felídeos selvagens e de 18 canídeos selvagens foram investigadas por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase (RCP) para detectar o DNA dos agentes e foi observado que a ocorrência da infecção por hemoplasmas nestas espécies é de 45,5% e 83,3%, respectivamente. Fatores como idade, sexo ou anemia não são mais frequentes em animais positivos para a infecção. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a infecção causada por hemoplasmas em carnívoros selvagens possui alta prevalência, no entanto ou a patogenicidade dos agentes é baixa ou o estágio crônico da infecção é mais frequente, resultando em uma baixa frequência diagnóstica.(AU)

Development of quantitative detection method for Meloidogyne incognita by qPCR / Desenvolvimento do método de detecção quantitativo para Meloidogyne incognita por qPCR

The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is the most important plant-parasitic nematode genus, they are the most common and destructive pathogens in this group. They produce some of the most drastic symptoms in plants and can significantly reduce the yield of crops. In order to achieve deploy an efficient method of plant-parasitic nematode management, is necessary an identification and quantification accurate and reliable of plant-parasitic nematodes. The aim of this study was to analyze samples in qPCR to detect and quantify M. incognita, in the field samples, comparing different methods of extraction of DNA and its efficacy in establishing the number of individuals. For this purpose the effectiveness of different DNA methods of extraction was compared through the values of CT intervals. For standard curve and method comparisons, we used nematodes multiplied in a greenhouse and carefully separated in the specific quantities of the experiments. For the number of individuals experiment field samples previously counted under an optical microscope were used. The DNA extraction was made from 100 nematodes by the methods: CTAB, Phenol: Chloroform and commercial kit (PureLink® Genomic DNA Kit, Invitrogen). In the comparative analysis using the three methods of DNA extracting from 100 nematodes, it was observed that commercial kit and CTAB methods obtained CT values similar. The CTAB method of extraction, showed less variation in the repeats and greater linearity of standard curve in comparison with other methods tested. So, it was possible to quantify the samples through the CT value intervals, established from different numbers of individuals (1, 10, 25, 100, 250, 500 and 750), in field samples. This study demonstrated that qPCR technique is an alternative sensitive and reliable for the quantification of M. incognita to support laboratories of diagnose and field survey.

Os nematoides-das-galhas (Meloidogyne spp.) é o gênero de fitonematoide mais importante, são os patógenos mais comuns e destrutivos deste grupo. Eles produzem alguns dos sintomas mais drásticos nas plantas e podem reduzir significativamente o rendimento das culturas. Para conseguir implantar um método eficiente de manejo de nematoides parasitas de plantas, é necessária a identificação e quantificação precisa e confiável dos fitonematoides. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar amostras em qPCR para detectar e quantificar M. incognita, em amostras de campo, comparando diferentes métodos de extração do DNA e sua eficácia no estabelecimento do número de indivíduos. Para este propósito, a eficácia de diferentes métodos de extração de DNA foi comparada através dos valores dos intervalos de Ct. Para comparações padrão de curvas e métodos, usamos nematoides multiplicados em casa de vegetação e cuidadosamente separados nas quantidades específicas dos experimentos. Para o número de indivíduos, foram utilizadas amostras de campo previamente contadas sob um microscópio óptico. A extração de DNA foi realizada a partir de 100 nematoides, pelos métodos: CTAB, Phenol: Clorofórmio e kit comercial (PureLink® Genomic DNA Kit, Invitrogen). Na análise comparativa utilizando os três métodos de extração de DNA a partir de 100 nematoides, observou-se que o kit comercial e os métodos de CTAB obtiveram valores de CT semelhantes. O método de extração CTAB apresentou menor variação nas repetições e maior linearidade da curva padrão em comparação com os demais métodos testados. O coeficiente de correlação (R2) da curva padrão foi de 0,98 indicando uma relação linear entre o valor de Ct e a quantidade de padrões de DNA variando de 90 a 0,00009 ng.µL-1. Assim, foi possível quantificar as amostras através dos intervalos de valores de CT, estabelecidos a partir de diferentes números de indivíduos (1, 10, 25, 100, 250, 500 e 750), em amostras de campo. Este estudo demonstrou que a técnica de qPCR é uma alternativa sensível e confiável para a quantificação de M. incognita, para apoiar laboratórios de diagnóstico e levantamentos de campo.

Nutritional status of peach trees in Brazils main commercial peach-growing region / Estado nutricional do pessegueiro na principal região produtora de pêssego para indústria no Brasil

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar nutricionalmente plantas de pessegueiro na região produtora de Pelotas, RS. Foram amostrados 65 pomares de pessegueiros das cultivares Maciel, Granada, Esmeralda e Sensação nos municípios de Pelotas, Canguçu e Morro Redondo no ciclo produtivo de 2018. As amostras foliares, após secas e moídas, foram analisadas quanto aos seus teores de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), boro (B), cobre (Cu), ferro (Fe), manganês (Mn) e zinco (Zn) e os resultados foram apresentados em distribuições de frequência nas classes de suficiência indicadas para a cultura na região além da correlação entre os nutrientes. Observou-se maiores deficiências nos teores de nitrogênio, cobre, ferro e zinco. Entretanto, para a maioria das amostras, os teores de potássio encontraram-se na classe acima do normal, encontrou-se correlações entre P/Ca, P/Cu, Ca/P, Ca/Mg e Ca/B. É possível constatar a carência do uso de ferramentas para avaliar o estado nutricional dos pomares, principalmente a diagnose foliar, o que levou ao uso inadequado de fertilizantes e consequentemente um desbalanço nutricional das plantas.(AU)

This study set out to assess the nutritional status of peach trees in the commercial peach-growing region of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. The sample includes 65 peach orchards of the Maciel, Granada, Esmeralda, and Sensação cultivars in the municipalities of Pelotas, Canguçu, and Morro Redondo during the 2018 agricultural cycle. After drying and grinding the leaf samples for an analysis of their nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) content, the results were presented in frequency distributions divided into classes based on the nutrient requirements indicated for the crop in the region, in addition to the correlations between the nutrients. Greater deficiencies were observed in nitrogen, copper, iron, and zinc content. However, potassium content was found in the above normal class for most of the samples, and there were correlations between P/Ca, P/Cu, Ca/P, Ca/Mg, and Ca/B. An insufficient use of the tools to assess the nutritional status of the orchards was observed, especially the leaf diagnosis, which led to the inappropriate use of fertilizers and the consequent nutrient imbalance in the plants.(AU)

El diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) a temprana edad del niño y sus consecuencias en el encuentro-desencuentro entre los padres y su hijo / Le diagnostique trouble du spectre autistique (TSA), en bas âge et ses consequénces dans la rencontre o la divergence entre les parents et leur enfant / The autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at an early age and its consequences on the encounters and missed encounters between parents and their children / O diagnóstico de transtorno do espectro do autismo (TEA) em terna idade da criança e suas consequências no encontro-desencontro entre os pais e o filho

En los últimos años llegan a mi consulta niñas y niños entre los dos y los nueve años de edad diagnosticados tempranamente con TEA. Dicho diagnóstico es realizado, por otros profesionales, que desde la observación fenomenológica ubican en el niño alguna de las características presente en el cuadro clínico de autismo. A partir de tres viñetas clínicas con padres (de modalidades psíquicas e historias diferentes), reflexionaré qué les sucedió en el desencuentro con su bebé y de qué manera la enunciación de determinado tipo de diagnóstico imposibilitó que ese desencuentro inicial se transforme en un encuentro conjunto madre-hijo y padre-hijo. Cuando ocurre la posibilidad de este encuentro entre los padres y su hijo, el mismo se constituye en el punto de partida de un desarrollo más pleno de la subjetividad del niño(AU)

Ces dernières anneés, ils sont arrivés a mon cabinet des filles et fils entre les deux et les neuf ans qui portent le diagnostic TSA. Ce diagnostic a été fait par des professionels qui, du point de vue de l'observation phenomenologique, ont trouve dans l'enfant quelque charactéristiques du cadre autiste. A partir de trois vignettes cliniques (les parents ont de modalités psichiques et d'histoires differénts) je refléchirai sur la divergence entre eux et leur bébé et comment l'énunciation de ce diagnostic empêche la transformation de cette divergence initial dans une rencontre conjoint merè -fils et perè-fils. Quand cette rencontre entre les parents et leur fils est possible, elle se transforme en partie constituante d'une développement plus pleine de la subjectivité del' enfant(AU)

In recent years I came across consultations of children between two and nine years old who had been previously diagnosed with ASD at an early age. Such diagnose was made by other professionals who, from a phenomenological analysis, place the patient under some features of the clinical picture of autism. Taking into account three clinical vignettes with parents of diverse psychic modalities and stories, I will reflect over the past events that lead to a missed encounter with their babies and in which way the annunciation of a determined diagnose precludes the possibility of that missed encounter to transform into a joint meeting parent-child. When an encounter parent-child occurs, it represents the starting point of a fulfilled development of the child's subjectivity(AU)

Nos últimos anos, meninos e meninas com idades entre dois e nove anos diagnosticados com TEA chegam cedo ao meu consultório. Esse diagnóstico é feito por outros profissionais que, a partir da observação fenomenológica, localizam na criança algumas das características presentes no quadro clínico do autismo. A partir de três vinhetas clínicas com pais (de modalidades psíquicas e histórias diferentes), refletirei sobre o que aconteceu com eles no desencontro com seu bebê e como a enunciação de um certo tipo de diagnóstico torna impossível que esse desencontro inicial se torne um encontro conjunto mãe-filho e pai e filho. Quando a possibilidade desse encontro entre os pais e o filho ocorre, torna-se o ponto de partida para um desenvolvimento pleno da subjetividade da criança(AU)

Nutritional status of peach trees in Brazils main commercial peach-growing region / Estado nutricional do pessegueiro na principal região produtora de pêssego para indústria no Brasil

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar nutricionalmente plantas de pessegueiro na região produtora de Pelotas, RS. Foram amostrados 65 pomares de pessegueiros das cultivares Maciel, Granada, Esmeralda e Sensação nos municípios de Pelotas, Canguçu e Morro Redondo no ciclo produtivo de 2018. As amostras foliares, após secas e moídas, foram analisadas quanto aos seus teores de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), boro (B), cobre (Cu), ferro (Fe), manganês (Mn) e zinco (Zn) e os resultados foram apresentados em distribuições de frequência nas classes de suficiência indicadas para a cultura na região além da correlação entre os nutrientes. Observou-se maiores deficiências nos teores de nitrogênio, cobre, ferro e zinco. Entretanto, para a maioria das amostras, os teores de potássio encontraram-se na classe acima do normal, encontrou-se correlações entre P/Ca, P/Cu, Ca/P, Ca/Mg e Ca/B. É possível constatar a carência do uso de ferramentas para avaliar o estado nutricional dos pomares, principalmente a diagnose foliar, o que levou ao uso inadequado de fertilizantes e consequentemente um desbalanço nutricional das plantas.

This study set out to assess the nutritional status of peach trees in the commercial peach-growing region of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. The sample includes 65 peach orchards of the Maciel, Granada, Esmeralda, and Sensação cultivars in the municipalities of Pelotas, Canguçu, and Morro Redondo during the 2018 agricultural cycle. After drying and grinding the leaf samples for an analysis of their nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) content, the results were presented in frequency distributions divided into classes based on the nutrient requirements indicated for the crop in the region, in addition to the correlations between the nutrients. Greater deficiencies were observed in nitrogen, copper, iron, and zinc content. However, potassium content was found in the above normal class for most of the samples, and there were correlations between P/Ca, P/Cu, Ca/P, Ca/Mg, and Ca/B. An insufficient use of the tools to assess the nutritional status of the orchards was observed, especially the leaf diagnosis, which led to the inappropriate use of fertilizers and the consequent nutrient imbalance in the plants.

Identification of B-Cell Epitopes with Potential to Serologicaly Discrimnate Dengue from Zika Infections.

Dengue is currently one of the most important arbovirus infections worldwide. Early diagnosis is important for disease outcome, particularly for those afflicted with the severe forms of infection. The goal of this work was to identify conserved and polymorphic linear B-cell Dengue virus (DENV) epitopes that could be used for diagnostic purposes. To this end, we aligned the predicted viral proteome of the four DENV serotype and performed in silico B-cell epitope mapping. We developed a script in Perl integrating alignment and prediction information to identify potential serotype-specific epitopes. We excluded epitopes that were similarly present in the yellow fever and zika viruses' proteomes. A total of 15 polymorphic and nine conserved peptides among DENV serotypes were selected. Peptides were spotted on cellulose membranes and tested against sera from rabbits that were monoinfected with each DENV serotype. Although serotype-specific peptides failed to recognize any sera, three conserved peptides were recognized by all anti-dengue sera and were included on an ELISA test employing a well-characterized human sera bank. Of the three peptides, one was able to efficiently identify sera from all four DENV serotypes and to discriminate them from Zika virus positive sera.

Embarazo ectópico cervical / Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy

El embarazo ectópico cervical representa alrededor de 0,1 por ciento de todos los embarazos ectópicos. La incidencia se estima en 1: 2500 a 1: 98,000 embarazos. Es un fenómeno extraño; sin embargo, la morbilidad y la mortalidad por esta causa son elevadas, pero pueden disminuirse con el diagnóstico temprano. Es extremadamente peligroso porque el trofoblasto puede alcanzar los vasos uterinos a través de la delgada pared cervical y provocar una hemorragia grave e incoercible que aun en la actualidad suele terminar en cirugías mutilantes que limitarán la reproducción futura. En la actualidad, no existen criterios claros en la bibliografía que ayuden a la toma de decisiones. Se reporta un caso de embarazo cervical tratado exitosamente mediante histerectomía total abdominal y posterior seguimiento en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Se exponen algunos criterios que en el futuro podrían ayudar a diagnosticar esta entidad devastadora de forma oportuna para disminuir la morbimortalidad por esta causa y mejorar las posteriores posibilidades reproductivas de la mujer(AU)

Cervical ectopic pregnancy accounts for about 0.1 percent of all ectopic pregnancies. The incidence is estimated at 1: 2500 to 1: 98,000 pregnancies. It is a strange phenomenon; however, morbidity and mortality from this cause are high, but early diagnosis can help reducing. It is extremely dangerous because the trophoblast can reach the uterine vessels through the thin cervical wall and cause a severe and incoercible hemorrhage that, even today, usually ends in mutilating surgeries that will limit future reproduction. At present, no clear criteria in the literature help decision-making. We report a case of cervical pregnancy successfully treated by total abdominal hysterectomy and subsequent follow-up in the Intensive Care Unit. We present some criteria that could help timely diagnosing this devastating entity to reduce morbidity and mortality and improve the later reproductive possibilities of women(AU)

O analista em cena: uma clínica da transexualidade mais além do diagnóstico / The analyst on stage: for a transsexual clinic that goes beyond diagnosis / L'analyste en scène: une clinique de la transsexualité au-delà du diagnostic / El analista en escena: una clínica de la transexualidad más allá del diagnóstico

As produções psicanalíticas sobre a transexualidade têm crescido exponencialmente, entretanto, resta uma lacuna sobre o que orienta o fazer dos analistas que recebem sujeitos trans em seus consultórios. Partindo da análise crítica de um relato clínico, teceremos uma hipótese, com Butler e Laplanche, relativa ao por que das dificuldades encontradas em nosso fazer teórico e prático sobre a transexualidade. Concluiremos com uma reflexão sobre o potencial ético e político da psicanálise em uma clínica mais além do diagnóstico "trans".

Psychoanalytic writings on transsexuality have increased exponentially. However, a gap remains in terms of what guides analytical practice aimed at transsexuals. Based on Butler and Laplanche, we perform a critical analysis of a clinical report and propose a hypothesis on the difficulties that came up during our theoretical studies and practical work with transsexuality. The paper concludes with a reflection on the ethical and political potential of psychoanalysis, advocating a clinic that goes beyond the "trans" diagnosis.

Les productions psychanalytiques sur la transsexualité connaissent une croissance exponentielle. Cependant, une lacune existe par rapport à ce qui oriente la pratique des analystes qui traitent des sujets transsexuels. Partant de l'analyse critique d'un récit d'un cas médical, nous construisons une hypothèse, avec Butler et Laplanche, sur les difficultés qui se sont manifestées au cours de notre travail théorique et pratique sur la transsexualité. Nous concluons avec une réflexion sur le potentiel éthique et politique de la psychanalyse pour une clinique qui va au-delà du diagnostic «trans¼.

Las producciones psicoanalíticas sobre la transexualidad han crecido exponencialmente, sin embargo, queda una laguna sobre lo que orienta el hacer de los analistas que reciben sujetos trans en sus consultorios. A partir del análisis crítico de un relato clínico, se teje una hipótesis, con Butler y Laplanche, relacionada al por qué de las dificultades encontradas en nuestro hacer teórico y práctico sobre la transexualidad. Concluiremos con una reflexión sobre el potencial ético y político del psicoanálisis en una clínica más allá del diagnóstico "trans".

Die psychoanalytische Literatur zur Transsexualität hat exponentiell zugenommen, doch was die Praxis der Analytiker und ihre Behandlungsweise von transsexuellen Patienten orientiert bleibt nach wie vor offen. Ausgehend von der kritischen Analyse eines klinischen Berichts stellen wir eine Hypothese auf, welche die Probleme beschreibt, die bei unserer theoretischen und praktischen Arbeit zur Transsexualität aufkamen, basierend auf den Theorien von Butler und Laplanche. Wir schließen mit einer Betrachtung über das ethische und politische Potential der Psychoanalyse für eine Klinik, die über die „Trans"-Diagnose hinausgeht.

Diagnóstico em psicanálise: da estrutura ao discurso / Diagnosis in psychoanalysis: from structure to discourse / Diagnostic en psychanalyse: de la structure au discours / Diagnóstico en psicoanálisis: de la estructura al discurso

O presente artigo propõe uma investigação acerca da questão do diagnóstico diferencial no contexto da prática de orientação psicanalítica. Trata-se de uma pesquisa traçada diante de uma constatação clínica que se refere à operacionalidade do diagnóstico estrutural, um apontamento de uma perspectiva na qual a orientação do manejo clínico perpassa não pelo rigor classificatório preestabelecido, mas factualmente pela questão do sujeito em sua relação com o Outro, sua posição de discurso.

This paper proposes an investigation regarding the issue of the differential diagnosis in the context of the psychoanalytic practice. It consists of a research based on a clinical observation that refers to the operability of the structural diagnoses. It points out to a perspective in which the direction of the clinical management is not pervaded by the pre-established classificatory rigor, but by the issue of the subject in his relation with the Other, his discursive position.

Cet article propose une investigation sur la problématique du diagnostic différentiel dans la pratique clinique orientée par la psychanalyse. Il s'agit d'une recherche élaborée à partir de la constatation observée dans la clinique, qui se réfère à l'opérationnalité du diagnostic phénoménologique ou structurel, d'une perspective dans laquelle l'orientation du maniement clinique ne se soumet pas à des rigueurs classificatoires préétablies, mais, effectivement, elle passe par la question du sujet dans sa relation à l'Autre, sa position dans le discours.

El presente artículo propone una investigación sobre la cuestión del diagnóstico diferencial en el contexto de la práctica de orientación psicoanalítica. Se trata de una investigación trazada frente a una constatación clínica que se refiere a la operatividad del diagnóstico estructural, una observación de una perspectiva en la cual la orientación del manejo clínico no está impregnada por el rigor clasificatorio preestablecido, sino por la cuestión del sujeto en su relación con el Otro, su posición de discurso.

Dieser Artikel beschreibt eine Forschungsarbeit zum Thema der Differentialdiagnose im Kontext der Praxis der psychoanalytischen Beratung. Es handelt sich um eine auf einer klinischen Bewertung beruhende Forschungsarbeit, welche die Durchführbarkeit der strukturellen Diagnose untersucht, ein Hinweis auf eine Perspektive, in der die klinische Praxis nicht auf eine vorgegebene klassifikatorische Strenge, sondern faktisch auf die Frage nach dem Subjekt in seiner Beziehung zum Anderen, seiner Position im Diskurs, beruht.

A crise do diagnóstico em psiquiatria e os manuais diagnósticos / The crisis of diagnosis in psychiatry and the diagnostic manuals / La crise du diagnostic en psychiatrie et les manuels de diagnostic / La crisis del diagnóstico en psiquiatría y los manuales diagnósticos

Discute-se o caminho percorrido pela psiquiatria através dos manuais diagnósticos até o momento atual, com o projeto do Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), que busca, eliminando a subjetividade, alcançar uma excelência terapêutica na psiquiatria. São apresentadas quatro perspectivas para se pensar o diagnóstico das doenças psiquiátricas: as doenças que são descritas nos manuais de psiquiatria e que encontram correspondentes em pacientes na prática clínica; os transtornos que foram descritos nos manuais de psiquiatria e que geraram diagnósticos imprecisos; as síndromes culturais e o sofrimento psíquico que é estruturado de forma subjetiva e individual. Conclui-se que uma abordagem terapêutica deve levar em conta a natureza complexa do sofrimento psíquico, gerando mais cautela e individualização no que diz respeito às abordagens terapêuticas.

It discusses the path taken by psychiatry through diagnostic manuals up until now, with the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project, which seeks to achieve therapeutic excellence in psychiatry, by eliminating subjectivity. Four perspectives are presented to think about the diagnosis of psychiatric diseases: diseases that are described in the manuals of psychiatry and that have correspondence in patients in the clinical practice; disorders that are described in the manuals of psychiatry and that generated inaccurate diagnoses; the cultural syndromes and the psychic suffering that are structured subjectively and individually. It is concluded that a therapeutic approach should take into account the complex nature of psychic suffering, being more cautious and considering the individualization with respect to therapeutic approaches.

Cet article analyse le développement de la psychiatrie au moyen de manuels de diagnostic jusqu'à ce jour, prenant comme base le projet Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), qui cherche, en éliminant la subjectivité, à atteindre un niveau d'excellence thérapeutique en psychiatrie. Quatre perspectives sont présentées pour penser le diagnostic des maladies psychiatriques : les maladies décrites dans les manuels de psychiatrie qui correspondent aux patients en pratique clinique; les troubles décrits dans les manuels de psychiatrie qui ont produit des diagnostics inexacts; les syndromes culturels et la souffrance psychique structurée de façon subjective et individuelle. On conclut qu'une approche thérapeutique devrait tenir compte de la nature complexe de la souffrance psychique, générant un degré plus important de prudence et d'individualisation par rapport aux approches thérapeutiques.

A través de los manuales diagnósticos, se discute el camino recorrido por la psiquiatría hasta el momento actual, con el proyecto Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), que busca, eliminando la subjetividad, alcanzar una excelencia terapéutica en la psiquiatría. Se presentan cuatro perspectivas para pensar en el diagnóstico de las enfermedades psiquiátricas: las enfermedades que se describen en los manuales de psiquiatría y que encuentran coincidentes en pacientes en la práctica clínica; los trastornos que se describieron en los manuales de psiquiatría y que generaron diagnósticos imprecisos; los síndromes culturales y el sufrimiento psíquico que está estructurado de forma subjetiva e individual. Se concluye que un abordaje terapéutico debe tener en cuenta la naturaleza compleja del sufrimiento psíquico, generando más cautela e individualización en lo que se refiere a los abordajes terapéuticos.

Dieser Artikel diskutiert den Werdegang der Psychiatrie anhand von Diagnosehandbücher bis zur heutigen Zeit, unter Zuhilfenahme des Projekts Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), dessen Ziel es ist, Subjektivität zu beseitigen um therapeutische Exzellenz in der Psychiatrie zu erreichen. Es werden vier Perspektiven der Diagnose von psychiatrischen Erkrankungen vorgestellt: Krankheiten, die in den Handbüchern der Psychiatrie beschrieben sind und denen von Patienten in der klinischen Praxis entsprechen; Störungen, die in den Handbüchern der Psychiatrie beschrieben wurden und ungenaue Diagnosen erzeugten; kulturelle Syndrome und psychisches Leiden, das subjektiv und individuell strukturiert ist. Schlussfolgernd wird festgehalten, dass der therapeutische Ansatz die komplexe Natur des psychischen Leidens berücksichtigen und eine erhöhten Grad an Aufmerksamkeit und Individualisierung in Bezug auf therapeutische Ansätze aufbringen sollte.