Radiological and functional outcome of PFN A2 in treatment of intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients

Introduction: Intertrochanteric fracture is one of the most common fracture seen in elderly age group. Intramedullary fixation achieves stable fixation. This study was done to find out outcomes with PFNA2, with an objective of finding significance of various radiological parameters. Methods: Forty-three patients were included who underwent closed reduction and PFNA2 fixation. They were followed up at 1month, 3months, 6months and 1 year postoperatively and tip apex distance, Cleveland index, parkers ratio, nail protrusion height, and neck shaft angle were calculated. Statistical correlation of each parameter with complications such as helical blade cut out and back out was derived. Results: Tip apex distance and Cleveland index was found to influence the position of screw and thereby the final outcome. No statistical correlation was derived between Parkers ratio, neck shaft angle and nail protrusion height with the complications. Functional outcome as calculated by Harris hip score was found to be satisfactory in most of the patients. There was only negligible mean loss of functional outcome postoperatively as calculated with parkers mobility score Conclusion: PFNA2 confirms to be stable fixation for both stable and unstable intertrochanteric fracture with fewer complication and good functional outcome in short period of time.

Introducción: La fractura intertrocantérica es una de las fracturas más comunes observadas en el grupo de edad avanzada. La fijación intramedular logra una fijación estable. Este estudio se realizó para conocer los resultados con PFNA2, con el objetivo de encontrar significación de varios parámetros radiológicos. Métodos: Se incluyeron 43 pacientes sometidos a reducción cerrada y fijación PFN A2. Se realizó un seguimiento a 1 mes, 3 meses, 6 meses y 1 año después de la operación y se calculó la distancia del vértice de la punta, el índice de Cleveland, la proporción de Parker, la altura de la protuberancia del clavo y el ángulo del eje del cuello. Se derivó la correlación estadística de cada parámetro con complicaciones como el corte de la hoja helicoidal y el retroceso. Resultados: Se encontró que la distancia del vértice de la punta y el índice de Cleveland influyen en la posición del tornillo y, por lo tanto, en el resultado final. No se obtuvo correlación estadística entre la proporción de Parkers, el ángulo del eje del cuello y la altura de la protuberancia del clavo con las complicaciones. Se encontró que el resultado funcional calculado por el puntaje de cadera de Harris fue satisfactorio en la mayoría de los pacientes. Solo hubo una pérdida media insignificante de resultado funcional después de la operación, según se calcula con la puntuación de movilidad de Parker. Conclusión: PFN A2 confirma ser una fijación estable para las fracturas intertrocantéricas estables e inestables con menos complicaciones y buen resultado funcional en corto período de tiempo.

Pre-fracture ambulation capacity, Charlson comorbidity index, and dementia as predictors of functional impairment after bipolar hemiarthroplasty for unstable intertrochanteric fracture. A retrospective analysis in 158 octogenarian patients.

Background: the primary purpose of this study was to assess the ambulatory capacity 12 months after surgery in patients that underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BH) due to unstable intertrochanteric fractures (UITF). Secondly, to identify which preoperative variables influenced these modifications. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a consecutive series of patients older than 80 years with UITF treated with BH between 2010 and 2019. Ambulatory capacity was assessed before surgery, at 3 and 12 months postoperatively, using Koval's classification and the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS). The registered variables were: gender, age, osteoporosis, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), ASA classification, body mass index (BMI), and dementia. The identification of variables that impaired postoperative functionality was performed by uni- and multivariate analysis. Results: 158 patients were included with a median age of 87 (range 80-102) years and a follow-up of 29.2 (range 12-56) months. The 1-year overall ambulatory capacity impairment was 28.5% and significantly affected pre-fracture community walkers (p = 0.001). A CCI >4 (OR 2.72; p = 0.044), dementia (OR 14.13; p = 0.0001), and a Koval 2-3 (OR 12.84; p = 0.001) were identified as risk factors for this impairment. Conclusion: Ambulation impairment at one year was 28.5%. The predictive characteristics found in this study help to identify patients with a greater risk of ambulation impairment and to focus rehabilitation plans to reduce this impact.

Circumpsoas block ... an anterior myofascial plane block for lumbar plexus elements: case report.

In an attempt to improvise the analgesia in patients with femoral fractures, we aimed at depositing local anesthetic deep to anterior psoas fascia (APf) under ultrasound (US) guidance to block lumbar plexus elements which emerge lateral, anterior, and medial to the psoas major muscle. We termed this as circumpsoas block (CPB). Clinical and computed tomography contrast studies revealed that a continuous CPB infusion with a catheter provided a reliable block of the lumbar plexus elements. No adverse were events noted. We conclude that US guided CPB is a reliable technique for managing postoperative pain after surgery of femur fractures.

Caracterização epidemiológica de pacientes com fraturas transtrocantéricas atendidos durante a pandemia COVID-19 / Epidemiology of transtrochanteric fractures during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introdução: Em 2020 teve início a pandemia de COVID-19 e considerando que para combatê-la houve recomendações de isolamentos sociais - permanência em suas residências - esperava-se que ocorresse grande quantidade de pessoas expostas às fraturas transtrocantéricas, principalmente os idosos. Objetivo: Avaliar a ocorrência dessas fraturas durante o período de pandemia COVID-19. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, transversal e observacional, com abordagem quantitativa. O levantamento de dados foi realizado por meio da análise de prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes durante o período de março de 2020 a outubro de 2021. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, sexo, mecanismo de trauma, lado da fratura, comorbidades associadas, tempo entre a entrada e a operação, tipo de implante, tempo de hospitalização e fraturas associadas. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 182 pacientes, sendo 61 homens e 121 mulheres, idade variando de 24-98 anos. O mecanismo de queda do mesmo nível foi responsável por 160 dos casos e não houve predominância de lado da fratura. As principais comorbidades foram a hipertensão e diabete melito; 92 pacientes foram operados em até 48 h de admissão. Implante cefalomedular foi usado em 159 casos. Ocorreram 19 óbitos intra-hospitalares dos quais 10 tinham fraturas associadas. Conclusão: Foi possível observar predominância do sexo feminino e idosos e elevação da idade média. O mecanismo de queda do mesmo nível foi responsável por 87% dos casos e não houve predominância de lado na fratura.

Introduction: In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic began and considering to combat there were recommendations for social isolation - staying in their homes - what expected a large number of people would be exposed to transtrochanteric fractures, especially the elderly. Objective: To evaluate the occurrence of these fractures during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional and observational study with a quantitative approach. Data collection was carried out through the analysis of electronic medical records of patients during the period from March 2020 to October 2021. The variables analyzed were: age, gender, trauma mechanism, fracture side, associated comorbidities, time between entry and operation, type of implant, length of hospital stay and associated fractures. Results: The sample consisted of 182 patients, 61 men and 121 women, ages ranging from 24-98 years. The mechanism of falling from the same level was responsible for 160 of the cases and there was no predominance of the side of the fracture. The main comorbidities were hypertension and diabetes mellitus; 92 patients were operated within 48 h of admission. Cephalomedullary nail ( was used in 159 cases. There were 19 in-hospital deaths, of which 10 had associated fractures. Conclusion: It was possible to observe a predominance of females and the elderly and an increase in the average age. The mechanism of falling from the same level was responsible for 87% of the cases and there was no predominance of the side in the fracture.

Circumpsoas block - an anterior myofascial plane block for lumbar plexus elements: case report

Abstract In an attempt to improvise the analgesia in patients with femoral fractures, we aimed at depositing local anesthetic deep to anterior psoas fascia (APf) under ultrasound (US) guidance to block lumbar plexus elements which emerge lateral, anterior, and medial to the psoas major muscle. We termed this as circumpsoas block (CPB). Clinical and computed tomography contrast studies revealed that a continuous CPB infusion with a catheter provided a reliable block of the lumbar plexus elements. No adverse were events noted. We conclude that US guided CPB is a reliable technique for managing postoperative pain after surgery of femur fractures.

Fixation of Intertrochanteric Fractures with Dynamic Hip Screws: Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Hardinge and Minimally Invasive Approaches.

Objective To compare the techniques for the osteosynthesis of intertrochanteric fractures with dynamic hip screws (DHSs) through the Hardinge and minimally-invasive access routes of the hip, evaluating the operative time, the degree of pain in the immediate postoperative period, the hematimetric loss, and the functional aspects of active mobility. Methods A randomized, double-blinded clinical trial in which 66 patients with intertrochanteric fractures were submitted to osteosynthesis by DHS. The patients were divided into a test group, submitted to the minimally-invasive access, and a control group, in whom the surgery was performed through the Hardinge route. Results Patients submitted to the minimally-invasive treatment presented a lower degree of postoperative pain compared to the group treated by the Hardinge lateral route ( p < 0.001), as well as lower hematimetric loss ( p < 0.001), shorter operative time ( p < 0.001), and improvement in immediate postoperative active mobility tests ( p <0.05). Conclusion The study demonstrated the clinical superiority of the minimally-invasive access route parameters analyzed in relation to the Hardinge access for the fixation of intertrochanteric fractures when DHS is the choice osteosynthesis method. Level of evidence I.

Bipolar hemiarthroplasty in unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients. The predictive value of the Charlson Comorbidity Index in 1-year mortality.

BACKGROUND: Hip fractures have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Aims: We retrospectively evaluated the predictive role of the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) for 1-year mortality in elderly patients with unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures (ITHF) treated with bipolar hemiarthroplasty. The secondary objective was to identify other relationships, if any, between the variables recorded and mortality. METHODS: We included ≥75-year-old patients with unstable ITHF treated with bipolar hemiarthroplasty. We recorded patient gender, age, Body Mass Index, pre-fracture walking ability (Parker Mobility score, modified Harris Hip Score), America Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), time to surgery, time to mobilization, hospital stay, and postoperative complications. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using a ROC curve. RESULTS: A total of 135 patients with a mean age of 87.34 ± 5.5 years were included. The overall 1-year mortality rate was 18.5%. The CCI (OR 1.64 CI 95% 1.21-2.23; p 0.00821) and postoperative complications (OR 3.5 CI 95% 1.19-10.23 p 0.0202) were identified as independent predictors of 1-year mortality in the univariate regression and confirmed in the multivariate regression. CCI sensitivity to predict 1-year mortality was 80%. CONCLUSION: CCI has shown acceptable sensitivity in the prediction of 1-year mortality in elderly patients with unstable ITHF treated with bipolar hemiarthroplasty. It is of utmost importance to prevent postoperative complications due to their significant impact on 1-year mortality.

Fixation of Intertrochanteric Fractures with Dynamic Hip Screws: Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Hardinge and Minimally Invasive Approaches / Fraturas intertrocantéricas fixadas com parafuso dinâmico de quadril: Ensaio clínico randomizado comparando a via lateral de Hardinge e o acesso minimamente invasivo

Abstract Objective To compare the techniques for the osteosynthesis of intertrochanteric fractures with dynamic hip screws (DHSs) through the Hardinge and minimally-invasive access routes of the hip, evaluating the operative time, the degree of pain in the immediate postoperative period, the hematimetric loss, and the functional aspects of active mobility. Methods A randomized, double-blinded clinical trial in which 66 patients with intertrochanteric fractures were submitted to osteosynthesis by DHS. The patients were divided into a test group, submitted to the minimally-invasive access, and a control group, in whom the surgery was performed through the Hardinge route. Results Patients submitted to the minimally-invasive treatment presented a lower degree of postoperative pain compared to the group treated by the Hardinge lateral route (p< 0.001), as well as lower hematimetric loss (p< 0.001), shorter operative time (p< 0.001), and improvement in immediate postoperative active mobility tests (p <0.05). Conclusion The study demonstrated the clinical superiority of the minimally-invasive access route parameters analyzed in relation to the Hardinge access for the fixation of intertrochanteric fractures when DHS is the choice osteosynthesis method. Level of evidence I.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar as técnicas de osteossíntese de fraturas intertrocantéricas com o parafuso dinâmico de quadril (dynamic hip screw, DHS, em inglês) pelas vias de acesso de Hardinge e minimamente invasiva do quadril, avaliando o tempo cirúrgico, o grau de dor no pós-operatório imediato, a perda hematimétrica, e os aspectos funcionais de mobilidade ativa. Métodos Estudo clínico randomizado e duplo-cego, em que 66 pacientes com fratura intertrocantérica foram submetidos a osteossíntese com DHS. Os pacientes foram divididos em um grupo teste, submetidos ao acesso minimamente invasivo, e um controle, em que a cirurgia foi realizada pela via de Hardinge. Resultados Os pacientes submetidos ao tratamento pela via minimamente invasiva apresentaram um grau de dor pós-operatória inferior em comparação ao grupo tratado pela via lateral de Hardinge (p< 0,001), assim como menor perda hematimétrica (p< 0,001), menor tempo operatório (p< 0,001), e melhora nos testes de mobilidade ativa pós-operatória imediata (p< 0,05). Conclusão O estudo demonstrou a superioridade clínica nos parâmetros analisados da via de acesso minimamente invasiva em relação ao acesso de Hardinge para a fixação de fraturas intertrocantéricas, quando o DHS for a opção de osteossíntese escolhida. Nível de evidência I.

Increased prevalence of femoroacetabular impingement on the elderly with fractures of the proximal femur.

OBJECTIVES: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) has been recently related to several pathologies, besides chondral injury and hip arthritis. We aim to investigate the prevalence of FAI morphology in an elderly cohort hospitalized due to a proximal femur fracture and compare these findings to a control group. We hypothesize that limited medial rotation due to FAI's morphology could increase stresses to the proximal femur, acting as a facilitating mechanism for fractures in this region. Therefore, a higher prevalence of FAI morphology would be present in the study group. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed based on the analysis of radiographic images in AP and lateral views of the fractured hip. Firstly, we have set to measure FAI prevalence in an elderly cohort victimized by fractures of the proximal by measures of the alpha, Tönnis, and lateral center edge angles of a hundred consecutive patients hospitalized for proximal femur fractures. Secondly, we have analyzed the possible relationship between the FAI subtypes and the type of fracture. Finally, we have compared this sample's data with that of a similar control cohort not affected by fracture. RESULTS: The cohort in this study displayed a higher prevalence of pathological changes in the Tönnis, center-edge, and alpha angles with odds ratios of 3.41, 2.56, and 4.80, respectively (with statistical significance). There was also a significant relationship between cam-type FAI and intertrochanteric fractures, corroborating our initial hypotheses. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that a cohort of older patients affected by fractures of the proximal femur had an increased prevalence of radiographic signs of femoroacetabular impingement. Furthermore, this is the first study demonstrating a statistically significant relationship of cam-type FAI with intertrochanteric fractures, suggesting a possible cause and effect relationship.

PRELIMINARY MECHANICAL TEST OF PROXIMAL FEMUR REINFORCEMENT WITH CEMENTED X-SHAPED PMMA.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the mechanical behavior of the proximal end of the femur submitted to the X-shaped polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) reinforcement technique. METHODS: Fifteen synthetic femurs, with a Nacional® density of 10 PCF, were divided into two groups: the DX group, with 5 units that were submitted to PMMA reinforcement, and the DP group, with 10 units, which were evaluated intact. The volume of PMMA required, the maximum load, and the absorbed energy to fracture were analyzed by means of a static mechanical bending test simulating a fall on the greater trochanter. RESULTS: A mean of 6 ml of PMMA was used to model the X-reinforcement; it was observed that the DX group presented significantly higher maximum load (median = 1553 N, p = 0.005) and absorbed energy to fracture (median = 9.7 J; p = 0.050) than the DP group (median = 905 N and 6.6 J). CONCLUSION: X-reinforcement of the proximal end of synthetic femurs showed a statistically significant increase in the maximum load and absorbed energy to fracture in the mechanical assay when compared to the control group. Level of Evidence III, Experimental study.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento mecânico da extremidade proximal do fêmur submetido à técnica de reforço com polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) em forma de X. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 15 fêmures sintéticos, com densidade de 10 PCF da Nacional®, divididos nos grupos DX, com 5 unidades submetidas ao reforço com PMMA, e DP com 10 unidades, avaliados com sua integridade intacta. Foram analisados o volume de PMMA necessário, os valores da carga máxima e a energia absorvida até a fratura por meio de ensaio mecânico estático de flexão, simulando queda sobre o trocanter maior. RESULTADOS: Foram usados em média 6 ml de PMMA para a modelagem do reforço em X e observou-se que o grupo DX apresentou carga máxima (mediana = 1553 N; p = 0,005) e energia absorvida até fratura (mediana = 9,7 J; p = 0,050) significativamente maior que o grupo DP (mediana = 905 N e 6,6 J). CONCLUSÃO: O reforço em X da extremidade proximal de fêmures sintéticos apresentou incremento estatisticamente significativo da carga máxima e energia absorvida até a fratura no ensaio mecânico em comparação com o grupo controle. Nível de evidência III, Estudo experimental.

Preliminary mechanical test of proximal femur reinforcement with cemented x-shaped pmma / Ensaio mecânico preliminar do reforço femoral proximal com cimento ósseo em forma de "x"

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the mechanical behavior of the proximal end of the femur submitted to the X-shaped polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) reinforcement technique. Methods: Fifteen synthetic femurs, with a Nacional® density of 10 PCF, were divided into two groups: the DX group, with 5 units that were submitted to PMMA reinforcement, and the DP group, with 10 units, which were evaluated intact. The volume of PMMA required, the maximum load, and the absorbed energy to fracture were analyzed by means of a static mechanical bending test simulating a fall on the greater trochanter. Results: A mean of 6 ml of PMMA was used to model the X-reinforcement; it was observed that the DX group presented significantly higher maximum load (median = 1553 N, p = 0.005) and absorbed energy to fracture (median = 9.7 J; p = 0.050) than the DP group (median = 905 N and 6.6 J). Conclusion: X-reinforcement of the proximal end of synthetic femurs showed a statistically significant increase in the maximum load and absorbed energy to fracture in the mechanical assay when compared to the control group. Level of Evidence III, Experimental study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento mecânico da extremidade proximal do fêmur submetido à técnica de reforço com polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) em forma de X. Métodos: Foram utilizados 15 fêmures sintéticos, com densidade de 10 PCF da Nacional®, divididos nos grupos DX, com 5 unidades submetidas ao reforço com PMMA, e DP com 10 unidades, avaliados com sua integridade intacta. Foram analisados o volume de PMMA necessário, os valores da carga máxima e a energia absorvida até a fratura por meio de ensaio mecânico estático de flexão, simulando queda sobre o trocanter maior. Resultados: Foram usados em média 6 ml de PMMA para a modelagem do reforço em X e observou-se que o grupo DX apresentou carga máxima (mediana = 1553 N; p = 0,005) e energia absorvida até fratura (mediana = 9,7 J; p = 0,050) significativamente maior que o grupo DP (mediana = 905 N e 6,6 J). Conclusão: O reforço em X da extremidade proximal de fêmures sintéticos apresentou incremento estatisticamente significativo da carga máxima e energia absorvida até a fratura no ensaio mecânico em comparação com o grupo controle. Nível de evidência III, Estudo experimental.

Morbimortalidad posterior a fracturas intertrocantéricas de cadera. Efecto del retraso en el tratamiento quirúrgico / Morbidity and mortality after delayed surgical treatment of intertrochanteric hip fractures

Introducción La tendencia mundial es realizar cirugía temprana en el manejo de las fracturas intertrocantéricas de cadera con el objetivo de disminuir mortalidad y complicaciones postoperatorias, pero los resultados no son concluyentes y el consenso mundial está basado en evidencia de moderada y baja calidad. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar si existen diferencias en mortalidad y tiempo de estancia hospitalaria postoperatoria en pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente antes y después de las 48 horas del ingreso hospitalario. Materiales y métodos Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes operados por fracturas intertrocantéricas entre 2007 y 2013 con datos extraídos de historias clínicas y encuestas telefónicas. Se realizó un análisis de supervivencia a los 6 y 12 meses con el método estadístico Kaplan Meier y Log-Rank-test. Para comparar las proporciones de mortalidad y las medias entre grupos se utilizó X2 y t student respectivamente. Resultados La mortalidad a los 6 meses en el grupo de cirugía temprana alcanzó el 2,9% y en cirugía tardía, el 15,1% (p=0,02). La estancia hospitalaria disminuyó 5 días en los pacientes operados antes de 48 horas (p=0,008). No se puso de manifiesto diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la mortalidad al año en los grupos comparados. Discusión En el estudio se evidenció menor porcentaje de mortalidad a los 6 meses de la intervención quirúrgica y disminución en la estancia hospitalaria postoperatoria en el grupo de cirugía temprana. Respecto a la bibliografía mundial, la cirugía temprana tiene mayor repercusión en mortalidad en el primer semestre. Nivel de evidencia clínica. Nivel III.

Background The global trend is to perform early surgery in the treatment of hip fractures, with the objective of reducing mortality and post-surgery complications. As the global consensus is based on evidence of moderate and low quality, the results are not conclusive. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether there are differences in mortality and postoperative hospital stay in operated patients before and after 48 hours of hospital admission. Materials and methods Retrospective study was conducted on patients admitted to a trauma centre with a diagnosis of intertrochanteric fracture between 2007 and 2013. Data was extracted from clinical records and using telephone surveys. A survival analysis at 6 and 12 months was performed using the Kaplan Meier test and Log-Rank-test. The chi-squared test was used to compare the mortality percentages and the Student t test used to compare means between groups. Results Mortality at 6 months in the early surgery group was 2.9%, and 15.1% (p=.02) in the late surgery group. Hospital stay decreased by 5 days in patients operated before 48 hours (p=.008). There was no statistically significant difference in mortality at one year between the compared groups. Discussion The study showed a lower percentage of post-surgical mortality at 6 months, and a decrease in the post-surgical hospital stay in the early surgery group. According to literature, early surgery has the greatest impact on mortality during the first 6 months after the intervention. Evidence level. III.

Haste intramedular bloqueada em comparação com placa de compressão dinâmica na estabilização de osteotomia intertrocantérica varizante em cães: estudo ex vivo / Interlocking nail system in comparison with dynamic compression plate in the stabilization of intertrochanteric varus osteotomy in dogs: study in cadavers

Tendo em vista as vantagens das hastes intramedulares bloqueadas (HIB) em relação às placas ósseas na estabilização femoral, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a exequibilidade e eficácia da aplicação da HIB pós osteotomia intertrocantérica varizante (OIV). Submeteu-se 10 cadáveres caninos à OIV. Nos antímeros esquerdos obteve-se a estabilização por meio de HIB (grupo HIB) e, nos direitos, com placas de compressão dinâmica (grupo placa). Foram comparados os ângulos de Norberg e de inclinação da cabeça e colo femoral (ICF) antes (T0) e após (T1) a OIV. O tempo dispendido para a colocação dos implantes e resultados de resistência biomecânica à compressão e torção também foram confrontados entre os grupos. Houve aumento do ângulo de Norberg entre T0 (106,84®5,55o) e T1 (111,22o®3,89), apenas no grupo HIB (p<0,05). No entanto, redução do ângulo de ICF após OIV (T1) foi observada tanto no grupo placa (T0=127,6®4,70o e T1=110,06®10,61o, p<0,05) quanto no grupo HIB (T0=126,43®5,87o e T1=116,87®8,62o, p<0,05). Os tempos de colocação dos implantes não diferiram estatisticamente e apenas o teste biomecânico de compressão revelou diferença entre os grupos, com maior resistência (P=0,033) do grupo placa (863,3®74,46N/mm) em relação ao grupo HIB (586,7®44,10N/mm). Deste modo, a estabilização por meio de HIB foi factível e eficaz. Embora o resultado biomecânico de compressão tenha demonstrado maior fragilidade da HIB em relação à placa de compressão, seus valores estão acima das forças atuantes, reportadas na literatura, na deambulação normal de cão.(AU)

Considering the advantages of the interlocking intramedullary nail (IN) in relation to bone plates in the femoral stabilization, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of IN application post intertrochanteric varus osteotomy (IVO). For this purpose, 10 canines cadavers were used. On the left femurs, the fixation was obtained with IN (IN group) and rights fixed with dynamic compression plates and screws (plate group). Was compared the angles of Norberg and inclination of the head and femoral neck (IHF) before (T0) and after (T1) IVO. The results of time spent for placement of implants and biomechanical resistance to compression and torsion were also confronted between groups. There was an increase of the Norberg angle between T0 (106.84®5.55o) and T1 (111.22o®3.89), only in IN group (p<0.05). However, reduction of IHF angle after IVO (T1) was observed in both, the plate group (T0=127.6®4.70o e T1=110.06®10.61o, p<0.05) and IN group (T0=126.43®5.87o e T1=116.87® 8.62 o, p<0.05). The placement times of the implants did not differ statistically and only the compression biomechanical test revealed differences between groups, with greater resistance (P=0.033) of the plate group (863.3®74.46N/mm) compared to IN group (586.7®44.10N/mm). Thus, stabilization through IN was feasible and effective. Although the compression biomechanical results has demonstrated a higher fragility of IN in relation to the compression plate, their values are above the forces, reported in literature, acting in normal dog gait.(AU)

Haste intramedular bloqueada em comparação com placa de compressão dinâmica na estabilização de osteotomia intertrocantérica varizante em cães: estudo ex vivo / Interlocking nail system in comparison with dynamic compression plate in the stabilization of intertrochanteric varus osteotomy in dogs: study in cadavers

Tendo em vista as vantagens das hastes intramedulares bloqueadas (HIB) em relação às placas ósseas na estabilização femoral, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a exequibilidade e eficácia da aplicação da HIB pós osteotomia intertrocantérica varizante (OIV). Submeteu-se 10 cadáveres caninos à OIV. Nos antímeros esquerdos obteve-se a estabilização por meio de HIB (grupo HIB) e, nos direitos, com placas de compressão dinâmica (grupo placa). Foram comparados os ângulos de Norberg e de inclinação da cabeça e colo femoral (ICF) antes (T0) e após (T1) a OIV. O tempo dispendido para a colocação dos implantes e resultados de resistência biomecânica à compressão e torção também foram confrontados entre os grupos. Houve aumento do ângulo de Norberg entre T0 (106,84®5,55o) e T1 (111,22o®3,89), apenas no grupo HIB (p<0,05). No entanto, redução do ângulo de ICF após OIV (T1) foi observada tanto no grupo placa (T0=127,6®4,70o e T1=110,06®10,61o, p<0,05) quanto no grupo HIB (T0=126,43®5,87o e T1=116,87®8,62o, p<0,05). Os tempos de colocação dos implantes não diferiram estatisticamente e apenas o teste biomecânico de compressão revelou diferença entre os grupos, com maior resistência (P=0,033) do grupo placa (863,3®74,46N/mm) em relação ao grupo HIB (586,7®44,10N/mm). Deste modo, a estabilização por meio de HIB foi factível e eficaz. Embora o resultado biomecânico de compressão tenha demonstrado maior fragilidade da HIB em relação à placa de compressão, seus valores estão acima das forças atuantes, reportadas na literatura, na deambulação normal de cão.(AU)

Considering the advantages of the interlocking intramedullary nail (IN) in relation to bone plates in the femoral stabilization, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of IN application post intertrochanteric varus osteotomy (IVO). For this purpose, 10 canines cadavers were used. On the left femurs, the fixation was obtained with IN (IN group) and rights fixed with dynamic compression plates and screws (plate group). Was compared the angles of Norberg and inclination of the head and femoral neck (IHF) before (T0) and after (T1) IVO. The results of time spent for placement of implants and biomechanical resistance to compression and torsion were also confronted between groups. There was an increase of the Norberg angle between T0 (106.84®5.55o) and T1 (111.22o®3.89), only in IN group (p<0.05). However, reduction of IHF angle after IVO (T1) was observed in both, the plate group (T0=127.6®4.70o e T1=110.06®10.61o, p<0.05) and IN group (T0=126.43®5.87o e T1=116.87® 8.62 o, p<0.05). The placement times of the implants did not differ statistically and only the compression biomechanical test revealed differences between groups, with greater resistance (P=0.033) of the plate group (863.3®74.46N/mm) compared to IN group (586.7®44.10N/mm). Thus, stabilization through IN was feasible and effective. Although the compression biomechanical results has demonstrated a higher fragility of IN in relation to the compression plate, their values are above the forces, reported in literature, acting in normal dog gait.(AU)

Fracturas intertrocantéricas inestables tratadas con clavos endomedulares cortos intertrocantéricos/subtrocantéricos. Valoración de la calidad de vida y de la recuperación funcional / Unstable intertrochanteric fractures treated with ITST short intramedullary nails. Quality of life and functional recovery assessment

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar una serie de pacientes con fracturas intertrocantericas inestables tratados con clavos cortos intertrocantericos/subtrocantericos (ITSTR), con especial atencion en la calidad de vida y la recuperacion funcional. Materiales y Métodos: Se incluyeron 171 pacientes con fracturas AO 3.1 A2 y A3, un seguimiento minimo de 14 meses y una edad promedio de 79 anos. Se evaluaron la calidad de vida mediante la escala WOMAC reducida convertida a una escala del 1 al 100, la recuperacion funcional en funcion del tiempo en que se logro la bipedestacion, la necesidad de ortesis al final del seguimiento y el regreso a las actividades diarias utilizando la subescala de funcion de la Musculoskeletal Tumor Society. Resultados: A los 14 meses, el promedio de la escala WOMAC total fue 77. El 73% de la poblacion camino dentro de las 36 h de la cirugia. El 48% retorno a las actividades diarias con una restriccion minima, el resto tuvo restricciones recreativas y parciales. El 71% del grupo que no utilizaba ortesis conservo tal condicion al finalizar el seguimiento. La incidencia de complicaciones intraoperatorias y posoperatoria fue del 6,5% y 23%, respectivamente. La fractura distal al clavo y el cut-out se produjeron solo en el 1%. Conclusiones: La baja incidencia de cut-out y de fractura distal al clavo con la posibilidad de retorno temprano a las actividades, con una calidad de vida y funcion buenas, convierten al ITSTR en una alternativa de eleccion para tratar las fracturas intertrocantericas inestables de cadera. Nivel de evidencia: IV.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate a consecutive series of patients with unstable inter- or subtrochanteric fractures (AO 3.1 A2 and A3) treated with short nail fixation (ITSTR), focusing mainly on quality of life and functional recovery. Methods: We included 171 patients with intertrochanteric hip fractures (AO 3.1 A2 and A3), with a minimum follow-up of 14 months. The average age was 79 years. The following parameters were evaluated: quality of life using the WOMAC reduced scale converted to a 1 to 100 scale; functional recovery based on the time needed to achieve standing position, need for orthesis at the end of the follow-up, and return to daily activities using the American Musculoskeletal Tumor Society functional scale. Results: After 14 months the average WOMAC score was 77. The 73% of the group was walking within 36 hours after surgery, 48% of the patients were able to return to their daily activities with minimal restriction, and the rest only presented partial or recreational restrictions. Considering the group without orthesis before surgery, 71% were able to maintain this condition at the end of the follow-up. The incidence of complications was 6.5% during the procedure and 23% after it. The nail distal fracture and the "cut-out" were observed in only 1% of the cases. Conclusions: The low incidence of nail distal fracture and the "cut-out", together with the early return to the daily activities and the good quality of life and function make the short ITSTR nail fixation the treatment of choice for unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures. Level of evidence: IV.

Intra- and extra-capsular hip fractures in the elderly: Two different pathologies?

OBJECTIVES: To compare intracapsular (IC) and extracapsular (EC) hip fractures (HIF) in elderly patients in order to determine if they are different pathologies. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Longitudinal, observational, descriptive, analytical prospective design, using a non-probabilistic sample from a full sample collection with 647 subjects (male and female), of 60 or more years old, admitted with HIF to the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Hospital, between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2012. Follow-up was for 1 year post HIF. Socio-demographic, etiological, developmental, therapeutic and prognostic variables are compared. RESULTS: This is the first study on this subject with Latin American population. EC HIF incidence was superior to IC, contrary to that published in European/American populations. There are significant differences in etiological variables (χ(2)=6.34, p<0.042), with traumatic etiology in EC and non-traumatic in IC. There are also differences in therapeutic interventions performed (osteosynthesis for EC, arthroplasty for IC), with the decision on not to operate being lower in IC (both p<0.0000). The variables associated with the decision on not to perform surgery are age, etiology and postoperative mortality. DISCUSSION: The results are similar to other studies, adding the IC association with non-traumatic origin, in particular the trend of statistical association between IC and non-primary osteoporotic pathology (neoplasms, renal osteodystrophy, primary hyperparathyroidism). A further analysis was performed on the differences between Latin American and European/American populations in the incidence of either type of HIF. There are important etiological and therapeutic differences between IC and EC HIF; therefore it would be advisable to consider them as distinct disease entities.

Treatment of AO/OTA 31-A3 intertrochanteric femoral fractures with a percutaneous compression plate

OBJECTIVE: AO/OTA 31-A3 intertrochanteric femoral fractures have completely different fracture line directions and biomechanical characteristics compared with other types of intertrochanteric fractures. The choice of the fixation method has been a focus of dispute among orthopedic trauma surgeons. The purpose of this study was to review the outcomes of these fractures treated with a percutaneous compression plate at our institute. METHOD: Seventeen patients with AO/OTA 31-A3 intertrochanteric femoral fractures were treated with a percutaneous compression plate at our institute from January 2010 to December 2011. The clinical data and imaging results were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The medical complication of popliteal vein thrombosis occurred in one patient. Sixteen patients were followed up for 12 to 21 months. Two patients had malunion and mild pain. Fracture collapse occurred in two patients, with one having head penetration. These two patients had moderate pain. There were no occurrences of nonunion or reoperation. The mean Harris hip score obtained during the last follow-up was 84.1 (61-97). Patients with a poor quality of reduction were more likely to have pain results (p = 0.001). A trend existed toward the presence of a poor quality of reduction (p = 0.05) in patients with a collapse of fracture. Patients with poor preoperative mobility were more likely to have a lower Harris hip score (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The percutaneous compression plate is an alternative device for the treatment of AO/OTA 31-A3 intertrochanteric femoral fractures. Good fracture reduction and an ideal placement position of the neck screw are important in the success of the device. .

Artificial neural network models for predicting 1-year mortality in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures in China

The mortality rate of older patients with intertrochanteric fractures has been increasing with the aging of populations in China. The purpose of this study was: 1) to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) using clinical information to predict the 1-year mortality of elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures, and 2) to compare the ANN's predictive ability with that of logistic regression models. The ANN model was tested against actual outcomes of an intertrochanteric femoral fracture database in China. The ANN model was generated with eight clinical inputs and a single output. ANN's performance was compared with a logistic regression model created with the same inputs in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and discriminability. The study population was composed of 2150 patients (679 males and 1471 females): 1432 in the training group and 718 new patients in the testing group. The ANN model that had eight neurons in the hidden layer had the highest accuracies among the four ANN models: 92.46 and 85.79% in both training and testing datasets, respectively. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the automatically selected ANN model for both datasets were 0.901 (95%CI=0.814-0.988) and 0.869 (95%CI=0.748-0.990), higher than the 0.745 (95%CI=0.612-0.879) and 0.728 (95%CI=0.595-0.862) of the logistic regression model. The ANN model can be used for predicting 1-year mortality in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures. It outperformed a logistic regression on multiple performance measures when given the same variables.

Tratamiento conservador en paciente con fracturas de ambas caderas / Conservative treatment in patient presenting with fracture of both hips

Se realizó la presentación de un caso que sufrió una fractura intertrocantérica del fémur derecho, sin resultado satisfactorio de la técnica quirúrgica aplicada. Se decidió tratamiento conservador, y tras rehabilitación domiciliaria, como secuela quedaron 3 cm de acortamiento en su miembro inferior derecho, por lo que se corrige la discrepancia del miembro inferior con elevación del calzado y realiza una marcha aceptable. Cuatro años después sufre una nueva caída y en esta ocasión presentó fractura intertrocantérica del fémur izquierdo, se decidió también un tratamiento conservador, y tras largo período de fisioterapia en su domicilio y después de la autorización para la marcha por el especialista, se nota el acortamiento de 3 cm en este caso del miembro inferior izquierdo, por lo que, suprimiendo la elevación del calzado derecho, se logra la corrección y una marcha aceptable con un banquillo(AU)

This is a case presentation related to an intertrochanteric fracture of right femur without a satisfactory result with the applied surgical technique. We choose to conservative treatment and after home rehabilitation, as sequela remains 3 cm shortening in its right lower extremity correcting the inferior extremity discrepancy rising the footwear waking in an acceptable way. Four years later he suffered a new fall and in this occasion also had a intertrochanteric fracture of left femur applying again a conservative treatment and after a long period of physiotherapy at home and after the specialist authorization to walk there is a 3 cm shortening of left inferior extremity and with abolition of right footwear rise, it is possible the correction and acceptable gait with the help of a walker(AU)

Tratamiento conservador en paciente con fracturas de ambas caderas / Conservative treatment in patient presenting with fracture of both hips

Se realizó la presentación de un caso que sufrió una fractura intertrocantérica del fémur derecho, sin resultado satisfactorio de la técnica quirúrgica aplicada. Se decidió tratamiento conservador, y tras rehabilitación domiciliaria, como secuela quedaron 3 cm de acortamiento en su miembro inferior derecho, por lo que se corrige la discrepancia del miembro inferior con elevación del calzado y realiza una marcha aceptable. Cuatro años después sufre una nueva caída y en esta ocasión presentó fractura intertrocantérica del fémur izquierdo, se decidió también un tratamiento conservador, y tras largo período de fisioterapia en su domicilio y después de la autorización para la marcha por el especialista, se nota el acortamiento de 3 cm en este caso del miembro inferior izquierdo, por lo que, suprimiendo la elevación del calzado derecho, se logra la corrección y una marcha aceptable con un banquillo

This is a case presentation related to an intertrochanteric fracture of right femur without a satisfactory result with the applied surgical technique. We choose to conservative treatment and after home rehabilitation, as sequela remains 3 cm shortening in its right lower extremity correcting the inferior extremity discrepancy rising the footwear waking in an acceptable way. Four years later he suffered a new fall and in this occasion also had a intertrochanteric fracture of left femur applying again a conservative treatment and after a long period of physiotherapy at home and after the specialist authorization to walk there is a 3 cm shortening of left inferior extremity and with abolition of right footwear rise, it is possible the correction and acceptable gait with the help of a walker