Almost nothing is known about the tiger shark in South Atlantic waters.

The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) has been relatively well assessed concerning biology and ecology aspects in both Atlantic and Pacific North America and in Caribbean waters. The amount of data in these regions has led to the species protection under capture quotas and with the creation of sanctuaries. The reality in developing countries, however, is the exact opposite, with scarce information on the species in the southern hemisphere, namely South American and African waters. In these regions, protection measures are insufficient, and studies on tiger shark biology and ecology are scarce, significantly hindering conservation and management efforts. Thus, the aim of this study was to compile scientific literature on the tiger shark in the South Atlantic and discuss the impact of these data (or lack thereof) distributed within a total of ten research categories for guiding management plans. In total, 41 scientific publications on different G. cuvier biology and ecology aspects were obtained. The most studied topics were Feeding Ecology (n = 12), followed by Human Interactions (n = 8), and Movements and Migration (n = 7). Northeastern Brazil (Southwest Atlantic) was the most researched area, probably due to the higher coastal abundance of tiger sharks in this area, alongside a high number of recorded attacks, justifying funding for studies in the region. No studies carried out in other South American or African countries were found. It is important to mention that even though some research topics are relatively well covered, a severe knowledge gap is noted for risk assessments and fisheries management, with a proposition for the implementation of sanctuaries noted. This is, however, particularly worrisome, as the South Atlantic is mostly unexplored in this regard for tiger sharks. It is also important to note how different the attention given to this species is in the North Atlantic when compared to the South region. Lastly, we highlight that the existence of sub-populations, the lack of migratory corridors geographically connecting distinct areas used by the species, and the lack of fisheries statistics on tiger shark landings, all increase the vulnerability of this species in the South Atlantic.

Short-Term Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training on Vertical Jump Ability and Aerobic Fitness in Collegiate Volleyball Players During Pre-Season.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of repeated-sprint training (RST) on vertical jump ability and aerobic power in college volleyball players. Nineteen male volleyball players, aged between 18-24 years, were randomized into the RST group (RST; n = 10) and control group (CG; n = 9). The RST included 2-3 sets of 6×30m all-out sprints, twice per week, in addition to the regular training routine. The control group performed only the regular volleyball training sessions (i.e. mainly of technical-tactical drills). All players performed a maximal graded treadmill test, vertical countermovement jump (CMJ), and repeated-vertical jump ability (RVJA) test before and after 6-weeks of the training program. The following variables were determined from the RVJA: peak (RVJApeak), average (RVJAmean), and rate of decrement (RVJADec). A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed an interaction effect on CMJ (F (1,17) = 6.92; p = 0.018; η 2 = 0.289), RVJApeak (F (1,17) = 4.92; p = 0.040; η 2 = 0.225), maximal oxygen uptake (F (1,17) = 9.29; p = 0.007; η 2 = 0.353) and maximal speed attained in the treadmill test (F (1,17) = 8.66; p = 0.009; η 2 = 0.337), with significant improvements only on the RST group. In conclusion, RST, twice per week, improved RVJA and aerobic power in comparison to regular skill-based volleyball training.

Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Change Efforts and Suicide Morbidity Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults in Colombia.

Purpose: We assessed the association between sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts (SOGICE) experiences and lifetime suicide morbidity among sexual and gender minority (SGM) groups in Colombia. Methods: A sample of 4160 SGM Colombian adults responded to an online cross-sectional survey. We used binary logistic regression to assess the relationship between SOGICE and suicide morbidity for the overall sample and stratified by SGM group. Results: We found a high prevalence of suicidal ideation (56%), suicide planning (54%), suicide attempt (25%), and SOGICE experiences (22%). There were significant differences in the prevalence of suicide morbidity and SOGICE experiences across SGM groups, with transgender men and gender nonbinary participants being generally most at risk. SOGICE experiences were associated with 69% increased odds of suicidal ideation, 55% increased odds of suicide planning, and 76% increased odds of suicide attempt. Stratified analyses by SGM group showed that the association of SOGICE experiences with suicide morbidity varied by SGM group, and it was particularly detrimental for cisgender sexual minority men. Conclusions: Suicide morbidity among SGM adults in Colombia is high, with rates that are 8-22 times higher than in the general population. SOGICE experiences further exacerbate suicide risk. The study findings highlight the need to design and implement policies affirming diverse sexual orientation and gender identities in Colombia and to ban SOGICE practices. These findings also highlight the importance of recognizing the variability within SGM groups and the need to examine these groups separately rather than treating them as a monolithic group.

Association Between Overt and Subtle Experiences of Discrimination and Violence and Mental Health in Homosexual and Bisexual Men in Mexico.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the experiences of direct or subtle forms of discrimination and violence are associated with mental health in Mexican gay, homosexual, and bisexual (GHB) men. A cross-sectional survey was conducted online; the sample consisted of 4,827 GHB men. Ten forms of overt and subtle sexual orientation-based discrimination and violence (SO-DV) were assessed. Linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between SO-DV experiences and mental health outcomes. Physical violence was reported less frequently than the other forms of SO-DV. As the number of settings in which SO-DV were experienced increased, a stronger association with negative mental health outcomes was observed. Experiences of subtle SO-DV were associated with increased distress, lower vitality, and increased risk of suicidal ideation. Disapproval of gender nonconformity was associated with negative mental health outcomes independently of violence based on sexual orientation. Subtle forms of SO-DV are more common than direct and overt forms. Both types of SO-DV could negatively affect mental health. Studies investigating these negative experiences are required to gain an understanding of the health inequalities faced by non-heterosexual populations.

Human Trafficking Efforts to Protect Connecticut's Vulnerable Children and Youth: Incorporating the Voices of Community Practitioners.

Research demonstrates a growing number of exploited and trafficked children in the United States, but few studies address how practitioners continue to respond to these issues. Multiple efforts identify victims of human trafficking and provide services since the passing of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) in 2000 and its reauthorization. However, the TVPA oftentimes failed to protect the most vulnerable. This qualitative study included four focus group sessions with 28 practitioners from various disciplines (e.g., social work, healthcare, legal) to examine how the state of Connecticut has expanded services and programs for children and youth trafficking victims. The findings describe current statewide partnerships along with challenges and successes when working with child victims of human trafficking, offering practice and policy recommendations.

3-min all-out effort on cycle ergometer is valid to estimate the anaerobic capacity by measurement of blood lactate and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a single 3-min all-out maximal effort to estimate anaerobic capacity (AC) through the lactate and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) response methods (AC[La-]+EPOCfast) on a cycle ergometer. Eleven physically active men (age = 28.1 ± 4.0 yrs, height = 175.1 ± 4.2 cm, body mass = 74.8 ± 11.9 kg and ⩒O2max = 40.7 ± 7.3 mL kg-1 min-1), participated in the study and performed: i) five submaximal efforts, ii) a supramaximal effort at 115% of intensity of ⩒O2max, and iii) a 3-min all-out maximal effort. Anaerobic capacity was estimated using the supramaximal effort through conventional maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and also through the sum of oxygen equivalents from the glycolytic (fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) and phosphagen pathways (blood lactate accumulation) (AC[La-]+EPOCfast), while during the 3-min all-out maximal effort the anaerobic capacity was estimated using the AC[La-]+EPOCfast procedure. There were no significant differences between the three methods (p > 0.05). Additionally, the anaerobic capacity estimated during the 3-min all-out effort was significantly correlated with the MAOD (r = 0.74; p = 0.009) and AC[La-]+EPOCfast methods (r = 0.65; p = 0.029). Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the 3-min all-out effort is valid to estimate anaerobic capacity in physically active men during a single cycle ergometer effort.

Abuso de alcohol y sustancias en usuarios en situación calle / Alcohol and substance abuse in street users

En este trabajo de revisión se llama la atención acerca de que los trastornos por dependencia a sustancias representan como conjunto el problema de salud mental más frecuente dentro de la población en situación calle pero que también corresponden a una de sus causas, soliendo asociarse a la alta mortalidad de estas personas. Como aporte al enfrentamiento de este tópico médico y social, se hacen consideraciones relacionadas con las dependencias en esta población acerca de temas como el problema original, las necesidades, el papel de la resiliencia, el fenómeno de la fragilidad neurobiológica y el abordaje de la adicción desde el punto de vista del trauma psíquico. Palabras claves: abuso de alcohol, usuarios en situación calle, esfuerzos terapéuticos.

In this revision work, attention is drawn to the fact that substance-related disorders represent, as a whole, the most frequent mental health problem within the population in a street situation but that they also correspond to one of their causes, usually associated with the high mortality of these people. As a contribution to the confrontation of this medical and social topic, considerations related to dependencies in this population are made about issues such as the original problem, the needs, the role of resilience, the phenomenon of neurobiological fragility and the approach to addiction from the point of view of psychic trauma

A Context-Aware Model to Provide Positioning in Disaster Relief Scenarios.

The effectiveness of the work performed during disaster relief efforts is highly dependent on the coordination of activities conducted by the first responders deployed in the affected area. Such coordination, in turn, depends on an appropriate management of geo-referenced information. Therefore, enabling first responders to count on positioning capabilities during these activities is vital to increase the effectiveness of the response process. The positioning methods used in this scenario must assume a lack of infrastructure-based communication and electrical energy, which usually characterizes affected areas. Although positioning systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) have been shown to be useful, we cannot assume that all devices deployed in the area (or most of them) will have positioning capabilities by themselves. Typically, many first responders carry devices that are not capable of performing positioning on their own, but that require such a service. In order to help increase the positioning capability of first responders in disaster-affected areas, this paper presents a context-aware positioning model that allows mobile devices to estimate their position based on information gathered from their surroundings. The performance of the proposed model was evaluated using simulations, and the obtained results show that mobile devices without positioning capabilities were able to use the model to estimate their position. Moreover, the accuracy of the positioning model has been shown to be suitable for conducting most first response activities.

Sodium bicarbonate supplementation improved MAOD but is not correlated with 200- and 400-m running performances: a double-blind, crossover, and placebo-controlled study.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of acute supplementation of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) determined by a single supramaximal effort (MAODALT) in running and the correlation with 200- and 400-m running performances. Fifteen healthy men (age, 23 ± 4 years; maximal oxygen uptake, 50.6 ± 6.1 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) underwent a maximal incremental exercise test and 2 supramaximal efforts at 110% of the intensity associated with maximal oxygen uptake, which was carried out after ingesting either 0.3 g·kg(-1) body weight NaHCO3 or a placebo (dextrose) and completing 200- and 400-m performance tests. The study design was double-blind, crossover, and placebo-controlled. Significant differences were found between the NaHCO3 and placebo conditions for MAODALT (p = 0.01) and the qualitative inference for substantial changes showed a very likely positive effect (98%). The lactic anaerobic contribution in the NaHCO3 ingestion condition was significantly higher (p < 0.01) and showed a very likely positive effect (99% chance), similar to that verified for peak blood lactate concentration (p < 0.01). No difference was found for time until exhaustion (p = 0.19) or alactic anaerobic contribution (p = 0.81). No significant correlations were observed between MAODALT and 200- and 400-m running performance tests. Therefore, we can conclude that both MAODALT and the anaerobic lactic metabolism are modified after acute NaHCO3 ingestion, but it is not correlated with running performance.

Limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico en la práctica clínica: percepciones de profesionales médicos y de enfermería de unidades de pacientes críticos de un hospital público de adultos en la Región Metropolitana / Limits to therapeutic efforts in clinical practice: perceptions of medical and nursing professionals of critical patients units of a public hospital for adults in the Metropolitan Region / Limitação do esforço terapêutico na prática clínica: percepções de profissionais médicos e enfermeiros de unidades de pacientes críticos de um hospital público de adultos na Região Metropolitana

Uno de los problemas centrales de la bioética clínica relacionados con el final de la vida es la limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico. Su correcta práctica se traduce en limitar esfuerzos cuando las circunstancias del paciente dan la certeza de que no existen posibilidades de recuperación. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer sobre este problema desde las percepciones de profesionales médicos y de enfermería que trabajan en unidades de pacientes críticos. Para ello se realizó un estudio cualitativo de tipo exploratorio y se aplicó teoría fundamentada como herramienta de análisis, a través de la búsqueda de categorías teóricas a partir de los datos. Entre los resultados globales se destaca que la limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico es una práctica habitual a la que se deben enfrentar los profesionales. Los conceptos técnicos se encuentran claros; sin embargo, los principales problemas éticos se originan en los procesos de toma de decisiones, ya que existe un desconocimiento de las implicancias éticas y una escasa reflexión sobre el tema. En ninguno de los dos grupos de estudio existían profesionales con formación en bioética, hecho frecuente en este ámbito.

One of the main problems of clinical bioethics related to the end of life is the limits to therapeutic efforts. Its fair practice is reduced to limit efforts when the circumstances of the patient point to the lack of possibilities for recovering. The goal of this study is to inquire about this problem under the perceptions of medical and nursing professionals who work in critical patients units. An exploratory qualitative study was carried out applying based theory as tool for analysis, through the search of theoretical categories in data. Among the global results, the limits to therapeutic efforts are highlighted as a habitual practice which professionals must face. Technical concepts are found clear; nevertheless, the main ethical problems are originated in the processes of decision making, since there is lack of knowledge on the ethical implications and a scarce reflection about the topic. Both groups of study lacked professionals trained in bioethics, frequent fact in this field.

Um dos problemas centrais da bioética clínica relacionados com o final da vida é a limitação do esforço terapêutico. A sua correta prática se traduz em limitar esforços quando as circunstâncias do paciente dão a certeza de que não existem possibilidades de recuperação. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer este problema a partir das percepções de profissionais médicos e enfermeiros que trabalham em unidades de pacientes críticos. Para isso se realizou um estudo qualitativo de tipo exploratório e se aplicou uma teoria fundamentada como ferramenta de análise através da busca de categorias teóricas a partir dos dados. Entre os resultados globais se destaca que a limitação do esforço terapêutico é uma prática habitual a qual os profissionais devem enfrentar. Os conceitos técnicos se encontram claros; entretanto, os principais problemas éticos se originam nos processos de tomada de decisões, já que existe um desconhecimento das implicações éticas e uma escassa reflexão sobre o tema. Em nenhum dos dois grupos de estudo existiam profissionais com formação em bioética, fato frequente neste âmbito.