RESUMO
La Oroya is a city in the Peruvian Andes that has suffered a serious deterioration in its air quality, especially due to the high rate of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions, which underlines the importance of knowing its sources of contamination and variation over the years. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the immission levels and determine the sources of SO2 contamination in La Oroya. This analysis was performed using the hourly concentration data of SO2, and meteorological variables (wind speed and direction), which were analyzed for a period of three years (2018-2020). Graphs of time series, wind and pollutant roses, bivariate polar graphs, clustering k-means, nonparametric statistical tests, and the application of the conditional bivariate probability function were performed to analyze the data and identify the emission sources. The mean concentration of SO2 was 264.2 µg m-3 for the study period, where 55.66 and 2.37% of the evaluated days exceeded the guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization and the Peruvian Environmental Quality Standard for air for 24 h, respectively. The results showed a defined pattern for the daily and monthly variations, with peaks in the morning hours (0900-1000 h LT) and at the end of the year (December), respectively. The main sources of SO2 emissions identified were light and heavy vehicles that travel through the Central Highway, the La Oroya Metallurgical Complex, the transit of vehicles within the city, and the diesel-electric locomotives that provide cargo transportation services and tourism passenger transportation. The article attempts to contribute to the development of adequate air quality management policies.
RESUMO
Este trabalho teve por objetivo definir zonas de manejo com base na variabilidade espacial da condutividade elétrica aparente do solo e da matéria orgânica, em áreas de plantio direto de milho e soja. Para caracterizar a variabilidade espacial foram utilizados métodos geoestatísticos. Comprovada a dependência espacial foram elaborados os mapas temáticos, por meio da krigagem. Para delimitação das zonas de manejo a partir dos mapas de variabilidade interpolados foi utilizado o algoritmo fuzzi K-means e para definição do número ótimo de classes foi determinado o índice de perfomance fuzzi e entropia da partição modificada. As variáveis utilizadas para a definição das zonas de manejo foram a altitude, a condutividade elétrica a 20 cm e 40 cm de profundidade e a matéria orgânica. A partir destas variáveis foram gerados sete mapas de zonas de manejo, e posteriormente pelo teste de Kappa foi analisada a concordância entre os mapas gerados pelas zonas de manejo e os mapas das propriedades físico-químicas do solo. Como resultado verificou-se o valor ótimo de número de classes igual a dois. Os melhores resultados na classificação das zonas de manejo, para os atributos referentes a textura do solo são observados a partir de mapas de matéria orgânica ou de condutividade elétrica e, para os atributos químicos, a partir de mapas de matéria orgânica ou de altitude e matéria orgânica. As zonas de manejo definidas a partir da condutividade elétrica a 20 cm permitiram detectar diferenças significativas entre as médias de produtividade de soja.
This study aimed to define management zones based on spatial variability of soil apparent electrical conductivity and organic matter in areas of tillage. To characterize the spatial geostatistical methods were used. Proven spatial dependence was prepared thematic maps through kriging. For delineation of management zones based on maps of variability was interpolated using the Fuzzy K-means algorithm and to define the optimal number of classes was determined Fuzzy performance index and entropy of the partition changed. The variables used for defining management zones were altitude, the electrical conductivity at 20 cm and 40 cm depth and organic matter. From these seven variables were generated maps of management zones, and later by the Kappa test was analyzed the correlation between the maps generated by the management zones and maps of the physical and chemical properties of soil. As a result there was an optimum number of classes equal to two, with the attributes related to soil texture management zone maps from organic matter or electrical conductivity and the chemical zone management from maps of organic matter or organic matter and altitude showed better results in their classification. The management zones defined from the electrical conductivity at 20 cm allowed us to detect significant differences between the average yield of soybean.