A database of vegetation treatments in New Mexico, USA and surrounding regions.

Active management practices to reduce or promote particular vegetation, known as vegetation treatments, are a common part of environmental management and they are conducted for a variety of purposes including wildfire risk mitigation, invasive species management, and ecological restoration. Vegetation treatment for wildfire mitigation in particular have increased dramatically in the Western United States in the past several decades. While vegetation treatments are common, data regarding the timing, location, and type of treatments conducted are often only maintained by the organization that conducted the work, hampering the ability of managers and researchers to understand the distribution and timing of vegetation treatments across a landscape. This dataset is a collection of spatially referenced records of vegetation treatments such as mechanical thinning, prescribed burning, and herbicide applications that were conducted in the state of New Mexico, USA and adjacent parts of Colorado, Oklahoma, and Texas. Spatial data were collected through requests to the regional or state offices for the relevant agencies (e.g., The Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Forest Service, New Mexico State Forestry Division). The accuracy of this data collection approach was assessed by conducting more intensive data collection in five randomly selected focal watersheds across New Mexico. In these watersheds local offices of the larger agencies were contacted, as well as any smaller groups (e.g., soil and water conservation districts, municipalities, and environmental non-profits), and in person visits were made to gather any information on vegetation treatments possible. The overall dataset includes records of treatments spanning a century and includes records of 9.9 million acres of treatments conducted by more than a dozen different organizations. In the five focal watershed that we surveyed the database contained 7.4 % fewer acres of treated land than the more intensive interview approach. This spatially extensive dataset on vegetation treatments will be useful for researchers quantifying or modelling the effect of vegetation management on fire risk and behaviour. Additionally, this data will be useful to ecologists studying the distribution, movement, and habitat associations of a variety of plant an animal species. Finally, this data will be useful for research on landscape conservation and management.

Aportes conceptuales al diagnóstico para el ordenamiento territorial periurbano desde un abordaje sistémico y transdisciplinar

Los procesos de desarrollo territorial han generado un crecimiento no planificado del periurbano que genera impactos negativos en su estructura y funcionamiento; por lo tanto, el trabajo está orientado a resaltar, desde la fase diagnóstica del ordenamiento territorial, la importancia del periurbano y sus diferentes componentes. El estudio se enmarca en una aproximación conceptual sistémica del territorio y de procesos que se llevan a cabo en Europa y Latinoamérica relacionados con el suelo periurbano, la cual corresponde a una revisión documental de carácter transdisciplinar, cuya estructura hermenéutica permitió hacer énfasis en la fase diagnóstica para reconocer la importancia del periurbano como espacio de transición y control de la expansión urbana. Los resultados pueden servir de base para la formulación de una regulación normativa que permita superar las contradicciones existentes en la interfaz urbano-rural desde una visión sostenible de largo plazo.

The processes of territorial development have generated an unplanned peri-urban growth that generates negative impacts on its structure and functioning; therefore, the work is aimed at highlighting, from the diagnostic phase of territorial planning, the importance of the peri-urban and its different components. The study is framed in a systemic conceptual approach to territory and processes that are carried out in Europe and Latin America related to peri-urban land, which corresponds to a documentary review of a transdisciplinary nature, whose hermeneutic structure allowed to emphasize the diagnostic phase to recognize the importance of the peri-urban as a space of transition and control of urban expansión. The results can serve as a basis for the formulation of a normative regulation that allows to overcome the existing contradictions in the urban-rural interface from a long-term sustainable vision.

Soil water infiltration evaluation from punctual to hillslope scales.

Quantifying infiltration and surface runoff at the hillslope scale is indispensable for soil conservation studies. However, the spatial and temporal variability of infiltration imposes a major constraint on surface runoff estimation. Point infiltration values do not fully express the complexity of the surface runoff in the landscape. Considering the need to improve the estimation of runoff volume from infiltration data, this study aimed to measure the apparent infiltration at hillslope-scale and compare it with two methods of infiltration estimative derived from point information. The study was carried out in six hydrological monitoring units paired. A set of hyetographs and hydrographs allowed the determination of apparent infiltration [Formula: see text] to each monitoring unit as a function of precipitation rate P. The measured [Formula: see text] values were used: (1) to evaluate the efficiency of the different land management in increasing infiltration; and (2) to evaluate the efficiency of two methods of hillslope-scale infiltration estimation based on point data: (a) derived from concentric rings method ([Formula: see text]), and (b) derived from a physically-based modeling ([Formula: see text]). Regarding the differences in land managements, terraces proved to be the most efficient land management practice, followed by phytomass addition. Regarding the methods, for precipitation rates greater than 40 [Formula: see text] the point infiltration-based [Formula: see text] underestimates apparent infiltration [Formula: see text] with PBIAS ranging from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. Even so, [Formula: see text] proved efficient in representing [Formula: see text] at less intense rainfall events. Nonetheless, the point infiltration-based method [Formula: see text] properly represented [Formula: see text] to all rainfall intensities (Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient [Formula: see text]).

Analyzing influencing factors to scale up agroforestry systems in Colombia: A comparative ex-ante assessment of cacao farming and cattle ranching in two regions.

Agroforestry systems (AFS) are proved to enhance sustainable land management. Thus, there is increasing demand for effective ways to scale up AFS so that more people can benefit. Consequently, this study assesses the scaling-up potential of agroforestry systems (AFS) using cacao farming and cattle ranching in Caquetá and Cesar, Colombia, as examples. An ex-ante assessment using the ScalA tool is conducted through interviews with AFS experts from institutions promoting AFS. Using a comparative approach, results reveal that AFS have different scaling-up potential depending on the type of farming system and location characteristics. In our case, it is slightly higher for cacao farming than for cattle ranching in both regions and it is higher in Caquetá than in Cesar for both systems. Factors hindering the scaling-up potential for both regions are economic conditions at the local and regional levels since there is a lack of stable and differentiated markets to absorb AFS products. In contrast, the scaling-up potential in both regions is increased by the factors related to the capacity of the organizations that promote AFS and the attitudes of local communities toward them. The study generates information about factors that may hinder or foster AFS scaling-up, including not just the capacities and mechanisms to promote them but also the enabling conditions. This contributes to prioritizing AFS interventions and better allocating their resources to increase their chances of successful scaling-up. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10457-022-00730-1.

Prokaryotic and microeukaryotic communities in an experimental rice plantation under long-term use of pesticides.

Conventional agricultural practices, such as rice plantations, often contaminate the soil and water with xenobiotics. Here we evaluated the microbiota composition in experimental rice planting with a record of prolonged pesticide use, using 16S and 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We investigated four components of a complete agricultural system: affluent water (A), rice rhizosphere soil (R), sediment from a storage pond (S), and effluent (E) water (drained from the storage pond). Despite the short spatial distance between our sites, the beta diversity analysis of bacterial communities showed two well-defined clusters, separating the water and sediment/rhizosphere samples; rhizosphere and sediment were richer while the effluent was less diverse. Overall, the site with the highest evenness was the rhizosphere. Unlike the bacterial communities, Shannon diversity of microeukaryotes was significantly different between A and E. The effluent presented the lowest values for all ecological indexes tested and differed significantly from all sampled sites, except on evenness. When mapped the metabolic pathways, genes corresponding to the degradation of aromatic compounds, including genes related to pesticide degradation, were identified. The most abundant genes were related to the degradation of benzoate. Our results indicate that the effluent is a selective environment for fungi. Interestingly, the overall fungal diversity was higher in the affluent, the water that reached the system before pesticide application, and where the prokaryotic diversity was the lowest. The affluent and effluent seem to have the lowest environmental quality, given the presence of bacteria genera previously recorded in environments with high concentrations of pesticide residues. The microbiota, environmental characteristics, and pesticide residues should be further studied and try to elucidate the potential for pesticide degradation by natural consortia. Thus, extensive comparative studies are needed to clarify the microbial composition, diversity, and functioning of rice cultivation environments, and how pesticide use changes may reflect differences in microbial structure.

Metodología para relacionar la planeación territorial con el proceso de desertificación. Una aplicación en Colombia / Methodology to relate territorial planning with the desertification process. An application in Colombia

RESUMEN Relacionar temas, como el cambio climático y la degradación de tierras, es cada vez más relevante, pero ello requiere combinar el tamaño de las escalas espaciales y temporales, con la realidad local. Este estudio plantea y aplica pautas metodológicas para relacionar la planeación territorial con el proceso de desertificación, en el ámbito regional-local. Su aplicación, se realizó en una cuenca de Colombia, en escalas regional local y su metodología, se desarrolló en cinco fases, desde la identificación cartográfica del proceso, hasta las posibilidades de acción local para enfrentarlo, con énfasis en los instrumentos de desarrollo territorial. Por un lado, los resultados arrojan la cartografía específica sobre el proceso de desertificación, en escala regional y local y, por el otro, la identificación de restricciones para el desarrollo territorial. A pesar del gris panorama que se evidenció, también se captó una luz de esperanza para la planificación gradual, que permita la prevención y el manejo del proceso de desertificación, frente a lo cual, se recomienda aplicar la metodología a escala regional-local e incluir técnicas prospectivas en escenarios concertados con las comunidades.

ABSTRACT Relating issues such as climate change and land degradation is increasingly relevant, but this requires combining the size of spatial and temporal scales with local reality. This study raises and applies methodological guidelines to relate territorial planning to the desertification process at the regional-local level. Its application was carried out in a basin of Colombia at local regional scales and its methodology is developed in five phases, from the cartographic identification of the process, to the possibilities of local action to address it, with emphasis on territorial development instruments. On the one hand, the results show the specific mapping of the desertification process at regional and local level, and on the other hand, the identification of restrictions for territorial development. Despite the gray outlook that was evident, a light of hope was also captured for the gradual planning that allows the prevention and management of the desertification process, that is why it is recommended to apply the methodology at regional-local level and include prospective techniques in scenarios arranged with the communities.

A Bayesian network approach for the identification of relationships between drivers of chlordecone bioaccumulation in plants.

Plants were sampled from four different types of chlordecone-contaminated land in Guadeloupe (West Indies). The objective was to investigate the importance of biological and agri-environmental parameters in the ability of plants to bioaccumulate chlordecone. Among the plant traits studied, only the growth habit significantly affected chlordecone transfer, since prostrate plants concentrated more chlordecone than erect plants. In addition, intensification of land use has led to a significant increase in the amount of chlordecone absorbed by plants. The use of Bayesian networks uncovers some hypothesis and identifies paths for reflection and possible studies to identify and quantify relationships that explain our data. Graphical abstract.

Agro-ecological options for fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith) management: Providing low-cost, smallholder friendly solutions to an invasive pest.

Fall armyworm (FAW), a voracious agricultural pest native to North and South America, was first detected on the African continent in 2016 and has subsequently spread throughout the continent and across Asia. It has been predicted that FAW could cause up to $US13 billion per annum in crop losses throughout sub-Saharan Africa, thereby threatening the livelihoods of millions of poor farmers. In their haste to respond to FAW governments may promote indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides which, aside from human health and environmental risks, could undermine smallholder pest management strategies that depend to a large degree on natural enemies. Agro-ecological approaches offer culturally appropriate low-cost pest control strategies that can be readily integrated into existing efforts to improve smallholder incomes and resilience through sustainable intensification. Such approaches should therefore be promoted as a core component of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes for FAW in combination with crop breeding for pest resistance, classical biological control and selective use of safe pesticides. Nonetheless, the suitability of agro-ecological measures for reducing FAW densities and impact need to be carefully assessed across varied environmental and socio-economic conditions before they can be proposed for wide-scale implementation. To support this process, we review evidence for the efficacy of potential agro-ecological measures for controlling FAW and other pests, consider the associated risks, and draw attention to critical knowledge gaps. The evidence indicates that several measures can be adopted immediately. These include (i) sustainable soil fertility management, especially measures that maintain or restore soil organic carbon; (ii) intercropping with appropriately selected companion plants; and (iii) diversifying the farm environment through management of (semi)natural habitats at multiple spatial scales. Nevertheless, we recommend embedding trials into upscaling programmes so that the costs and benefits of these interventions may be determined across the diverse biophysical and socio-economic contexts that are found in the invaded range.

Socioeconomic differences among resident, users and neighbour populations of a protected area in the Brazilian dry forest.

Protected areas are an important strategy to safeguard biodiversity. However, if social development is not considered, biological conservation targets may not be achieved. In this empirical study, we assess the relationship between poverty and conservation goals in dry forests within a 62,000-ha Brazilian National Park (Caatinga biome). We conducted 81 structured household interviews between January and July of 2016 to assess socioeconomic, resource management and land-use variables. We used non-parametric analysis of variance to test for differences in socioecological variables among families living inside and outside the Park and both (double dwelling). The majority of families (76%) residing inside the Park were living below the poverty line while less than 14% in outside and double dwelling residences faced the same issue. Families living inside the park had lower socioeconomic conditions such as limited water availability, poor house infrastructure, low income, and high dependence on firewood than outside and double dwelling families. They were also more dependent on external financial support and natural resources. We found that failures in protected areas inception and implementation have driven people towards a mutually reinforcing and declining situation in which negative socioeconomic outcomes are associated with nature degradation. Therefore, our results suggest that the future of dry forests, characterized worldwide by the presence of low-income populations, will be largely dependent on conservation strategies that address poverty alleviation and human well-being.

Assessing regional drought impacts on vegetation and evapotranspiration: a case study in Guanacaste, Costa Rica.

This research investigates ecological responses to drought by developing a conceptual framework of vegetation response and investigating how multiple measures of drought can improve regional drought monitoring. We apply this approach to a case study of a recent drought in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. First, we assess drought severity with the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) based on a 64-yr precipitation record derived from a combination of Global Precipitation Climatology Center data and satellite observations from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and Global Precipitation Measurement. Then, we examine spatial patterns of precipitation, vegetation greenness, evapotranspiration (ET), potential evapotranspiration (PET), and evaporative stress index (ESI) during the drought years of 2013, 2014, and 2015 relative to a baseline period (2002-2012). We compute wet season (May-October) anomalies for precipitation at 0.25° spatial resolution, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at 30-m spatial resolution, and ET, PET and ESI derived with the Priestley-Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT-JPL) model at 1-km spatial resolution. We assess patterns of landscape response across years and land cover types including three kinds of forest (deciduous, old growth, and secondary), grassland, and cropland. Results show that rainfall in Guanacaste reached an all-time low in 2015 over a 64-yr record (wet season SPI = -3.46), resulting in NDVI declines. However, ET and ESI did not show significant anomalies relative to a baseline, drought-free period. Forests in the region exhibited lower water stress compared to grasslands and had smaller declines, and even some increases, in NDVI and ET during the drought period. This work highlights the value of using multiple measures to assess ecosystem responses to drought. It also suggests that agricultural land management has an opportunity to integrate these findings by emulating some of the characteristics of drought-resilient ecosystems in managed systems.

Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) in agricultural land use systems in subtropical environments

Changes in land use management in agricultural areas can affect the biodiversity of spider families. This study aimed to evaluate spider diversity in different land use systems with capture by two sampling methods, and to identify soil properties that can modulate the occurrence of spiders. Five land use systems, representative of traditional agricultural areas, were evaluated in the west of Santa Catarina, Brazil, to establish a scale of land use intensity: native forest, eucalyptus reforestation areas, pastures, crop-livestock integration areas, and annual crops under no-tillage. The collection methods were manual from soil monoliths and soil traps. Altogether 479 individuals were captured, which were distributed among 20 families, 40 genera, and 8 species. Principal component analysis separated the land use systems and showed an association of spider families with land use in the two sampling methods. There was reduction in spider diversity as the intensity of land use increased. The manual collection method was more efficient for families of soil spiders, whereas traps were more efficient for epigeic spiders. The Lycosidae family was more resistant to environmental pressures, while Oonopidae and Amaurobiidae were more sensitive to environmental modifications. The differences in the spider communities were explained by the following soil properties: organic matter, mean weight-diameter of soil aggregates, and resistance to penetration, which were associated with the degree of anthropic intervention in the land use systems.

Comparison Between Ground Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Communities Foraging in the Straw Mulch of Sugarcane Crops and in the Leaf Litter of Neighboring Forests.

In many sugarcane plantations in Brazil, the straw is left on the soil after harvesting, and vinasse, a by-product of the production of sugar and ethanol, is used for fertigation. Our goal was to compare ant community composition and species richness in the straw mulch of sugarcane crops with the leaf litter of neighboring forests. We tested the hypothesis that ant communities in the straw mulch of vinasse-irrigated sugarcane crops and in the forest leaf litter were similar, because the combination of straw mulching and vinasse irrigation has a positive effect on soil fauna. Straw mulch and leaf litter were collected from 21 sites and placed in Berlese funnels. In total, 61 species were found in the forest leaf litter, whereas 34 and 28 species were found in the straw mulch of sugarcane fields with and without vinasse, respectively. Ant communities differed between forest and crop fields, but the species in the sugarcane straw mulch were a subset of the species found in the forest leaf litter. Although vinasse is rich in organic matter, it did not increase ant diversity. Seven feeding and/or foraging types were identified and, among the different types, surface-foraging omnivorous ants were the most prevalent in all habitats. Vinasse-irrigated sugarcane straw mulch had more predatory species than mulch from vinasse-free fields, but fewer than forest leaf litter. However, this positive effect of vinasse irrigation should be carefully evaluated because vinasse has negative effects on the environment.

LA EVALUACIÓN NO MONETARIA DE LOS SERVICIOS ECOSISTÉMICOS: PERSPECTIVAS PARA LA GESTIÓN SOSTENIBLE DEL TERRITORIO / THE NON-MONETARY EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: PERSPECTIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT

Los servicios ecosistémicos (SE) se definen como "la contribución directa o indirecta de los ecosistemas al bienestar humano". El enfoque de SE para apoyar la gestión del territorio ha sido uno de los más influyentes en las corrientes científicas y políticas en el último tiempo, y en países latinoamericanos como Chile se aprecia un interés creciente en este tema. La conexión de los ecosistemas con el bienestar de las personas permite explorar las visiones, valores, preferencias o creencias de los usuarios de los SE. Sin embargo, estos aspectos son comúnmente ignorados en las esferas políticas y en la gestión territorial chilena, dada la complejidad metodológica de abordarlos por el carácter de intangibilidad que presentan. En este artículo argumentamos sobre la necesidad de incorporar en la evaluación de los SE las dimensiones intangibles de valor y ordenamos las herramientas metodológicas que existen para ello, con el propósito de apoyar las evaluaciones de SE de gestión territorial. El estudio reporta los hallazgos de una investigación teórica donde se analizó sistemáticamente el paradigma de SE, su implicación en esferas políticas y científicas para posteriormente enfocar el análisis en la necesidad de incorporar dimensiones de valor no monetarias en la evaluación de SE, lo cual puede ser particularmente relevante en países latinoamericanos. Entre las estrategias metodológicas que permiten capturar estas dimensiones destacan técnicas participativas como grupos focales, representaciones espaciales participativas y técnicas deliberativas.

Ecosystem Services (ES) are defined as the "direct and indirect contribution of ecosystems to human well-being." The ES approach to support land management has been one of the most influential in the scientific and political schools of thought, and in Latin American countries like Chile, there is a growing interest on this topic. Connecting ecosystems with people's well-being allows exploration of visions, values, preferences or beliefs of the ES users. However, these aspects are commonly ignored in the political fields and by the Chilean land management due to the methodological complexity of addressing their character of intangibility. In this article, the need to incorporate the intangible dimensions of value in assessing ES are argued, and the methodological tools available to it are organized to support the territorial assessment of ES. The study reports the findings of a theoretical research where the paradigm of ES, its implications in political and scientific areas are analyzed, and then focuses the analysis on the need to incorporate non-monetary value dimensions on ES assessment, which may be particularly relevant in Latin American countries. Among the methodological strategies to capture these dimensions are participatory techniques such as focus groups, deliberative techniques and participatory and spatial representations.

Molecular composition of soil organic matter with land-use change along a bi-continental mean annual temperature gradient.

Soil organic matter (SOM) is critical for maintaining soil fertility and long-term agricultural sustainability. The molecular composition of SOM is likely altered due to global climate and land-use change; but rarely are these two aspects studied in tandem. Here we used molecular-level techniques to examine SOM composition along a bi-continental (from North to South America) mean annual temperature (MAT) gradient from seven native grassland/forest and cultivated/pasture sites. Biomarker methods included solvent extraction, base hydrolysis and cupric (II) oxide oxidation for the analysis of free lipids of plant and microbial origin, ester-bound lipids from cutin and suberin, and lignin-derived phenols, respectively. Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to examine the overall composition of SOM. Soil cultivation was found to increase the amount of microbial-derived compounds at warmer temperatures (up to 17% increase). The cultivated soils were characterized by much lower contributions of plant-derived SOM components compared to the native soils (up to 64% lower at the coldest site). In addition, cultivation caused an increase in lignin and cutin degradation (up to 68 and 15% increase, respectively), and an increase in the amount of suberin-derived inputs (up to 54% increase). Clear differences in the molecular composition of SOM due to soil cultivation were observed in soils of varying mineral composition and were attributed to disturbance, different vegetation inputs, soil aggregate destruction and MAT. A high organic allophanic tropical soil was characterized by its protection of carbohydrates and nitrogen-containing compounds. The conversion of native to cultivated land shows significant shifts in the degradation stage of SOM. In particular, cutin-derived compounds which are believed to be part of the stable SOM pool may undergo enhanced degradation with long-term cultivation and disruption of soil aggregates. On a per year basis, the total amount of cutin decreased only at the two forest sites that were converted to pasture, likely due to cutin degradation or to changes in vegetation and litter quality associated with land-use change. Overall, our study highlights that the implementation of different agricultural management practices enhances the degradation of recalcitrant SOM compounds that may become a source of atmospheric CO2 with increasing land-use and climate change.

La carretera bogotá-villavicencio, su impacto sobre el ordenamiento territorial y el ecosistema / The bogotá-villavicencio highway, its impact on land use and the ecosystem

Objetivo: Mediante una revisión bibliográfica se presentarán los posibles impactos en el ordenamiento territorial en su dimensión ecológica, ocasionados en los municipios de influencia de la carretera Bogotá-Villavicencio, a partir de la posibilidad de construcción de una tercera calzada en esta; determinar algunos impactos permitirá contar con un referente teórico para ser usado por entidades gubernamentales, académicas, habitantes de la zona de influencia y la empresa privada en la planificación del desarrollo del proyecto. Metodología: Se realizó un compendio de información mediante la búsqueda de artículos indexados en las bases de datos: Redalyc, Latindex, Proquest, Dialnet, Scielo, Scopus, ScienceDirect; para la búsqueda se utilizaron palabras clave definidas para la temática según Clacso y Tesauro. Resultados: El fenómeno de cambios en el ordenamiento territorial en la dimensión ecológica causados por la construcción de carreteras se encuentra enmarcado en dos componentes: primero, altera el comportamiento social, esto ha sido documentado en diferentes estudios, como causal directo de cambios en el uso del suelo afectando el ecosistema por acciones antrópicas; segundo, los cambios ocasionados por las carreteras en la estructura del paisaje afectan el funcionamiento del ecosistema. Conclusiones: La carretera Bogotá-Villavicencio sigue en expansión presionada por determinantes económicos, aún se encuentra en construcción la segunda calzada y la necesidad próxima será la construcción de una tercera; por eso se debe considerar que la carretera cuente con características específicas que promuevan el desarrollo de las regiones de manera sustentable en los territorios de influencia, debe promover un desarrollo incluyente, mediante el desarrollo económico de todos los asentamientos humanos, para no generar alteraciones del orden social que promuevan migraciones y cambios del uso del suelo por fuera de los esquemas de ordenamiento territorial (EOT) de estos municipios; segundo, crear estrategias que mitiguen el impacto y equilibren las condiciones ecológicas.

Objective: Through a literature review, potential impacts on land use in its ecological dimension, resulting in the municipalities of influence of the Bogota-Villavicencio highway from the possibility of building a third lane will be presented in this paper; determining some impacts will provide a theoretical reference to be used by governmental and academic institutions, inhabitants of the area of influence and private enterprise in the planning of the project development. Methodology: A compendium of information was performed through the search of indexed articles in databases: Redalyc, Latindex, Proquest, Dialnet, Scielo, Scopus, ScienceDirect; defined keywords according to the theme were used for the search according to the Thesaurus Clacso. Results: The phenomenon of changes in land use in the ecological dimension caused by highways construction is framed in two components: first it alters social behavior which has been documented in different studies as a direct cause of changes in land use affecting the ecosystem by human actions; second, changes caused by highways on landscape structure affect the ecosystem functioning. Conclusions: The Bogotá-Villavicencio highway continues growing pressure from expanding economic determinants; construction is still in the second lane and next need will be the construction of a third lane. This is why the road must be considered to count with specific characteristics that promote sustainable regional development in the territories involved. It should promote inclusive development through economic development of all human settlements in order to avoid social disruptions that promote migration and changes in the land use away from the territorial planning schemes (TPS) (EOT) of these municipalities. Secondly strategies to mitigate the impact and the ecological balance must be created.

Efecto del uso de la tierra sobre la erosión y sedimentación de los suelos en El Estor, Izabal / Effect of land use on soil erosion and sedimentation, in the Estor, Izabal

El mayor y mejor uso de las tierras en El Estor, Izabal, está determinado por los regímenes de precipitación, topografía y manejo de los suelos. La erosión es el principal proceso de degradación de los suelos en esta región del país, por lo que se evaluó el efecto de diferentes usos de la tierra sobre la erosión y sedimentación media. Se utilizó el método de las varillas de erosión para estimar las variables primarias de erosión y sedimentación media; y posteriormente, las variables derivadas erosión neta y movilidad del suelo, durante los meses de febrero a noviembre del año 2014. Los resultados de los valores de erosión media y movilidad del suelo en plantaciones de hule y tierra en barbecho presentaron relaciones directas r = 0.63 y r = 0.77 respectivamente. Los valores de sedimentación media y movilidad del suelo en bosque secundario y tierra en barbecho presentaron relaciones inversas r = -0.88 y r = -0.79 respectivamente, en ambos casos con 5% de significancia. Además, los resultados del análisis estadístico de la evaluación experimental del uso de la tierra sobre las variables de respuesta, indicaron efecto del uso de la tierra sobre la erosión media de los suelos en la época lluviosa, con 5% de significancia. En su orden, las plantaciones de hule, tierra en barbecho, agricultura anual y bosque secundario, causaron mayor erosión del suelo. Se concluyó que las plantaciones de hule causaron tasas de erosión del doble en relación a las reportadas en el bosque secundario.

The mayor and best land use in El Estor, Izabal is determined by rainfall patterns, topography and soil management. The erosion is the main process of soil degradation in this region, so the effect of different land uses on mean soil erosion and sedimentation were evaluated. The method of erosion rods was used to estimate the mean soil erosion and sedimentation, as primary variables, and then the resulting net soil erosion and soil mobility, as secondary variables, during the months of February to November 2014. The results of mean values of soil erosion and soil mobility in rubber plantations and fallow land had direct relations r = 0.63 and r = 0.77 respectively. The mean values of sedimentation and soil mobility in secondary forest and fallow land had inverse relationships r = -0.88 and r = -0.79 respectively, both with 5% significance. In addition, the statistical analysis of the experimental evaluation of the land use effect on the response variables, indicated effect of land use on mean soil erosion during the rainy season, with 5% significance. In its order, the rubber plantations, fallow land, agriculture and secondary forest causing increased soil erosion. It was concluded that rubber plantations caused double erosion rate compared to those reported in the secondary forest.

Historical land-cover/use in different slope and riparian buffer zones in watersheds of the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Information about the land cover of a region it is a key information for several purposes. This paper aimed to elaborate land-cover maps using digital satellite images obtained in 1997 from seven watersheds (Piracicaba, Moji-Guaçu, Alto Paranapanema, Turvo Aguapeí, Peixe, and São José dos Dourados) located in the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Additionaly, this study evaluated the relationship between land-cover and slopes of the terrain of the seven watersheds. A third objective was to estimate the percentage of riparian vegetation currently remaining along the streams in a 30-meter width buffer zone. Three research questions were posed: i) What is the dominant land-cover of these watersheds? ii) Is the riparian vegetation well preserved in the 30m width buffer zone? If not, iii) what is the dominant land-cover in these areas and what would be the cost of recovering such areas? Pasture was the predominant land-cover, occurring in approximately 50% of the entire study area, while sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) (14%) constituted the second most frequent land-cover. Approximately 50% of the area of the seven basins is considered flat (40%) or smoothly rolling (10%). The terrain only becomes hillier in the Piracicaba and Alto Paranapanema basins, where a little less than 50% have slopes higher than 8%. The total riparian buffer strip zone occupied an area equivalent to approximately 6,200 km². From this total, only 25% is preserved. Pasture is the main land-cover of the riparian buffer strip zone.

Informações sobre mudanças no uso e cobertura do solo são fundamentais para vários propósitos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar mapas de cobertura do solo usando imagens digitais obtidas por satélite no ano de 1997 nas seguintes bacias hidrográficas do Estado de São Paulo: Piracicaba, Moji-Guaçu, Alto Paranapanema, Turvo Aguapeí, Peixe, and São José dos Dourados. Adicionalmente, a relação entre a cobertura do solo e a declividade do terreno também foram investigadas. Um segundo objetivo foi estimar a proporção relativa de vegetação ripária considerando-se uma faixa de 30 metros em relação às margens dos corpos d'água. As três principais questões científicas deste artigo foram: i) Qual é a cobertura dominante do solo nas bacias hidrográficas abordadas? ii) As vegetações ripárias encontram-se bem preservadas ripária nas faixas dos 30 metros? Em caso negativo, iii) Qual é a cobertura do solo dominante nessas áreas? A cobertura do solo predominante nas bacias hidrográficas são as pastagens, ocorrendo em quase 50% de toda a área investigada. Seguem-se as plantações de cana-de-açúcar (14%) como sendo as coberturas do solo mais importantes. Aproximadamente metade da área das sete bacias foi considerada plana (40%) ou suavemente ondulada (10%). A área ripária considerando-se uma largura de 30 metros em relação às margens dos corpos d'água ocupa uma área aproximada de 6.200 km². Deste total, somente 25% encontram-se bem preservadas. Dentre as culturas, as pastagens ocupam a maior área na zona ripária. Nas bacias dos rios Moji-Guaçu e Piracicaba a cana-de-açúcar é a principal cultura invasora da zona ripária.

Historical land-cover/use in different slope and riparian buffer zones in watersheds of the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Information about the land cover of a region it is a key information for several purposes. This paper aimed to elaborate land-cover maps using digital satellite images obtained in 1997 from seven watersheds (Piracicaba, Moji-Guaçu, Alto Paranapanema, Turvo Aguapeí, Peixe, and São José dos Dourados) located in the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Additionaly, this study evaluated the relationship between land-cover and slopes of the terrain of the seven watersheds. A third objective was to estimate the percentage of riparian vegetation currently remaining along the streams in a 30-meter width buffer zone. Three research questions were posed: i) What is the dominant land-cover of these watersheds? ii) Is the riparian vegetation well preserved in the 30m width buffer zone? If not, iii) what is the dominant land-cover in these areas and what would be the cost of recovering such areas? Pasture was the predominant land-cover, occurring in approximately 50% of the entire study area, while sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) (14%) constituted the second most frequent land-cover. Approximately 50% of the area of the seven basins is considered flat (40%) or smoothly rolling (10%). The terrain only becomes hillier in the Piracicaba and Alto Paranapanema basins, where a little less than 50% have slopes higher than 8%. The total riparian buffer strip zone occupied an area equivalent to approximately 6,200 km². From this total, only 25% is preserved. Pasture is the main land-cover of the riparian buffer strip zone.

Informações sobre mudanças no uso e cobertura do solo são fundamentais para vários propósitos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar mapas de cobertura do solo usando imagens digitais obtidas por satélite no ano de 1997 nas seguintes bacias hidrográficas do Estado de São Paulo: Piracicaba, Moji-Guaçu, Alto Paranapanema, Turvo Aguapeí, Peixe, and São José dos Dourados. Adicionalmente, a relação entre a cobertura do solo e a declividade do terreno também foram investigadas. Um segundo objetivo foi estimar a proporção relativa de vegetação ripária considerando-se uma faixa de 30 metros em relação às margens dos corpos d'água. As três principais questões científicas deste artigo foram: i) Qual é a cobertura dominante do solo nas bacias hidrográficas abordadas? ii) As vegetações ripárias encontram-se bem preservadas ripária nas faixas dos 30 metros? Em caso negativo, iii) Qual é a cobertura do solo dominante nessas áreas? A cobertura do solo predominante nas bacias hidrográficas são as pastagens, ocorrendo em quase 50% de toda a área investigada. Seguem-se as plantações de cana-de-açúcar (14%) como sendo as coberturas do solo mais importantes. Aproximadamente metade da área das sete bacias foi considerada plana (40%) ou suavemente ondulada (10%). A área ripária considerando-se uma largura de 30 metros em relação às margens dos corpos d'água ocupa uma área aproximada de 6.200 km². Deste total, somente 25% encontram-se bem preservadas. Dentre as culturas, as pastagens ocupam a maior área na zona ripária. Nas bacias dos rios Moji-Guaçu e Piracicaba a cana-de-açúcar é a principal cultura invasora da zona ripária.