Intersectional equity in Brazil's remote rural municipalities: the road to efficiency and effectiveness in local health systems.

Objective: The Brazilian remote rurality has been classified more reliably only recently, according to demographic density, proportion of urban population, and accessibility to urban centers. It comprises 5.8% of the municipalities, in nearly half of the states, with a population of 3,524,597 (1.85%). Remote rural localities (RRL) have reduced political/economic power, facing greater distances and barriers. Most health strategies are developed with the urban space in mind. We aim to understand how RRL are positioned concerning efficiency/effectiveness in health, compared to other urban-rural typologies of Brazilian localities, focusing on Primary Health Care (PHC), and its organizational models. Methods: We evaluated the efficiency and effectiveness of the organizational models using the health production model, from 2010-2019, gradually deepening the immersion into the RRL reality. We analyzed the human and financial resources dimensions, emphasizing teams, the results of PHC actions, and health levels. We used the fixed effects model and data envelopment analysis, cross-sectioned by intersectional inequities. We compared the Brazilian states with and without RRL, Brazilian municipalities according to rural-urban typologies, and RRL clusters. Results: Brazilian RRL states show superior resource/health efficiency through services utilization according to health needs. The remote rural typology demonstrated greater efficiency and effectiveness in health than the other typologies in the RRL states. The organizational models with the Family Health Strategy (FHS) teams and the Community Health Worker (CHW) visits played a key role, together with local per capita health expenditures and intergovernmental transfers. Thus, financial resources and health professionals are essential to achieve efficient/effective results in health services. Among the RRL, the Amazon region clusters stand out, denoting the importance of riverine and fluvial health teams, the proportion of diagnostic/treatment units in addition to the proportion of illiteracy and adolescent mothers along with the inequity of reaching high levels of schooling between gender/ethnicity. Conclusion: Hopefully, these elements might contribute to gains in efficiency and effectiveness, prioritizing the allocation of financial/human resources, mobile FHS teams, availability of local diagnosis/treatment, and basic sanitation. Finally, one should aim for equity of gender/ethnicity in income and education and, above all, of place, perceived in its entirety.

Social Markers of Differences in Fruit and/or Vegetable Consumption Among Brazilians: An Intersectional Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the differences in fruit and/or vegetable consumption (FVC) among Brazilian adults by examining various social markers, such as gender, race, income, and education level. METHOD: A cross-sectional study of 88,531 Brazilian adults aged 18 years or older who participated in the 2019 National Health Survey was conducted. The dependent variable was irregular FVC (<5 d/wk). Individuals at the highest risk for irregular FVC include those who are men and Black and who have lower education levels and lower income. Individuals at lower risk include those who are women and White and who have higher education levels and higher income. The prevalence of irregular FVC was calculated considering the levels of the social risk index for FVC and the intersections among two, three, and four risk categories. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) analyses were performed to compare groups at higher risk with those at lower risk. RESULTS: The prevalence of irregular FVC was 57.2% in the general population, 38.1% for individuals in the lowest risk group, 47.5% for individuals in one risk category, 57.9% for individuals in two risk categories, 67.6% for individuals in three risk categories, and 74.4% for individuals in the highest-risk group, and there were significant differences at each level. The highest risk group had a 4.36 (95% CI, 3.86-4.92) times greater chance of irregular FVC. CONCLUSIONS: The complex path to promote FVC among the Brazilian population underscores the need for intersectoral policies aimed at reducing inequalities.

Intersectional configuration of infant mortality due to malnutrition in Colombia: a mini-review.

This mini review delves into the complex issue of mortality linked to malnutrition, highlighting its multifaceted nature beyond just biomedical factors, presenting it as an intricate intersectional phenomenon. Method: The mini-review methodology involved a systematic literature search across databases like PubMed and Scielo, focusing on malnutrition and infant mortality in Colombia. We used specific keywords and Boolean operators to identify relevant studies, emphasizing socio-economic, gender, and ethnic factors, while excluding non-peer-reviewed and outdated publications. Results: The relationship between gender and food/nutrition has deep historical and cultural roots. Patriarchal norms influence dietary habits based on gender roles, often placing undue responsibility on mothers for children's nutritional health, reflecting profound social intersections. Mortality due to malnutrition is most prevalent among indigenous and Afro-descendant children in rural, conflict-affected areas with limited access to healthcare. Unpaid domestic work restricts women's economic independence, intensifying challenges for single-parent households. Conclusion: A comprehensive understanding can shift institutional attitudes toward mothers, leading to more coherent policy strategies and effective interventions.

Assessing hypertension care quality in Brazil: gender, race, and socioeconomic intersection in public and private services, 2013 and 2019 national health surveys.

We conducted a cross-sectional study of hypertension care in public and private services, analyzing gender, color, and socioeconomic status. Using data from the 2013 (n = 60,202) and 2019 (n = 90,846) national health surveys, hypertension prevalence increased from 21.4 to 23.9%. Quality of care declined from 41.7 to 35.4%, particularly in public services, disproportionately affecting low-income Black women. Poisson regression estimated prevalence ratios (PRs), with the lowest adjusted PR for high-quality care among low-income Black women. These findings highlight persistent health inequalities and the urgent need for intersectoral policies to promote health equity.

Feminist perspectives on environmental justice and health in Jamaica.

Jamaica is an island nation with a history that is informed by Taino settlement, European colonisation, chattel slavery, disinvestment, and continued extractivism. This perspective paper leverages a historical analysis to explore environmental injustices affecting the health and quality of life of Jamaicans living in Jamaica. This article hopes to contribute to a growing but limited body of scholarly research that contends with environmental and climate justice in the context of the Caribbean. In discussing a lack of critical environmental infrastructure, such as reliable solid waste management, and the impacts of extractive industries, such as bauxite mining, the paper intends to highlight the environmental, public health, and social harms that are produced. Employing an intersectional approach grounded in Black feminist epistemology put forward by Patricia Hill Collins, the authors use their lived experiences as a source of knowledge. The paper analyses how these environmental injustices harm Jamaican communities at large but underscores the compounded challenges faced by Jamaican women who experience marginalisation on the basis of gender, urban/rural residency, and class. The paper concludes by urging researchers, policymakers, regulatory bodies, and other stakeholders to conduct further research and create sustainable and equitable environmental standards that have considerations for environmental injustice in Jamaica.

Democracia representativa: uma leitura interseccional sobre a atuação legislativa da Frente Parlamentar de Combate ao Aborto ­ "Pró-vida", no Estado de Goiás / Representative democracy: An intersectional review of the legislative action of the Parliamentary Front to Combat Abortion ­ "Pro-life", in the State of Goiás / Democracia representativa: Una revisión interseccional de la acción legislativa del Frente Parlamentario de Lucha contra el Aborto ­ "Provida", en el Estado de Goiás

Objetivo: Analisar, a partir da perspectiva crítica e interseccional, a organização, composição e atuação legislativa de comissão voltada aos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos de mulheres, denominada Frente Parlamentar de Combate ao Aborto ­ Pró-Vida. Metodologia: Foi realizada leitura interseccional acerca da constituição de Frente Parlamentar de Combate ao Aborto - "Pró-Vida", da Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de Goiás (ALEGO), e o perfil sociodemográfico de seus integrantes foi traçado, discutido a luz dos marcadores sociais gênero, raça/etnia, classe social e religião, e problematizado acerca de um tema que implica diretamente na saúde e na vida das mulheres, o aborto. Resultados e Discussão: a análise dos resultados aponta a sub-representividade feminina, a prevalência de pessoas brancas e o predomínio de ideologia conservadora nos costumes e religião no perfil sociodemográfico dos membros integrantes da frente parlamentar estudada. Em contraponto, a literatura, ao discutir os marcadores sociais em investigação, traz o retrato daquelas que optam por realizar o aborto como sendo o de mulheres negras, de baixa renda e escolaridade, e que procuram em partidos de viés progressista advocacia para suas causas. Conclusão: A estrutura tradicional, presente na frente parlamentar investigada, enfrenta desafios na construção de um debate representativo e capaz de reproduzir nas políticas públicas as complexas identidades, necessidades e experiências das mulheres em risco de abortamento. Nessa argumentação, a construção de práticas políticas e tratos legislativos devem, prioritariamente, considerar as complexidades identitárias e as intersecções e opressões que levam as mulheres ao aborto para, enfim, construir-se uma democracia inclusiva, equitativa e representativa.

Objective: Analyze, from a critical and intersectional perspective, the organization, composition and legislative performance of a commission focused on women's sexual and reproductive rights, called the Parliamentary Front to Combat Abortion ­ Pró-Vida. Methodology: An intersectional reading was carried out regarding the constitution of the Parliamentary Front to Combat Abortion - "Pró-Vida", of the Legislative Assembly of the State of Goiás (ALEGO), and the sociodemographic profile of its members was outlined, discussed in light of social markers, gender, race/ethnicity, social class and religion and problematized about a topic that directly affects women's health and lives, abortion. Results and discussion: analysis of the results points to female underrepresentation, the prevalence of white people and the predominance of conservative ideology in customs and religion in the sociodemographic profile considered. In contrast, the literature, when discussing the social markers under investigation, portrays those who choose to have an abortion as black women, with low income and education, and who look to parties with a progressive bias to advocate for their causes. Conclusion: The traditional structure present in the Parliamentary Front investigated faces challenges in building a representative debate capable of reproducing in public policies the complex identities, needs and experiences of women at risk of miscarriage. In this argument, the construction of political practices and legislative approaches must primarily consider the complexities of identity and the intersections and oppressions that lead women to abortion in order to, ultimately, build an inclusive, equitable and representative democracy.

Objetivo: Analizar, desde una perspectiva crítica e interseccional, la organización, composición y desempeño legislativo de una comisión enfocada en los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las mujeres, denominada Frente Parlamentario de Lucha contra el Aborto ­ Pró-Vida. Metodología: Se realizó una lectura interseccional sobre la constitución del Frente Parlamentario de Lucha contra el Aborto - "Pró-Vida", de la Asamblea Legislativa del Estado de Goiás (ALEGO), y se delineó el perfil sociodemográfico de sus integrantes, discutido a la luz de marcadores sociales, género, raza/etnia, clase social y religión y problematizados sobre un tema que afecta directamente la salud y la vida de las mujeres, el aborto. Resultados y discusión: el análisis de los resultados apunta a la subrepresentación femenina, el predominio de personas blancas y el predominio de la ideología conservadora en las costumbres y la religión en el perfil sociodemográfico considerado. En contraste, la literatura, al discutir los marcadores sociales bajo investigación, retrata a quienes eligen abortar como mujeres negras, con bajos ingresos y educación, y que buscan partidos con un sesgo progresista para defender sus causas. Conclusión: La estructura tradicional presente en el Frente Parlamentario investigado enfrenta desafíos en la construcción de un debate representativo capaz de reproducir en políticas públicas las complejas identidades, necesidades y experiencias de las mujeres en riesgo de aborto espontáneo. En este argumento, la construcción de prácticas políticas y enfoques legislativos debe considerar principalmente las complejidades de la identidad y las intersecciones y opresiones que llevan a las mujeres al aborto para, en última instancia, construir una democracia inclusiva, equitativa y representativa.

Structuralizing Culture: Multicultural Neoliberalism, Migration, and Mental Health in Santiago, Chile.

The arrival of Afro-descendant migrants, mainly from Haiti and the Dominican Republic, has led to the emergence of new discourses on migration, multiculturalism, and mental health in health services in Chile since 2010. In this article, I explore how mental health institutions, experts, and practitioners have taken a cultural turn in working with migrant communities in this new multicultural scenario. Based on a multisited ethnography conducted over 14 months in a neighbourhood of northern Santiago, I focus on the Migrant Program-a primary health care initiative implemented since 2013. I argue that health practitioners have tended to redefine cultural approaches in structural terms focusing mainly on class aspects such poverty, social stratification, and socioeconomic inequalities. I affirm that this structural-based approach finds its historical roots in a political and ideological context that provided the conditions for the development of community psychiatry experiences during the 1960s and 1970s, as well as in multicultural and gender policies promoted by the state since the 1990s. This case reveals how health institutions and practitioners have recently engaged in debates on migration and intersectionality from a structural approach in Chile.

Is It Possible to Decolonize the Field of Physical Activity and Health?

Is it possible to decolonize the field of physical activity and health? Decoloniality presupposes a body-geopolitical location, such as in the Brazilian and Latin American context, where it is crucial to use social identity lenses related to race, gender, sexuality, and other social markers that affect the body. Understanding health and physical activity from a decolonial perspective would bring the oppressions that connect capitalism, patriarchy, and racism to the center of the discussion. For a "physical activity other," we challenged the general recommendation of physical activity in the 4 domains. Physical activity should be understood as an end in itself, as a right, and as human development. Approaches that advocate physical activity at work, at home, and while commuting use other human activities to relate these domains to health without considering the inequalities and oppressions that constitute them in most parts of the world. Is it fair to apply "global recommendations" for physical activity to scenarios such as Brazil and Latin America, using models that are inappropriate to the context and history of these places, people, and cultures? Perhaps it is time to socially reorient and reposition physical activity from a decolonial perspective. We need Black, Indigenous, Latino, African, and other people from the Global South to move the research agenda, recommendations, and policies on physical activity from "any" health to a fair health.

Breastfeeding behind bars: Experiences of incarcerated mothers in the Spanish penitentiary system. / Lactancia materna entre rejas: experiencias de las madres encarceladas en el sistema penitenciario español.

This research aims to analyze the breastfeeding experiences of incarcerated mothers in the prisons of the Spanish penitentiary system. Additionally, it explores whether these mothers have perceived practices related to obstetric violence during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. An exploratory-descriptive study was conducted using a qualitative approach and a critical ethnographic method. Fieldwork, including participant observation and semi-structured interviews, was carried out between December 2021 and April 2022. The study involved 30 adult women from Africa, Europe, Eastern Europe, and Latin America, all serving sentences with their infants in Mother Units located in the Spanish cities of Alicante, Barcelona, Madrid, and Seville. The main findings highlight the need for penitentiary policies with a gender and feminist perspective. These policies should aim to eliminate severe inequalities and discriminations faced by incarcerated women while protecting the basic rights of both mothers and infants.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la experiencia con respecto a la lactancia materna de las madres encarceladas en las prisiones del sistema penitenciario español, así como estudiar si han percibido prácticas que aludan a la violencia obstetricia durante la gestación, el parto y el puerperio. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio-descriptivo con abordaje cualitativo y método etnográfico crítico. Entre diciembre de 2021 y abril de 2022, se efectuó el trabajo de campo con observación participante y entrevistas semiestructuradas a 30 de las mujeres mayores de edad procedentes de África, Europa, Europa del Este y Latinoamérica, que se encontraban cumpliendo condena junto a sus criaturas en las Unidades de Madres de las ciudades españolas de Alicante, Barcelona, Madrid y Sevilla. Las principales conclusiones señalan la necesidad de aplicar políticas penitenciarias con perspectiva de género y feminista, que consigan erradicar las graves desigualdades y discriminaciones que sufren las mujeres encarceladas y que sirvan para proteger los derechos básicos de madres y criaturas.

Incorporating an intersectional gender approach to improve access to maternal and child health screening services.

BACKGROUND: In the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has promoted initiatives that aim at the elimination of mother-to-child transmitted diseases for over two decades. Although Guatemala has assumed the commitment to improve access and coverage of reproductive and perinatal services, the goals have not yet been reached. Often, the implementation of these efforts is hampered by complexities rooted in social, cultural, and environmental intersections. The objective of this work is to share our experience applying gender intersectionality as a methodological and analytical tool in a participatory research project that aims to improve access to maternal and child health screening services. The study shows the novel strategy that incorporates intersectionality contributing to evidence on how it can be applied to strengthen public health efforts around the implementation of the EMTCT Plus (Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Chagas disease) framework, in the mostly rural municipality of Comapa, in Guatemala. METHODS: We applied a participatory methodology, integrating theoretical and methodological frameworks to have an intersectional understanding of health services delivered by both, midwives, and the public health institution, for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Chagas. The data was collected by conducting interviews, focus groups, workshops, and reviewing laboratory databases, guided by five strategies from a cultural appropriateness framework. RESULTS: The intersectional analysis shed light on the synergies and gaps of the current efforts and protocols implemented by both the midwives and the Ministry of Health. The services offered for the four diseases were often delivered independently from each other, and a comprehensive educational and communication material strategy was absent. However, our findings will be used to inform consistent, locally relevant, and culturally appropriate educational content for the local population, also following the national policy guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Using intersectionality as a method and as an analytical tool allowed us to understand the (1) interrelation of diverse social, cultural, and environmental determinants which influence the delivery of health services, as well as (2) the dynamics between the traditional and institutional health systems. (3) Community engagement and the participation of different stakeholders in a consultative process have been fundamental for the conceptual and methodological tenets of this research. (4) Finally, giving a more prominent role to midwives can strengthen sustainability and cultural appropriateness, which is complementary to the delivery of institutional health services.

RESUMEN: ANTECEDENTES: La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) ha impulsado iniciativas que buscan la eliminación de las enfermedades de transmisión materno infantil en las Américas desde hace más de dos décadas. Si bien Guatemala ha asumido el compromiso de mejorar el acceso y la cobertura de los servicios reproductivos y perinatales, las metas aún no se han alcanzado. Muchas veces, la implementación de estos esfuerzos se ve obstaculizada por complejidades arraigadas en intersecciones sociales, culturales y ambientales. Este estudio muestra una estrategia novedosa que incorpora la interseccionalidad como un componente metodológico y analítico. Esto contribuye a evidenciar la manera en que la interseccionalidad y la participación comunitaria pueden ser aplicadas para fortalecer los esfuerzos de salud pública en torno a la implementación de la estrategia ETMI Plus (Eliminación de la transmisión materno infantil del VIH, sífilis, hepatitis B y enfermedad de Chagas), en el municipio de Comapa, en Guatemala, el cual es mayoritariamente rural. MéTODOS: Implementamos una metodología participativa, integrando marcos teóricos y metodológicos para comprender la prestación de servicios de salud, tanto por parte de comadronas como de la institución de salud pública, desde una perspectiva interseccional para la prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de VIH, sífilis, hepatitis B y Chagas. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas, grupos focales, talleres y tras la revisión de bases de datos de laboratorio, y nos guiamos por cinco estrategias propuestas en un marco para pertinencia cultural. RESULTADOS: El análisis interseccional permitió entender las sinergias y brechas de los esfuerzos y los protocolos que se implementan actualmente, tanto por parte de las comadronas como por el Ministerio de Salud. Encontramos que los servicios que actualmente se prestan para las cuatro enfermedades son en su mayoría independientes entre sí, y no se contaba con una estrategia integral de material educativo y de comunicación. Sin embargo, nuestros resultados se utilizarán como base para una estrategia de comunicación que sea coherente, localmente relevante y culturalmente apropiada para la población local, y también siga las regulaciones de las políticas nacionales. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de la interseccionalidad como método y como herramienta analítica nos permitió comprender (1) la interrelación de diversos determinantes sociales, culturales y ambientales que influyen en la prestación de servicios de salud, así como (2) la dinámica entre los sistemas de salud tradicional e institucional. (3) El compromiso de la comunidad y la participación de las diferentes partes interesadas en un proceso consultivo han sido fundamentales para los principios conceptuales y metodológicos de esta investigación. (4) Por último, otorgar un papel más destacado a las matronas puede reforzar la sostenibilidad y la adecuación cultural, que es complementaria a la prestación de servicios de salud institucionales.

Mapping socio-geographical disparities in the occurrence of teenage maternity in Colombia using multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA).

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of teenage pregnancy in Colombia is higher than the worldwide average. The identification of socio-geographical disparities might help to prioritize public health interventions. AIM: To describe variation in the probability of teenage maternity across geopolitical departments and socio-geographical intersectional strata in Colombia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study based on live birth certificates in Colombia. Teenage maternity was defined as a woman giving birth aged 19 or younger. Multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) was applied using multilevel Poisson and logistic regression. Two different approaches were used: (1) intersectional: using strata defined by the combination of health insurance, region, area of residency, and ethnicity as the second level (2) geographical: using geopolitical departments as the second level. Null, partial, and full models were obtained. General contextual effect (GCE) based on the variance partition coefficient (VPC) was considered as the measure of disparity. Proportional change in variance (PCV) was used to identify the contribution of each variable to the between-strata variation and to identify whether this variation, if any, was due to additive or interaction effects. Residuals were used to identify strata with potential higher-order interactions. RESULTS: The prevalence of teenage mothers in Colombia was 18.30% (95% CI 18.20-18.40). The highest prevalence was observed in Vichada, 25.65% (95% CI: 23.71-27.78), and in the stratum containing mothers with Subsidized/Unaffiliated healthcare insurance, Mestizo, Rural area in the Caribbean region, 29.08% (95% CI 28.55-29.61). The VPC from the null model was 1.70% and 9.16% using the geographical and socio-geographical intersectional approaches, respectively. The higher PCV for the intersectional model was attributed to health insurance. Positive and negative interactions of effects were observed. CONCLUSION: Disparities were observed between intersectional socio-geographical strata but not between geo-political departments. Our results indicate that if resources for prevention are limited, using an intersectional socio-geographical approach would be more effective than focusing on geopolitical departments especially when focusing resources on those groups which show the highest prevalence. MAIHDA could potentially be applied to many other health outcomes where resource decisions must be made.

Intersectional Microaggressions and Implications for Health Inequities and HIV Among Latino/x Sexual Minority Males in Puerto Rico.

Latino/x sexual minority males (SMM) continue to be disproportionately impacted by health inequities. This study aims to understand the lived experience of Puerto Rican (PR) SMM related to how intersectional microaggressions influence health-related risk and protective factors. Young adult (ages 21-30) PR SMM from San Juan, Puerto Rico, completed a bilingual in-depth individual interview (14 in Spanish and 1 in English). A thematic analysis based on the original language of the interviews was conducted using NVivo. Six prominent themes were identified through the data analysis: (1) religious microaggressions, being gay is bad because God doesn't like it; (2) gender microaggressions, gay is not good because it's not for men; (3) sexuality microaggressions, this one is a homosexual, coming out as a sexual minority; (4) trans microaggressions, drag queens create an illusion; (5) internalized microaggressions, battling with internalized homophobia; and (6) mitigating microaggressions, establishing a supportive community. Findings suggest that multiple forms of microaggressions based on the intersectionality of sexuality and gender manifest from straight as well as gay communities. PR SMM demonstrated their resiliency by assessing interactions with others to mitigate risks and enhance supportive networks.

Multiple myeloma incidence, mortality, and survival differences at the intersection of sex, age, and race/ethnicity: A comparison between Puerto Rico and the United States SEER population.

BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma (MM) survival has increased during the last decades due to the introduction of new therapies. We investigated the intersectionality among age, sex, and race/ethnicity to better understand the pattern of MM incidence, mortality, and survival. METHODS: Puerto Rico (PR) Central Cancer Registry and the United States of America (US) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program databases were used. We analyzed MM incidence and mortality trends from 2001 to 2019 using Joinpoint regression models to calculate annual percent change (APC). Age-standardized rate ratios (SRR) for incidence and mortality were used to compare PR with US SEER racial/ethnic groups during 2015-2019. Five-year survival analyses were also performed stratified by age and sex. RESULTS: Regardless of age and race/ethnicity, males had higher MM incidence and mortality rates than females. PR had a higher increase in incidence rates of MM than other ethnic groups, regardless of sex and age (PR APC = 4.3 among males <65, 3.1 among males ≥65, 6.3 among females <65, and 2.6 among females ≥65 years old). No significant change in mortality APCs (p > 0.05) was observed in PR when stratified by age or sex while other groups showed a decrease. Among males < 65 years, PR had significantly higher incidence rates than non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), and US Hispanics (USH). However, among both males and females ≥ 65 years, PR had significantly lower MM mortality rates than NHW, non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB), USH, and US Overall. In terms of survival, PR showed the lowest 5-year overall survival among males < 65 years (54.6%, 95% CI: 47.2-61.5) and males ≥ 65 years (34.5%, 95% CI: 29.2-39.9) but not among females. CONCLUSION: The incidence of MM in PR increased significantly over the study period, particularly among younger women. Despite the introduction of new therapies, mortality rates in PR have remained stable while other ethnic groups show significant decreases among all intersections of sex and age.

Experiência de criação e implementação do programa "adolescer com saúde" no contexto escolar / Creation and implementation of the "adolescer com saúde" program in the school context / Experiencia de creación e implementación del programa "adolescencia con salud" en el contexto escolar

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a experiência de criação e implementação de um programa para promoção da saúde mental de adolescentes escolares. Trata-se de um relato de experiência obtido a partir da imersão no contexto escolar, no período de 2019 a 2021, para realização de inquérito epidemiológico, seguido da elaboração de um programa para capacitação de familiares de adolescentes e trabalhadores escolares sobre saúde mental de adolescentes. A pesquisa ocorreu em escolas públicas de um município baiano. Todas as experiências obtidas a partir de observação participante foram registradas em um diário de campo. O sofrimento psíquico percebido entre adolescentes tem sido uma questão preocupante, pois afeta a qualidade de vida desse grupo. Ademais, notou-se distanciamento dos serviços de saúde do ambiente escolar, além da dificuldade de familiares e trabalhadores na abordagem do problema. Nesse contexto, propôs-se o programa intersetorial "Adolescer com saúde", com o objetivo de capacitar familiares e trabalhadores escolares para lidar com tal problemática. O programa favoreceu a aproximação entre profissionais de saúde, da educação e familiares, fomentando a corresponsabilização pela promoção da saúde do adolescente.

This experience report presents the creation and implementation of a health program aimed at the mental health of adolescents. After conduction of an epidemiological survey in public schools from a municipality in Bahia, from 2019 to 2021, a program to train family members and school workers on adolescent mental health was elaborated. All experiences obtained by means of participant observation were recorded in a field diary. Perceived psychic suffering among adolescents has been a matter of concern, as it affects their quality of life. Moreover, we observed an absence of health services from the school environment, as well as difficulties by family members and workers in addressing the problem. Given this scenario, the intersectoral program "Adolescer com Saúde" [Adolescence and Health] was proposed to educate family members and school workers on how to tackle the issue. The program fostered a rapprochement between health professionals, educators and family members, encouraging co-responsibility in promoting adolescent health.

El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar la experiencia de creación e implementación de un programa de promoción de salud mental de los adolescentes en la escuela. Este es un reporte de experiencia obtenido de la inmersión en el contexto escolar, de 2019 a 2021, para la realización de una encuesta epidemiológica, seguida de la elaboración de un programa de formación en salud mental de los adolescentes destinado a familiares de adolescentes y a trabajadores escolares. La investigación se llevó a cabo en escuelas públicas de un municipio de Bahía, Brasil. Se registraron todas las experiencias obtenidas de la observación participante en un diario de campo. El sufrimiento psíquico percibido entre los adolescentes ha sido motivo de preocupación, ya que afecta a la calidad de vida de este grupo. Se constató que los servicios de salud estaban alejados del ámbito escolar y que había dificultad de los familiares y trabajadores para abordar el problema. En este contexto, se planteó el programa intersectorial "Adolescencia con salud", con el objetivo de capacitar a familiares y trabajadores escolares para enfrentar esta problemática. El programa favoreció el acercamiento entre los profesionales de la salud, los de la educación y los familiares, incentivando la corresponsabilidad en la promoción de la salud de los adolescentes.

The intersection of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status: inequalities in breast and cervical cancer mortality in 20,665,005 adult women from the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort.

OBJECTIVES: There is limited evidence regarding the impact of race/racism and its intersection with socioeconomic status (SES) on breast and cervical cancer, the two most common female cancers globally. We investigated racial inequalities in breast and cervical cancer mortality and whether SES (education and household conditions) interacted with race/ethnicity. DESIGN: The 100 Million Brazilian Cohort data were linked to the Brazilian Mortality Database, 2004-2015 (n = 20,665,005 adult women). We analysed the association between self-reported race/ethnicity (White/'Parda'(Brown)/Black/Asian/Indigenous) and cancer mortality using Poisson regression, adjusting for age, calendar year, education, household conditions and area of residence. Additive and multiplicative interactions were assessed. RESULTS: Cervical cancer mortality rates were higher among Indigenous (adjusted Mortality rate ratio = 1.80, 95%CI 1.39-2.33), Asian (1.63, 1.20-2.22), 'Parda'(Brown) (1.27, 1.21-1.33) and Black (1.18, 1.09-1.28) women vs White women. Breast cancer mortality rates were higher among Black (1.10, 1.04-1.17) vs White women. Racial inequalities in cervical cancer mortality were larger among women of poor household conditions, and low education (P for multiplicative interaction <0.001, and 0.02, respectively). Compared to White women living in completely adequate (3-4) household conditions, the risk of cervical cancer mortality in Black women with 3-4, 1-2, and none adequate conditions was 1.10 (1.01-1.21), 1.48 (1.28-1.71), and 2.03 (1.56-2.63), respectively (Relative excess risk due to interaction-RERI = 0.78, 0.18-1.38). Among 'Parda'(Brown) women the risk was 1.18 (1.11-1.25), 1.68 (1.56-1.81), and 1.84 (1.63-2.08), respectively (RERI = 0.52, 0.16-0.87). Compared to high-educated White women, the risk in high-, middle- and low-educated Black women was 1.14 (0.83-1.55), 1.93 (1.57-2.38) and 2.75 (2.33-3.25), respectively (RERI = 0.36, -0.05-0.77). Among 'Parda'(Brown) women the risk was 1.09 (0.91-1.31), 1.99 (1.70-2.33) and 3.03 (2.61-3.52), respectively (RERI = 0.68, 0.48-0.88). No interactions were found for breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Low SES magnified racial inequalities in cervical cancer mortality. The intersection between race/ethnicity, SES and gender needs to be addressed to reduce racial health inequalities.

Leisure-Time Physical Activity in a Southern Brazilian City (2004-2021): Applying an Equity Lens to Time-Trend Analyses.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to verify leisure-time physical activity trends over 15 years and monitor inequalities according to gender, self-reported skin color, and socioeconomic position in a Southern Brazilian city. A secondary aim is to evaluate intersectionalities in physical activity. METHODS: Trend analysis using 3 population-based surveys carried out in 2004, 2010, and 2021. Main outcome assessed was the prevalence of physical activity according to recommendations (150 min/wk). Inequalities dimensions measured were sex, self-reported skin color, and wealth. Intersectionalities were evaluated using Jeopardy index combining all inequality dimensions. Trend analysis was performed using least-squares weighted regression. RESULTS: We included data from 3090, 2656, and 5696 adults in 2004, 2010, and 2021, respectively. Prevalence of physical activity remains stable around 25% in the 3 years. In the 3 periods evaluated, men presented a prevalence in average 10 percentage points higher than women (SII2004 = -11.1 [95% confidence interval, CI, -14.4 to -7.8], SII2021 = -10.7 [95% CI, -13.7 to -7.7]). Skin color inequalities did not present a clear pattern. Richest individuals, in general presented a prevalence of leisure-time physical activity level 20pp higher than poorest ones (SII2004 = 20.5 [95% CI, 13.7 to 27.4]; SII2021 = 16.7 [95% CI, 11.3 to 22.0]). Inequalities were widely marked, comparing the most privileged group (represented by men, the wealthiest, and White) and the most socially vulnerable group (represented by women, the poorest, and Black/Brown). The Slope Index of Inequality for intersectionalities was -24.5 (95% CI, -31.1 to -17.9) in 2004 and -18.8 in 2021 (95% CI, -24.2 to -13.4). CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis shows that women, Black/Brown, and poor present lower leisure-time physical activity level. This group is often neglected regarding other health and social outcomes.

Occupational stressors and mental illness in healthcare work: An intersection between gender, race, and class.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have supported the relevance of using broad and complex approaches, including multiple explanatory categories, to analyze mental disorders in the working population. This study aimed to assess the direct and indirect effects of gender, race, social class, and occupational stressors on mental health. METHODS: A cross-sectional study used a random sample of 3343 health workers. The effort-reward imbalance (ERI) scale measured occupational stressors. The World Health Organization Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) evaluated common mental disorders (CMDs) as outcomes. The role of gender, race/color, and class determinants (level of schooling and income) in the relationship between occupational stressors and CMD was assessed. Structural equation modeling was used to determine associations and effects. RESULTS: Occupational stressors were directly associated with CMD and mediated the relationship between income and CMD. Gender was directly associated with occupational stressors, income, and domestic overload. Race was associated with education and with CMD through indirect paths mediated by class indicators. Class indicators contributed to increasing exposure to occupational stressors and the occurrence of CMD. CONCLUSION: The results highlight the relevance of gender, race/color, and class in understanding the unequal distribution of work stressors and mental illness in health workers.

Vulnerabilidades mediando o encontro do Cuidado em Saúde: por uma agência interseccional / Vulnerabilities mediating the Healthcare encounter: by an intersectional agency

Resumo O presente ensaio articula os conceitos de Cuidado em Saúde e Interseccionalidade para suscitar reflexões sobre o encontro entre o/a trabalhador/a de saúde e aquelas que aqui denominamos uma Naná: uma mulher, negra, idosa e periférica, perfil historicamente vulnerabilizado ao longo da história brasileira. Considerando as argumentações que envolvem o conceito de Interseccionalidade e as diferentes vertentes acerca do Cuidado, observamos a necessidade de se ampliar o olhar sobre estas que buscam os serviços de saúde já atravessadas por suas histórias de vida, e ponderar sobre os atravessamentos que seu perfil pode acionar em quem exerce o Cuidado. Aponta ser primordial uma agência interseccional por parte das/os agentes deste encontro, Nanás e profissionais de saúde, para que se concretizem os princípios de integralidade e equidade no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

Abstract This essay elucidates the Healthcare and Intersectionality notions to prompt reflections on the interaction between healthcare professionals and individuals referred to as Nanás: elderly, poor, and Black women who represent a historically marginalized profile throughout Brazilian history. By delving into the arguments about the concept of Intersectionality and the multifaceted Care dimensions, it becomes apparent that there is a pressing need to broaden the perspective on women who access healthcare services, as they are inherently shaped by their life experiences. Moreover, it is imperative to acknowledge how the intersecting factors inherent in their profiles can influence the approach taken by those providing Care, which underscores the essentiality of an intersectional agency on the part of the agents involved in this encounter, namely the Nanás and healthcare workers, to effectively uphold the principles of comprehensiveness and equity within the Unified Health System (SUS).

Iniquidades na assistência pré-natal no Brasil: uma análise interseccional / Inequities in prenatal care in Brazil: an intersectional analysis

Resumo O estudo investiga o impacto do intercruzamento de raça/cor, escolaridade e local de residência na não adequação do cuidado prestado em diferentes dimensões do pré-natal. Para tal, analisaram-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 com modelos de regressão logística múltipla. Os resultados sugerem que as variáveis operam em conjunto na não adequação ao pré-natal. As mulheres negras e as menos escolarizadas apresentaram maior probabilidade de não ter 6 consultas de pré-natal, iniciadas antes da 12ª semana de gestação. Mulheres de até 20 anos de idade, residentes nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste e menos escolarizadas foram menos submetidas aos exames laboratoriais e físicos preconizados. E, por último, mulheres negras e de até 20 anos de idade foram mais propensas a não receber orientações sobre o parto. Os achados reiteram a natureza multifacetada do problema e alertam para a insuficiência dos inquéritos populacionais, ao não incluir e não permitir a caracterização dos segmentos mais marginalizados da população, dificultando a investigação de realidades segundo uma perspectiva interseccional.

Abstract The present study investigates the intersecting impacts of race/color, education and place of residence on the non-adequacy of care provided in different dimensions of prenatal care. To this end, we analyzed data from the 2013 National Health Survey using multiple logistic regression models. The results suggest that the variables operate together to shape non-adequacy to prenatal care. Black women and those with less schooling were more likely to miss 6 prenatal consultations, starting before the 12th week of pregnancy. Women up to 20 years of age, those residing in the North, Northeast and Midwest regions and those with less schooling were less submitted to the recommended laboratory and physical exams. And, finally, black women and those up to 20 years of age were more likely to not receive guidance on childbirth. Our findings reiterate the multifaceted nature of the problem and point to the insufficiency of population surveys, by not including and not allowing the characterization of the most marginalized segments of the population, making it difficult to further investigate realities from an intersectional perspective.

Transmissão vertical do HIV na rede de saúde: reflexões bioéticas sobre gênero e cuidado a partir de um caso emblemático / Vertical transmission of HIV in the health network: bioethics reflections on gender and care based on an emblematic case

Resumo Num cenário epidêmico ainda preocupante, a prevenção da Transmissão Vertical (TV) do HIV impõe problemas complexos, devido as vulnerabilidades individual, social e moral das mulheres vivendo com o vírus, somadas às fragilidades da rede de saúde. A partir de um caso emblemático, este estudo buscou compreender os desafios bioéticos do cuidado para a prevenção da TV do HIV no âmbito do Comitê de Porto Alegre/RS. Os eixos analíticos desenvolvidos refletem sobre como a produção do cuidado se articula, por um lado, com discursos e práticas relacionais pautadas no gênero e interseccionadas por raça e classe social e, por outro, com vulnerabilidades programáticas das políticas de saúde. Vislumbrou-se um processo de extrema estigmatização, em que as poucas ofertas para as mulheres cisgênero se dirigiam à regulação reprodutiva e perpetuavam dinâmicas de violência estrutural. Discute-se caminhos para a construção de um cuidado que incorpore a perspectiva decolonial e busque produzir equidade e justiça social ao reconhecer as trajetórias das mulheres.

Abstract In a still worrying epidemic scenario, the prevention of Vertical Transmission (VT) of HIV poses complex problems, due to the individual, social, and moral vulnerabilities of women living with the virus, in addition to the weaknesses of the health network. Based on an emblematic case, this study sought to understand the bioethical challenges of HIV VT prevention in the scope of the Porto Alegre/RS Committee. The analytical categories developed reflect on how the production of care is articulated, on the one hand, with relational discourses and practices based on gender and intersected by race and social class and, on the other, with programmatic vulnerabilities of health policies. A process of extreme stigmatization was revealed, in which the few offers for cisgender women were aimed toward reproductive regulation and perpetuated dynamics of structural violence. We discuss ways of building care that incorporates a decolonial perspective and seeks to produce equity and social justice by recognizing women's trajectories.