Wall Materials for Encapsulating Bioactive Compounds via Spray-Drying: A Review.

Spray-drying is a continuous encapsulation method that effectively preserves, stabilizes, and retards the degradation of bioactive compounds by encapsulating them within a wall material. The resulting capsules exhibit diverse characteristics influenced by factors such as operating conditions (e.g., air temperature and feed rate) and the interactions between the bioactive compounds and the wall material. This review aims to compile recent research (within the past 5 years) on spray-drying for bioactive compound encapsulation, emphasizing the significance of wall materials in spray-drying and their impact on encapsulation yield, efficiency, and capsule morphology.

Plant Polysaccharides in Engineered Pharmaceutical Gels.

Hydrogels are a great ally in the pharmaceutical and biomedical areas. They have a three-dimensional polymeric structure that allows the swelling of aqueous fluids, acting as an absorbent, or encapsulating bioactive agents for controlled drug release. Interestingly, plants are a source of biogels, specifically polysaccharides, composed of sugar monomers. The crosslinking of these polymeric chains forms an architecture similar to the extracellular matrix, enhancing the biocompatibility of such materials. Moreover, the rich hydroxyl monomers promote a hydrophilic behavior for these plant-derived polysaccharide gels, enabling their biodegradability and antimicrobial effects. From an economic point of view, such biogels help the circular economy, as a green material can be obtained with a low cost of production. As regards the bio aspect, it is astonishingly attractive since the raw materials (polysaccharides from plants-cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, inulin, pectin, starch, guar, and cashew gums, etc.) might be produced sustainably. Such properties make viable the applications of these biogels in contact with the human body, especially incorporating drugs for controlled release. In this context, this review describes some sources of plant-derived polysaccharide gels, their biological function, main methods for extraction, remarkable applications, and properties in the health field.

Evaluation of Adding Natural Gum to Pectin Extracted from Ecuadorian Citrus Peels as an Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel.

The production and use of eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors allows valuable compounds contained in plant waste to be identified and repurposed while reducing the use of polluting synthetic substances. Pectin extracted from Tahiti limes (Citrus latifolia) and King mandarin (Citrus nobilis L.) in addition to natural gums-xanthan gum and latex from the "lechero" plant (Euphorbia laurifolia)-were used to create an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor. The optimal extraction conditions for pectin were determined from different combinations of pH, temperature, and time in a 23 factorial design and evaluated according to the obtained pectin yield. The highest pectin extraction yields (38.10% and 41.20% from King mandarin and lime, respectively) were reached at pH = 1, 85 °C, and 2 h. Extraction of pectic compounds was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry analyses. Subsequently, a simplex-centroid mixture design was applied to determine the formulation of extracted pectin and natural gums that achieved the highest corrosion inhibitor effect (linear polarization and weight loss methods in NACE 1D-196 saline media using API-5LX52 carbon steel). Impedance spectroscopy analysis showed that the addition of xanthan gum to pectin (formulation 50% pectin-50% xanthan gum) improved the corrosion inhibitor effect from 29.20 to 78.21% at 400 ppm due to higher adsorption of inhibitory molecules on the metal surface.

Antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of medicated and non-medicated sugar-free chewing gum as adjuncts to toothbrushing: systematic review and network meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This network meta-analysis (NMA) assessed the antiplaque and anti-inflammatory efficacy of different sugar-free chewing gums (SFCG) as adjuncts to toothbrushing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CENTRAL databases were searched up to February 2021 to identify randomized controlled trials, involving adults, comparing antiplaque and anti-inflammatory effects of SFCG, with different active ingredients, as adjunctive to mechanical control of biofilm, with a minimum of 7-day of follow-up. Plaque and gingival indexes were assessed. The risk of bias assessment was performed with the RoB 2.0 tool. NMA, and pairwise meta-analyses were performed for both dental plaque and gingival indexes. RESULTS: Twelve studies were included, comprising 850 (antiplaque) and 1459 (gingival inflammation) subjects randomized into 9 interventions: (1) chlorhexidine; (2) chlorhexidine + xylitol (CHX+Xyl); (3) green tea + xylitol (GT+Xyl); (4) magnolia; (5) Lactobacillus reuteri; (6) vitamin C + xylitol; (7) vitamin + carbamide; (8) eucalyptus; and (9) negative control, sorbitol, gum base only, or no chewing gum. No statistically significant differences were detected among SFCG, with different active ingredients, for both antiplaque and anti-inflammatory efficacy (p > 0.05). However, SFCG with GT+XyL outperformed negative control gums regarding antiplaque efficacy (SMD, - 2.93; 95% CrI, - 0.45 to - 5.38). The SUCRA results showed that SFCG containing GT+Xyl was ranked first, for both antiplaque and anti-inflammatory outcomes. CONCLUSION: SFCG containing GT+Xyl showed better antiplaque effect over negative controls. However, cautious interpretation is required due to the low number of direct comparisons arms. These shortcomings underscore the need for RCTs with mostly head-to-head comparison that provide more conclusive evidence. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There is no robust evidence for the clinical indications of sugar-free chewing gums as adjunct to toothbrushing for the control of biofilm or the treatment of gingivitis.

Natural Gums to Improve the Physicochemical Stability of Cake Creams.

The physicochemical properties of pastry and confectionery products greatly influence the aesthetic design of a cake topping, since they can be susceptible to physicochemical changes in a very short time, so maintaining a good appearance and texture of the topping becomes a challenge. Generally, cake creams deteriorate over time. The evaluation of the physicochemical properties of natural gums (arabic gum, tara gum, carrageenan, and pectin) is proposed in this work as a way to improve the physicochemical stability of butter-based cake creams (coverage creams) to maintain the initial appearance of the cream and to lengthen the separation time of their phases. For this purpose, some parameters related to the physicochemical stability of the cream, such as viscosity, density, bubble size, syneresis, volume and rheological behavior were measured. The result of the ANOVA and Tukey's tests displayed significant differences for the measured parameters, which shows that natural gums substantially improve the stability of butter cream. The best natural gum found was the tara gum (TG) which improved viscosity 5.6 times with respect to that of the cream without gums (η¯ without gums = 15.49 Pa·s, η¯ with TG = 87.09 Pa·s), while the bubble size remained small, 1.6 times smaller compared to that of the cream without gum (BS¯) without gums = 57 µm, (BS¯) with TG = 35 µm), and the volume loss decreased two times when compared to that of the cream without gums ((ΔV¯) without gums = 1.57 cm3, (ΔV¯) with TG = 0.80 cm3). The cream with TG showed better rheology compared to that of the cream without gums (the cream without gums exhibited a plastic and thixotropic behavior, with permanent elastic deformation, while cream with TG exhibited thixotropic behavior without permanent elastic deformation). Finally, it was found that the cream with TG acquired a higher thixotropic index (TI) compared to that of the cream without gums (TI max. without gums = 17.40 y 71.78 q.u., TI max. with TG = 74.67 and 1559.90 q.u., at 4 °C and 25 °C, respectively) which demonstrates the effective contribution of cream with TG in 66.67% of the measured parameters.

Fenótipo Periodontal: uma Visão Clínica e Atual / Periodontal Phenotype: a Clinical and Current View

Um dos elementos essenciais para alcançar a estética do sorriso é o fenótipo e o contorno gengival que, com suas arquiteturas, in- fluenciam no tamanho das coroas dentais. O termo "fenótipo periodontal" foi padronizado no Workshop Mundial para a Classificação das Doenças e Condições Periodontais e Peri-Implantares de 2017, porém esse tema já havia sido abordado outras vezes, com outras nomenclaturas. A avaliação dos diferentes fenótipos periodontais é fundamental, pois nos dão informações relacionadas às características dos tecidos periodontais e às formas dentárias, além de tornar o tratamento mais previsível, podendo evitar problemas como: trau- ma, inflamação e outras complicações clínicas e cirúrgicas. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura é fazer uma pesquisa a respeito do tema fenótipo periodontal por meio dos artigos mais relevantes entre o período de 2017 a 2021, evidenciando sua classificação, prevalência e formas de diagnóstico. Existem várias formas de diagnosticar o fenótipo periodontal, sendo a transparência do sulco gengival por meio da sonda milimetrada a preconizada pelo Workshop Mundial. Podemos observar uma prevalência do fenótipo fino pelo gênero feminino, e o fenótipo espesso pelo gênero masculino. Ainda faltam mais evidências científicas para o correto relacionamento do fenótipo periodontal com outros fatores como idade, tabagismo, hábitos de higiene, alimentação e má oclusão.

One of the essential elements to achieving smile esthetics is the phenotype and gingival contour, which with their architecture influence the size of dental crowns. The term "periodontal phenotype" was standardized in the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri- Implant Diseases and Conditions. However, much has been said about the topic, with other nomenclatures. Evaluating different periodontal phenotypes is essential, as they provide us with information related to the characteristics of periodontal tissues and dental forms. In addition to making the treatment more predictable, it can avoid problems such as trauma, inflammation, and other clinical and surgical complications. The purpose of this literature review is to research the topic, periodontal phenotype, through the most relevant articles between the period 2017 to 2021, showing its classification, prevalence, and forms of diagnosis. There are several ways to diagnose the periodontal phenotype, and the one recommended by the World Workshop is the transparency of the gingival sulcus using the millimeter probe. We can observe a prevalence of the thin phenotype for the female gender, whereas the thick phenotype is prevalent for the male gender. There is still a lack of scientific evidence for the correct relationship of the periodontal phenotype with other factors such as age, smoking, hygiene habits, diet and, malocclusion

Sterculia striata gum as a potential oral delivery system for protein drugs.

Natural polysaccharides have been investigated as vehicles for oral insulin administration. Because of their non-toxic, renewable, low cost and readily available properties, gums find multiple applications in the pharmaceutical industry. This work aimed to develop a Sterculia striata gum-based formulation associated with additional biopolymers (dextran sulfate, chitosan, and albumin), a crosslinking agent (calcium chloride) and stabilizing agents (polyethylene glycol and poloxamer 188), to increase the oral bioavailability of proteins. Insulin was used as a model drug and the methods used to prepare the formulation were based on ionotropic pregelation followed by electrolytic complexation of oppositely charged biopolymers under controlled pH conditions. The developed formulation was characterized to validate its efficacy, by the determination of its average particle size (622 nm), the insulin encapsulation efficiency (70%), stability in storage for 30 days, and the in vitro mucoadhesion strength (92.46 mN). Additionally, the developed formulation preserved about 64% of initial insulin dose in a simulated gastric medium. This study proposed, for the first time, a Sterculia striata gum-based insulin delivery system with potential for the oral administration of protein drugs, being considered a valid alternative for efficient delivery of those drugs.

Profundidade do sulco gengival em pacientes de faixa etária de 18-25 anos / Depth of gingival sulcus in patients aged between 18 to 25 years

Gingival probing performed in periodontal normal condition brings important results for the definition of health and diseases of the periodontal tissues. The aim was to evaluate the depth probing of the gingival sulcus in permanent dentition of young adults. It was carried out a transversal study with 120 volunteers aged 18 to 25 years and with healthy gum. It was used a manual periodontal probe Williams model. The evaluation was performed on all four sides, with a total of four measurements per tooth. The collected data were first tabulated and submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post test.The mean and standard deviation of the upper teeth were: incisor (1.1343 ± 0.33665); canine (1.1819 ± 0.369); premolar ratio (1.3677 ± 0.3752); molar(1.8030 ± 0.4116). The mean of the lower teeth was: incisor (1.1260 ± 0.3272); canine (1.2106 ± 0.3390); premolar ratio (1.4580 ± 0.3778); molar (1.9068 ± 0.4497).It concludes that the average depth of the gingival sulcus, between the group of teeth was higher in the lower arch relative to the upper; except for faces: incisive distal, buccal molar and the lingual incisor and canine; in which the result related to the average depth is less than the upper arch. (AU)

A sondagem gengival realizada em condições periodontais normais traz importantes resultados para a definição de saúde e doenças dos tecidos periodontais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a profundidade clínica do sulco gengival em uma dentição jovem. Um estudo transversal foi realizado com 120 voluntários entre 18 e 25 anos com gengiva saudável. Um modelo de Williams de sonda periodontal manual foi utilizado. A avaliação foi realizada nos quatro lados, com um total de quatro medidas por dente. Os dados coletados foram tabulados e submetidos ao teste de KruskalWallis com pós-teste de Dunn. A média e o desvio padrão dos dentes superiores foram: incisivo (1,1343 ± 0,33665); canino (1,1819 ± 0,369); pré molar (1,3677 ± 0,3752); molar (1,8030 ± 0,4116). A média dos dentes inferiores foi: incisivo (1,1260 ± 0,3272); canino (1,2106 ± 0,3390); pré-molar (1,4580 ± 0,3778); molar (1,9068 ± 0,4497). Concluise que a profundidade média do sulco gengival, entre o grupo de dentes, foi maior no arco inferior em relação ao superior; exceto por faces: incisiva distal, molar vestibular e incisivo lingual e canino; em que o resultado relacionado à profundidade média é menor que o arco superior (AU)

Rheological, textural and emulsifying properties of an exopolysaccharide produced by Mesorhizobium loti grown on a crude glycerol-based medium.

In the present study, a new extracellular polysaccharide (EPS-M816) was obtained during the growth of Mesorhizobium loti Semia 816 on a crude glycerol-based medium. EPS-M816 precipitate mainly consisted of carbohydrates (82.54%) and proteins (11.31%), and the weight average molecular weight was estimated at 1.646 × 106 Da. The biopolymer was characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy, and was found to have typical functional groups of other rhizobial polysaccharides. Furthermore, the rheological and emulsifying properties were investigated. The EPS-M816 solution (1.0% w/v) showed typical pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid behavior, and the addition of sodium and potassium chloride (1 mol L-1) increased the apparent viscosity. Regarding its emulsification activity, EPS-M816 formed emulsions with different food-grade vegetable oils (soybean, rice, canola, sunflower and corn oils), showing emulsification index values over 65% in 24 h, indicative of strong emulsion-stabilizing capacity. The biopolymer was able to form gels with texture parameters similar to those reported for xanthan gum and low syneresis. Overall, these results suggest that EPS-M816 is a good candidate for application in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries as a thickening, gelling, stabilizing and emulsifying agent.

Treatment of Gingival Smile: A Case Report.

There are various alternatives for correcting a gingival smile, ranging from techniques such as gingivectomy to more complex and invasive procedures such as orthognathic surgery. Gingival smile is one of the most common complaints of patients seeking an aesthetic smile. This article describes the alternative treatments available for lip repositioning and improving smile aesthetics, and presents the clinical course of a gingival smile patient after undergoing the surgical technique of gingival recontouring (GR) associated with lip repositioning with restorative aesthetic treatment. The surgery performed corrected altered passive eruption of the maxillary anterior teeth and lengthened the lateral beam of the elevator muscle of the upper lip and wing of the nose, and achieved containment with sutures, reducing the gingival smile. After surgery, it was apparent that the high smile line had been successfully corrected without compromising labial harmony. The patient expressed high satisfaction with the treatment. The surgical technique proposed in this study may be a therapeutic option for lip repositioning to achieve smile harmony.

Tratamento da pigmentação melânica gengival ­ revisão sistemática da literatura / Treatment of gingival melanin pigmentation - systematic literature review

A pigmentação oral é uma descoloração que atinge principalmente a gengiva e a mucosa oral, associada a fatores etiológicos endógenos e exógenos. A melanina é um dos pigmentos responsáveis por essa coloração sendo produzida pelos melanossomos presentes nos melanócitos, que estão localizados ao nível da camada basal e suprabasal do epitélio. A pigmentação melânica gengival configura-se como um problema estético. Este trabalho teve por objetivo fazer uma revisão sistematizada da literatura abordando ensaios clínicos que apresentassem técnicas de remoção da pigmentação melânica gengival. Para a seleção dos artigos utilizados foi realizada uma busca online nas bases bibliográficas PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) e Scopus (https://www.scopus.com) compreendendo o período de janeiro de 2006 a abril de 2016, utilizando os descritores: "gingival", "melanin", "pigmentation", "hyperpigmentation" e "depigmentation", em combinação. Realizou-se um refinamento na pesquisa bibliográfica utilizando como critérios de inclusão: publicações na língua inglesa de estudos clínicos de intervenção em humanos. Foram selecionados inicialmente 188 artigos e após a leitura dos títulos e resumos 15 estudos foram considerados válidos para essa revisão. A técnica da desepitelização para remoção da pigmentação melânica gengival com o uso de broca e lâmina de bisturi é considerada padrão ouro, sendo uma alternativa economicamente viável e de fácil execução. Porém, o uso do laser vem sendo indicado como opção ao tratamento. Foram encontrados relatos de recidivas das pigmentações em todas as técnicas apresentadas, com maiores relatos de repigmentações nas técnicas que promovem a remoção do epitélio (AU)

The oral pigmentation is a discoloration that primarily affects the gums and oral mucosa is associated with endogenous and exogenous etiological factors. Melanin is a pigment responsible for this coloring being produced by the present melanosomes in melanocytes, which are located at the level of the basal and suprabasal layer of the epithelium. The gingival melanin pigmentation appears as an aesthetic problem. This study aimed to make a systematic review of the literature regarding clinical trials to submit removal techniques of gingival melanin pigmentation. For the selection of articles used a search online bibliographic databases was conducted in PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) and Scopus (https://www.scopus.com) covering the period from January 2006 to April 2016, using the key words: "gingival" "melanin", "pigmentation", "hyperpigmentation" and "depigmentation" in combination. This was a refinement in the literature search using the following inclusion criteria: clinical intervention studies in humans published in English. They were initially selected 188 articles and after reading the titles and abstracts 15 studies were considered valid for this review. The scalpel technique for removal gingival melanin pigmentation using drill and scalpel blade is considered the gold standard, with an economically viable and easy to perform. However, the use of laser has been recommended as an option for treatment. The recurrence of pigmentations was observed on all the techniques presented with greater repigmentações reports on techniques that promote surgical stripping (AU)

Polysaccharide nanoparticles for protein and Peptide delivery: exploring less-known materials.

Finding adequate carriers for protein and peptide delivery has become an urgent need, owing to the growing number of macromolecules identified as having therapeutic potential. Nanoparticles have emerged in the field as very promising vehicles and much work has been directed to testing the capacity of different materials to compose the matrix of these carriers. Natural materials and, specifically, polysaccharides have been taking the forefront of the challenge, because of several favoring properties that include the higher propensity to exhibit biodegradability and biocompatibility, and also the high structural flexibility. The majority of works found in the literature regarding polysaccharide nanoparticles uses very popular materials like chitosan or hyaluronic acid. This review is aimed at describing and exploring the potential of polysaccharides that are not so well known or that are less explored. For those, the main properties will be described, together with an overview of the reported applications as nanoparticle matrix materials.

Development of a buccal mucoadhesive film for fast dissolution: mathematical rationale, production and physicochemical characterization.

The validity of a mathematical rationale for preparation of a fast-dissolving buccal mucoadhesive was tested. A buccal mucoadhesive biopolymeric formulation has been developed having pullulan as the main component. The formulation was duly evaluated physicochemically, via assays for intrinsic viscosity (resulting in 71.61 cm3 g(-1)), differential scanning calorimetry analysis (resulting in a Tg = 63 °C), thermogravimetric analysis (244-341 °C), moisture content determinations (14%, w/w), dissolution timeframe (41.6 s), mucoadhesion force (40 kg/cm2), scanning electron microscopy analyses (critical ray under 1.0 µm), mechanic strength (tensile strength = 58 N/mm2, deformation = 4.4%). The mucoadhesive formulation exhibited important characteristics for a drug carrier, that is, a 6 cm2 area, a fast dissolution timeframe, an adequate mucoadhesivity, resistance to both oxygen and water vapor penetration, increased viscosity in solution (ranging from 33.2 cm3/g to 71.61 cm3/g), easy molding, suitable water solubility and transparency.

Granuloma telangiectásico en cavidad oral / Telangiecticum granuloma in oral cavity

El granuloma telangiectásico se considera como una lesión benigna no neoplásica de la mucosa gingival de tipo reactivo asociado a trauma. Durante varios años tuvo diferentes nombres dentro de los que destacan granuloma piógeno del embarazo o gravídico, hemangioma capilar lobular y épulis. Histológicamente se caracteriza por una proliferación vascular, infiltrado inflamatorio crónico y tejido de granulación. El objetivo del presente caso es describir las características clínicas e histológicas de un granuloma telangiectásico en cavidad oral y su plan de tratamiento. Llega a consulta paciente femenina de 50 años de edad, refiere presentar sangrado gingival en repetidas ocasiones en zona posterior de la arcada dentaria superior, durante el cepillado o con el consumo de algunos alimentos. Clínicamente se observa prótesis provisional desadaptada en órganos dentarios 11 al 15. Al retirar la prótesis es notorio un aumento de volumen en la encía interdental, con aspecto eritematoso, que sangra con facilidad. El reporte de anatomía patológica mostró una lesión con engrosamiento del epitelio escamoso, formación de nuevos vasos sanguíneos e infiltrado inflamatorio crónico. Diagnosticado como granuloma telangiectásico. La lesión fue eliminada quirúrgicamente por alargamiento coronal con reducción ósea. Ocho días después de la cirugía se evidencia proceso de cicatrización sin ninguna complicación. La lesión presentó recidiva transcurrido seis meses. Ello nos lleva a destacar la importancia del control de factores locales, como la presencia de prótesis desadaptadas y el acúmulo de placa bacteriana luego de la eliminación quirúrgica de este tipo de lesiones(AU)

Telangiectatic granuloma is a non-neoplastic benign lesion of the gingival mucosa, reactive type, associated with trauma. For several years, it had different names among which we can mention the pyogenic granuloma gravidarum occurring during pregnancy, the lobular capillary hemangioma and the epulis. Histologically, it is characterized by a vascular proliferation, chronic inflammatory infiltrate and granulation tissue. The aim of this case is to describe the clinical and histological characteristics of the telangiectatic granuloma of the oral cavity and its treatment plan. A 50-year-old female patient comes to the consultation reporting repeated gingival bleeding on the posterior area of the upper dental arch when brushing or consuming some food. Clinically, unadjusted provisional prosthesis was observed in the dental organs from 11 to 15. After removing the prosthesis, an increase in the volume of the interdental gum of erythematous type which bleeds easily was obvious. The pathologic report showed a lesion with swelling of the flaky epithelium, formation of new blood vessels and chronic inflammatory infiltrate. The diagnosis was telangiectatic granuloma. The lesion was surgically removed by crown lengthening with osseous reduction. Eight days after surgery, a healing process without complications was seen. 6 months later, the lesion relapsed. This fact leads us to outline the importance of the control of local factors, such as the presence of unadjusted prosthesis and the accumulation of dental plaque after the surgical removal of this type of lesions(AU)

Factores de riesgo de hipersensibilidad dentinaria en pacientes adultos con prótesis dental / Risk factors of dentin hypersensitivity in adult patients with dental prosthesis

Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles para determinar algunos factores de riesgo asociados a la hipersensibilidad dentinaria en pacientes con prótesis dental que asistieron a la Clínica de Rehabilitación Bucomaxilofacial de Santiago de Cuba, desde mayo del 2009 hasta diciembre del 2010. Fueron conformados 2 grupos: uno de 60 integrantes (casos) y otro de 120 (control), con edades de 20 a 61 años. Se aplicó la prueba de Ji al cuadrado, con 95 % de confiabilidad, y se determinó la asociación básica entre las variables mediante el cálculo de la oportunidad relativa, cuyos resultados predominantes estuvieron en la retracción gingival (3,62), la erosión (3,20) y el cepillado incorrecto (2,56); las 2 primeras variables constituyeron, además, los principales factores de riesgo en la población estudiada (con riesgos atribuibles de 2,62 y 2,20 %, respectivamente). Asimismo, fue valorada la necesidad de instruir a los pacientes en los elementos que propician el inicio de esta afección bucal y el modo de eliminarlos.

A case-control study was conducted to determine some risk factors associated with the dentin hypersensitivity in patients with dental prosthesis that attended the Oral Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Clinic of Santiago de Cuba from May 2009 to December 2010. Patients were divided into 2 groups: one of 60 patients (cases) and another of 120 (control) with ages ranging from 20 to 61 years. Chi square test was applied with 95% confidence, and basic association was determined between variables by calculating the odds ratio, whose predominant results were recession of the gums (3.62), erosion (3.20) and incorrect brushing (2.56); the first 2 variables also constituted the main risk factors in the study population (attributable risks of 2.62 and 2.20% respectively). Also, the need to instruct patients in the elements that favor the onset of this oral condition and the way to remove them was evaluated.

Efeito terapêutico da fibra goma-guar parcialmente hidrolisada na constipação intestinal funcional em pacientes hospitalizados / Effect of partially hidrolized guar-gum in the treatment of functional constipation among hospitalized patients

Avaliação do impacto da fibra goma-guar parcialmente hidrolisada na constipação intestinal funcional em pacientes hospitalizados. Ensaio clínico com 64 adultos, randomizados para duas dietas: grupo 1 dieta laxante (± 30 g de fibras) e grupo 2 mesma dieta + 10 g de fibra goma-guar parcialmente hidrolisada, durante 15 dias. A dieta laxante ou acrescida da referida fibra reduziu em 78 por cento a constipação intestinal funcional, assim como sua adição não provocou efeito adicional na freqüência evacuatória, consistência fecal, uso de laxativos, embora tenha reduzido a sintomatologia gastrointestinal. Fibras devem ser utilizadas no tratamento da constipação intestinal funcional; entretanto, a suplementação com fibra goma-guar parcialmente hidrolisada precisa ser melhor investigada.

The effect of hydrolyzed partially guar-gum was evaluated in the treatment of functional constipation among hospitalized patients. Following a randomized blind controlled-trial 64 adults were allocated to two groups: one received daily high-fiber diet (@ 30 g) and the other similar diet plus 10 g of hydrolyzed partially guar-gum, during 15 days. Dietary fiber reduced functional constipation by 78.0 percent. Hydrolyzed partially guar-gum did not show any additional effect in defecation frequency, fecal consistence, need of laxative drug use, although a reduction in bowel complaints. Dietary fiber may be used in the treatment of functional constipation. However the therapeutic role of hydrolyzed partially guar-gum should be further investigated.

Curdlan: an important microbial hydrocolloid / Goma curdlana: um importante hidrocolóide microbiano

The use of gums in the food industry is mainly based in its functional properties, which are related to the capacity to prevent or delay a series of physicals phenomenon, having an important role in the stability of many industrialized food. The use of these in the several food productions is indispensable, because they contribute to thickening, gelling, stabilization, suspension, film formation and gums can act as auxiliary agents of processing. Therefore, our objective was evaluated the chemistries physical properties, as well as, the areas of application of the microbial hydrocolloid, curdlan.

O uso das gomas na indústria de alimentos baseia-se principalmente no aproveitamento de suas propriedades funcionais, que estão relacionadas à capacidade de prevenir ou retardar uma série de fenômenos físicos, desempenhando papel importante na estabilidade de muitos alimentos industrializados. É indispensável o uso destas na produção de diversos produtos alimentícios, pois contribuem para o espessamento, gelificação, estabilização, suspensão, formação de filme e podem atuar como agentes auxiliares de processamento. Desta forma, o presente trabalho buscou avaliar as propriedades físico-químicas, bem como, as áreas de aplicação da goma curdlana que é um hidrocolóide de origem microbiana.

Curdlan: an important microbial hydrocolloid / Goma curdlana: um importante hidrocolóide microbiano

The use of gums in the food industry is mainly based in its functional properties, which are related to the capacity to prevent or delay a series of physicals phenomenon, having an important role in the stability of many industrialized food. The use of these in the several food productions is indispensable, because they contribute to thickening, gelling, stabilization, suspension, film formation and gums can act as auxiliary agents of processing. Therefore, our objective was evaluated the chemistries physical properties, as well as, the areas of application of the microbial hydrocolloid, curdlan.

O uso das gomas na indústria de alimentos baseia-se principalmente no aproveitamento de suas propriedades funcionais, que estão relacionadas à capacidade de prevenir ou retardar uma série de fenômenos físicos, desempenhando papel importante na estabilidade de muitos alimentos industrializados. É indispensável o uso destas na produção de diversos produtos alimentícios, pois contribuem para o espessamento, gelificação, estabilização, suspensão, formação de filme e podem atuar como agentes auxiliares de processamento. Desta forma, o presente trabalho buscou avaliar as propriedades físico-químicas, bem como, as áreas de aplicação da goma curdlana que é um hidrocolóide de origem microbiana.