Predictive factors of lymphatic metastasis and evaluation of the Japanese treatment guidelines for endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer in a high-volume center in Perú.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the predictive factors of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) and to evaluate the applicability of the Japanese treatment guidelines for endoscopic resection in the western population. Methods: Five hundred-one patients with pathological diagnoses of EGC were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify the predictive factors of LNM. EGC patients were distributed according to the indications for endoscopic resection of the Eastern guidelines. The incidence of LNM was evaluated in each group. Results: From 501 patients with EGC, 96 (19.2%) presented LNM. In 279 patients with tumors with submucosal infiltration (T1b), 83 (30%) patients had LNM. Among 219 patients who presented tumors > 3 cm, 63 (29%) patients had LNM. Thirty-one percent of patients with ulcerated tumors presented LMN (33 out of 105). In 76 patients and 24 patients with lymphovascular and perineural invasion, the percentage of LMN was 84% and 87%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, a tumor diameter >3 cm, submucosal invasion, lymphovascular, and perineural invasion were independent predictors of LMN in EGC. No patient with differentiated, non-ulcerated mucosal tumors presented LNM regardless of tumor size. Three of 17 patients (18%) with differentiated, ulcerated mucosal tumors and ≤ 3 cm presented LNM. No LNM was evidenced in patients with undifferentiated mucosal tumors and ≤ 2 cm. Conclusions: The presence of LNM in Western EGC patients was independently related to larger tumors (>3 cm), submucosal invasion, lymphovascular and perineural invasion. The Japanese absolute indications for EMR are safe in the Western population. Likewise, Western patients with differentiated, non-ulcerated mucosal tumors, and larger than 2 cm are susceptible to endoscopic resection. Patients with undifferentiated mucosal tumors smaller than 2 cm presented encouraging results and ESD could be recommended only for selected cases.

Adenoma velloso de esófago en la mucosa ectópica gástrica: reporte de un caso / Villous adenoma of the esophagus in ectopic gastric mucosa: A case report

Resumen Introducción: Los adenomas vellosos son lesiones del tubo digestivo con tendencia alta a la malignidad. Su ubicación en parches de mucosa gástrica ectópica en el esófago cervical determina una presentación atípica de interés tanto clínico como patológico. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de adenoma velloso en la mucosa gástrica ectópica del esófago cervical. Métodos: Describir el caso de un paciente con diagnóstico de adenoma velloso y realizar una revisión de la literatura disponible hasta el momento. Resultados: Se identificó mediante un estudio histopatológico un adenoma tubulovelloso con displasia de bajo grado, cuya ubicación endoscópica era un parche de mucosa ectópica gástrica en el esófago cervical. Conclusiones: La ubicación de los adenomas vellosos en el esófago cervical puede predisponer al desarrollo de lesiones neoplásicas. La evaluación detallada de este segmento, con técnicas como la cromoendoscopia digital de alta definición, permiten la detección temprana de estas lesiones y su oportuna intervención.

Abstract Introduction: Villous adenomas are lesions of the digestive tract with a high tendency to malignancy. Its location in ectopic gastric mucosa patches in the cervical esophagus is an atypical presentation of clinical and pathological interest. Objective: To present a case of villous adenoma in ectopic gastric mucosa of the cervical esophagus. Methods: A case study of a patient with a diagnosis of villous adenoma is presented, as well as a review of the current literature. Results: A tubulovillous adenoma with low-grade dysplasia was identified by histopathological study. Its endoscopic location was a gastric ectopic mucosa patch in the cervical esophagus. Conclusions: The location of villous adenomas in the cervical esophagus may predispose to the development of neoplastic lesions. Detailed evaluation of this segment using techniques, such as high-definition digital chromoendoscopy, would allow for early detection and treatment of these lesions.

The impact of flexible endoscopy in esophageal surgery.

Achalasia and Treatment of esophageal Adenocarcinoma are commonly associated to surgical resection. Newer technologies in interventional endoscopy gave way to a substantial paradigm shift in the management of these conditions. In the case of achalasia, endoscopic myotomy is rapidly displacing Heller's myotomy as the gold standard in many centers. Early stage neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus (BE) comprising high-grade dysplasia (HGD), intramucosal and, in some cases, submucosal carcinoma is now being treated without the need of esophagectomy. This review presents a summary of the most relevant endoscopic techniques for both achalasia and esophageal cancer. Endoscopic advances in diagnostic and therapeutic arenas allow for minimally invasive therapies and organ preservation in most settings of achalasia and early stage neoplasia of the esophagus provided that the clinical setting and physician's expertise are prepared for this approach.

Disección Submucosal Endoscópica con Hibrid-Knife: Experiencia Preliminar en Latinoamérica / Endoscopic submucosal dissection Hybrid Knife: Preliminary experience in Latin American

Introducción: La disección submucosal endoscópica con Hybrid Knife (DSEH) es una técnica prometedora para la resección de tumores en etapa temprana. Hay poca data en Latinoamérica. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio prospectivo-descriptivo (marzo 2011 - marzo 2012). Se incluyeron 25 pacientes (16 hombres, 9 mujeres), edades comprendidas entre 52-72 años (X=62,52 años). Se realizaron 25 procedimientos DSEH. Las indicaciones fueron: tumores subepiteliales (7), neoplasia de colon y recto (16), neoplasia precoz gástrica (2). Resultados: DSEH fue técnicamente posible en todas (25) las lesiones (100%). La resección en bloque y márgenes libres de lesión se obtuvieron en todos los casos. El tamaño de la mucosa disecada fue entre 2-7 cms (X=3,8 cms). El tiempo endoscópico fue entre 45-120 minutos(X=84,4 minutos). Perforación ocurrió en 2 casos, siendo resuelta con tratamiento endoscópico (clips). Mortalidad no fue reportada. Conclusiones: Los resultados preliminares sugieren que la DSE con Hibrid Knife (DSEH), parece ser una buena opción para el tratamiento endoscópico de tumores en etapa temprana gástricos, recto colónico y tumores carcinoides. Estudios controlados, aleatorizados de la DSE con Hibrid Knife, en comparación con otros dispositivos son necesarios.

Introduction: Endoscopic submucosal dissection Hybrid Knife (ESD-HK) is a promising technique for resection of early stage tumors. Few data in Latin America. Patients and methods: Prospective, descriptive study (March 2011-2012). 25 patients (16 men, 9 women), mean age 62.52 years (52-72 years).25 procedures were performed. Indications: sub-epithelial tumors (7), colorectal neoplasia (16) early gastric neoplasia (2) Results: ESD-HK was technically possible in all (25) lesions (100%). En bloc resection and free margins were obtained in all cases. The diameter of dissected mucosa was between 2-7 cms(X=3.8 cms) The time was between 45-120 minutes(X= 84.4 minutes). Perforation occurred in 2 cases being resolved with endoscopic treatment (clips). Mortality was not reported. Conclusions: Our preliminary results suggest that the DSE with Hibrid Knife (DSEH) seems to be a good option for endoscopic treatment of early stage gastric tumors, colon and rectal carcinoid tumors. Studies controlled, randomized DSE with Hibrid Knife, compared with other devices are needed.

Endoscopic versus surgical resection for early colorectal cancer-a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the available data on the treatment of early colorectal cancer (CRC), either endoscopically or surgically. METHODS: Two independent reviewers searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL COCHRANE, LILACS and EBSCO for articles published up to August 2015. No language or dates filters were applied. Inclusion criteria were studies with published data about patients with early colonic or rectal cancer undergoing either endoscopic resection (i.e., mucosectomy or submucosal dissection) or surgical resection (i.e., open or laparoscopic). Extracted data items undergoing meta-analysis were en bloc resection rate, curative resection rate, and complications. A complementary analysis was performed on procedure time. The risk of bias among studies was evaluated with funnel-plot expressions, and sensitivity analyses were carried out whenever a high heterogeneity was found. The risk of bias within studies was assessed with the Newcastle score. RESULTS: A total of 12,819 articles were identified in the preliminary search. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, three cohort studies with a total of 768 patients undergoing endoscopic resection and 552 patients undergoing surgical resection were included. The en bloc resection rate risk difference was -11% [-13%, -8% confidence interval (CI)], demonstrating worse outcome results for the endoscopic resection group as compared to the surgical resection group [number need to harm (NNH) =10]. The curative resection rate risk difference was -9% [(-12%, 6% CI)] after a sensitivity analysis was performed, which also demonstrated worse outcomes in the intervention group (NNH =12). The complications rate exhibited a -7% risk difference [(-11%, -4% CI)], denoting a lesser number of complications in the endoscopic group [Number Need to Treat (NNT =15). A complementary analysis of procedure time with two of the selected studies demonstrated a mean difference of -118.32 min [(-127.77, -108.87 CI)], in favor of endoscopic resection, even though such data lacks homogeneity across studies, and could be heavily influenced by local expertise. Long-term results were found in only one study and therefore were not included in the final analysis. CONCLUSIONS: According to the current available data, the treatment of early CRC by surgical resection is associated with higher curative resection rates and higher en bloc resection rates, despite of higher complications rates, as compared to endoscopic resection. Shorter procedure times are associated with the endoscopic methods of treatment, however high heterogeneity levels limit this conclusion.