[Filamentous morphology: a new frontier for genetic modification of filamentous fungal cell factories].

Filamentous fungi are a group of eukaryotic microorganisms widely found in nature. Some filamentous fungi have been developed as "cell factories" and extensively used for the production of recombinant proteins, organic acids, and secondary metabolites due to their strong protein secretion capabilities or effective synthesis of many natural products. The growth morphology of filamentous fungi significantly influences the quality and quantity of fermented products. Previous research conducted by the authors' group revealed that an increase in hyphal branches leads to enhanced protein secretion during liquid fermentation. With the development of morphological engineering of filamentous fungi, an increasing number of studies have focused on modifying fungal mycelium morphology to improve the yield of target metabolites during fermentation. While there have been a few reviews on the relationship between fungal fermentation morphology and productivity, research in this area is rapidly developing and requires updates. The paper presents a comprehensive review of domestic and international research reports, along with the authors' own research findings, to systematically review the morphological patterns of filamentous fungi, the impact of fungal morphology on industrial fermentation, as well as methods and strategies for regulating mycelial morphology. The aim of this review is to enhance the understanding of relevant domestic scholars regarding the morphological development of filamentous fungi and provide ideas for the rational engineering of fungal strains suitable for industrial fermentation.

Characterization of the Molecular Events Underlying the Establishment of Axillary Meristem Region in Pepper.

Plant architecture is a major motif of plant diversity, and shoot branching patterns primarily determine the aerial architecture of plants. In this study, we identified an inbred pepper line with fewer lateral branches, 20C1734, which was free of lateral branches at the middle and upper nodes of the main stem with smooth and flat leaf axils. Successive leaf axil sections confirmed that in normal pepper plants, for either node n, Pn (Primordium n) < 1 cm and Pn+1 < 1 cm were the critical periods between the identification of axillary meristems and the establishment of the region, whereas Pn+3 < 1 cm was fully developed and formed a completely new organ. In 20C1734, the normal axillary meristematic tissue region establishment and meristematic cell identity confirmation could not be performed on the axils without axillary buds. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that "auxin-activated signaling pathway", "response to auxin", "response to abscisic acid", "auxin biosynthetic process", and the biosynthesis of the terms/pathways, such as "secondary metabolites", were differentially enriched in different types of leaf axils at critical periods of axillary meristem development. The accuracy of RNA-seq was verified using RT-PCR for some genes in the pathway. Several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to endogenous phytohormones were targeted, including several genes of the PINs family. The endogenous hormone assay showed extremely high levels of IAA and ABA in leaf axils without axillary buds. ABA content in particular was unusually high. At the same time, there is no regular change in IAA level in this type of leaf axils (normal leaf axils will be accompanied by AM formation and IAA content will be low). Based on this, we speculated that the contents of endogenous hormones IAA and ABA in 20C1734 plant increased sharply, which led to the abnormal expression of genes in related pathways, which affected the formation of Ams in leaf axils in the middle and late vegetative growth period, and finally, nodes without axillary buds and side branches appeared.

Effects of light spectrum on the morphophysiology and gene expression of lateral branching in Pepino (Solanum muricatum).

In the present study, we determined the morphological and physiological indicators of Pepino to elucidate its lateral branching responses to different light qualities using a full-spectrum lamp (F) as the control and eight different light ratios using blue light (B) and red light (R). In addition, correlation analysis revealed that the gene expression patterns correlated with lateral branching under various light treatments. Compared with the F treatment, the R treatment increased the plant height and inhibited the elongation of lateral branches, in contrast with the B treatment. The number of lateral branches did not change significantly under different light quality treatments. Moreover, correlation analysis showed that the ratio of blue light was significantly positively correlated with the length of lateral branches and significantly negatively correlated with plant height, aboveground dry weight, and other indicators. We conducted transcriptome sequencing of the sites of lateral branching at three periods under different light quality treatments. The gene related to photodynamic response, cryptochrome (CRY), was the most highly expressed under B treatment, negatively regulated lateral branch length, and positively correlated with plant height. Branched 1, a lateral branch regulation gene, was upregulated under R treatment and inhibited branching. Overall, the red light facilitated internode elongation, leaf area expansion, plant dry weight increase, and inhibition of lateral branching. Soluble sugar content increased, and the lateral branches elongated under blue light. Different light qualities regulated lateral branching by mediating different pathways involving strigolactones and CRY. Our findings laid a foundation for further clarifying the response mechanism of Pepino seedlings to light and provided a theoretical reference for elucidating the regulation of different light qualities on the lateral branching of Pepino.

A Retrospective Analysis of Sacroiliac Joint Pain Interventions: Intraarticular Steroid Injection and Lateral Branch Radiofrequency Neurotomy.

BACKGROUND: Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain is a common etiology of chronic lower back pain. Treatment of persistent sacroiliac joint pain may entail intraarticular steroid injections and lateral branch radiofrequency neurotomy. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the efficacy of SIJ intervention treatments by comparing intraarticular steroid injections with lateral branch radiofrequency neurotomy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: We reviewed electronic medical records of patients with SIJ pain at Massachusetts General Hospital from 2006  through 2016 and identified 354 patients who received 930 SIJ intraarticular  injections and 19 patients who received 41 SIJ lateral branch radiofrequency neurotomies. METHODS: The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) score for pain and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status were measured prior to intervention and on follow-up. A mixed effects model was used to evaluate the duration of treatment effect. RESULTS: Patients who received an SIJ intraarticular steroid injection reported lower pain scores following treatment with a mean (standard deviation) NRS reduction from 6.77 (2.25) to 2.72 (2.81). SIJ lateral branch radiofrequency neurotomy resulted in NRS reduction from 5.96 (2.39) to 3.54 (3.14). A linear mixed model analysis suggests SIJ intraarticular steroid injections provided an estimated mean (CI 95%) of 38 (30-46.3) days of pain relief. Lateral branch radiofrequency neurotomy provided 82 (39.4-124.8) days of pain relief. The mean preprocedure ECOG score was 1.22 for both interventions and trended toward improvement with a post SIJ intraarticular injection score of 1.05 and SIJ lateral branch radiofrequency neurotomy score of 1.03. LIMITATIONS: There was variable follow-up reporting among patients. The small size of the lateral branch radiofrequency cohort limited intergroup comparisons. CONCLUSION: Both SIJ intraarticular steroid injections and SIJ lateral branch radiofrequency neurotomy demonstrated significant pain relief for patients with SIJ pain. SIJ lateral branch radiofrequency neurotomy provided a longer duration of pain relief (82 days) versus SIJ intraarticular steroid injection (38 days).

Slow development allows redundant genes to restore the fertility of rpg1, a TGMS line in Arabidopsis.

Slow development has been shown to be a general mechanism to restore the fertility of thermo-sensitive and photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS and PGMS) lines in Arabidopsis. rpg1 is a TGMS line defective in primexine, which is essential for pollen wall pattern formation. Here, we showed that RPG1-GFP was highly expressed in microsporocytes, microspores, and pollen grains but not in the tapetum in the complemented transgenic line, suggesting that microsporocytes are the main sporophytic cells for primexine formation. Further cytological observations showed that primexine formation in rpg1 was partially restored under slow growth conditions, leading to its fertility restoration. RPG2 is the homolog of RPG1 in Arabidopsis. We revealed that the fertility recovery of rpg1 rpg2 was significantly reduced compared with that of rpg1 under low temperature. The RPG2-GFP protein was also expressed in microsporocytes in the RPG2-GFP (WT) transgenic line. These results suggest that RPG2 plays a redundant role in rpg1 fertility restoration. rpg1 plants were male sterile at the early growth stage, while their fertility was partially restored at the late developmental stage. The fertility of the rpg1 lateral branches was also partially restored. Further growth analysis showed that slow growth at the late reproductive stage or on the lateral branches led to fertility restoration. This work reveals the importance of gene redundancy in fertility restoration for TGMS lines and provides further insight into pollen wall pattern formation.

Sacroiliac Joint Diagnostic Block and Radiofrequency Ablation Techniques.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a potential treatment for those with sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain. There is no consensus on the optimal procedural techniques for SIJ diagnostic blocks, or RFA. This article describes different techniques for SIJ diagnostic blocks and RFA, including the relevant innervation that underlies these techniques. SIJ RFA techniques differ in important ways, including lesioning techniques, needle placements, and type of RFA cannula used. Clinicians utilize a variety of image guidance modalities for SIJ RFA; fluoroscopic guidance is standard, although endoscopic and ultrasound-guided techniques are described. Additional studies are necessary to delineate potential differences between SIJ RFA techniques.

Bract suppression regulated by the miR156/529-SPLs-NL1-PLA1 module is required for the transition from vegetative to reproductive branching in rice.

Reproductive transition of grasses is characterized by switching the pattern of lateral branches, featuring the suppression of outgrowth of the subtending leaves (bracts) and rapid formation of higher-order branches in the inflorescence (panicle). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying such changes remain largely unknown. Here, we show that bract suppression is required for the reproductive branching in rice. We identified a pathway involving the intrinsic time ruler microRNA156/529, their targets SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE (SPL) genes, NECK LEAF1 (NL1), and PLASTOCHRON1 (PLA1), which regulates the bract outgrowth and thus affects the pattern switch between vegetative and reproductive branching. Suppression of the bract results in global reprogramming of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility following the reproductive transition, while these processes are largely dysregulated in the mutants of these genes. These discoveries contribute to our understanding of the dynamic plant architecture and provide novel insights for improving crop yields.

The miR164-GhCUC2-GhBRC1 module regulates plant architecture through abscisic acid in cotton.

Branching determines cotton architecture and production, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report that the miR164-GhCUC2 (CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON2) module regulates lateral shoot development in cotton and Arabidopsis. We generated OE-GhCUC2m (overexpression GhCUC2m) and STTM164 (short tandem target mimic RNA of miR164) lines in cotton and heterologous expression lines for gh-miR164, GhCUC2 and GhCUC2m in Arabidopsis to study the mechanisms controlling lateral branching. GhCUC2m overexpression resulted in a short-branch phenotype similar to STTM164. In addition, heterologous expression of GhCUC2m led to decreased number and length of branches compared with wild type, opposite to the effects of the OE-gh-pre164 line in Arabidopsis. GhCUC2 interacted with GhBRC1 and exhibited similar negative regulation of branching. Overexpression of GhBRC1 in the brc1-2 mutant partially rescued the mutant phenotype and decreased branch number. GhBRC1 directly bound to the NCED1 promoter and activated its transcription, leading to local abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and response. Mutation of the NCED1 promoter disrupted activation by GhBRC1. This finding demonstrates a direct relationship between BRC1 and ABA signalling and places ABA downstream of BRC1 in the control of branching development. The miR164-GhCUC2-GhBRC1-GhNCED1 module provides a clear regulatory axis for ABA signalling to control plant architecture.

The Rhesus Macaque Serves As a Model for Human Lateral Branch Nephrogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Most nephrons are added in late gestation. Truncated extrauterine nephrogenesis in premature infants results in fewer nephrons and significantly increased risk for CKD in adulthood. To overcome the ethical and technical difficulties associated with studies of late-gestation human fetal kidney development, third-trimester rhesus macaques served as a model to understand lateral branch nephrogenesis (LBN) at the molecular level. METHODS: Immunostaining and 3D rendering assessed morphology. Single-cell (sc) and single-nucleus (sn) RNA-Seq were performed on four cortically enriched fetal rhesus kidneys of 129-131 days gestational age (GA). An integrative bioinformatics strategy was applied across single-cell modalities, species, and time. RNAScope validation studies were performed on human archival tissue. RESULTS: Third-trimester rhesus kidney undergoes human-like LBN. scRNA-Seq of 23,608 cells revealed 37 transcriptionally distinct cell populations, including naïve nephron progenitor cells (NPCs), with the prior noted marker genes CITED1, MEOX1, and EYA1 (c25). These same populations and markers were reflected in snRNA-Seq of 5972 nuclei. Late-gestation rhesus NPC markers resembled late-gestation murine NPC, whereas early second-trimester human NPC markers aligned to midgestation murine NPCs. New, age-specific rhesus NPCs (SHISA8) and ureteric buds (POU3F4 and TWIST) predicted markers were verified in late-gestation human archival samples. CONCLUSIONS: Rhesus macaque is the first model of bona fide LBN, enabling molecular studies of late gestation, human-like nephrogenesis. These molecular findings support the hypothesis that aging nephron progenitors have a distinct molecular signature and align to their earlier human counterparts, with unique markers highlighting LBN-specific progenitor maturation.

The SlTCP26 promoting lateral branches development in tomato.

KEY MESSAGE: The SlTCP26 negatively regulated auxin signal to relieve the apical dominance and suppressed abscisic acid signal to remove the lateral bud dormancy, promoting lateral branches development. Lateral branches formation from lateral buds is a complex regulatory process in higher plants, and the interaction between transcription factors and hormones is indispensable during this process. TCP transcription factors have been reported to regulate lateral branches development, while the detailed function, especially interacting with auxin and ABA during this process, was still ambiguous in tomato. In this study, a branch regulatory gene, SlTCP26, was identified in tomato, and its role along with its interaction to hormones during branch development, as investigated. The results indicated that overexpression of SlTCP26 would promote lateral branches development, and could suppress the expressing of the genes associated with IAA signaling, presenting similar effects in decapitated plants. Conversely, the exogenous IAA application could inhibit the expression of SlTCP26. Furthermore, the expressing of the ABA signaling-related genes was inhibited in SlTCP26 overexpressed tomato, similar to that in decapitated tomato. Our findings suggested that SlTCP26 may be a crucial adjuster for synergistic action between ABA and IAA signals during the development of lateral branches, and it could promote the lateral buds grow into lateral shoots, via inhibiting IAA signal to relieve the apical dominance and suppressing ABA signal to remove the lateral bud dormancy. Our study provided some insights for the development of tomato lateral branches to understand the apical dominance regulatory network.

Excision and clinical application of ALTPF based on lateral branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery descending branch / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the removal of ALTPF pedicled with the lateral branch of the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery and its application in wound repair.Methods:From January, 2019 to March, 2021, 32 cases of limb wounds were repaired with ALTPF pedicled with the lateral branch of the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery, including 25 males and 7 females. The age ranged from 21 to 63 years, with an average of 34 years. Injury mechanism: there were 12 cases of traffic accident injury, 8 cases of machine injury, 6 cases of heavy object crushing injury and 6 cases of chronic infectious wound. The area of soft tissue defect was 8.2 cm × 6.3 cm-18.6 cm × 11.2 cm. There were 25 cases of direct suture and 7 cases of free skin grafting. All patients who needed flap repair underwent CTA and high-frequency CDU before operation to judge the approximate direction of the lateral branch of the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery and the position of the perforating branch. All patients were followed-up regularly for 3 - 13 months, with an average of 11 months.Results:All patients who underwent free flap surgery had no vascular crisis and the flap survived smoothly. At the last follow-up, the appearance of the flap was beautiful without bloating and there were no complications in the donor area.Conclusion:Compared with the traditional ALTPF, the perforator flap of the lateral branch of the descending branch of the anterolateral femoral artery is relatively simple, which can replace the traditional ALTPF to a certain extent, and is worthy of popularization and application in clinic.

Columnar growth phenotype in apple results from gibberellin deficiency by ectopic expression of a dioxygenase gene.

The apple cultivar McIntosh Wijcik, which is a mutant of 'McIntosh', exhibits a columnar growth phenotype (short internodes, few lateral branches, many spurs, etc.) that is controlled by a dominant Co gene. The candidate gene (MdDOX-Co), encoding a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, is located adjacent to an insertion mutation. Non-columnar apples express MdDOX-Co in the roots, whereas columnar apples express MdDOX-Co in the aerial parts as well as in the roots. However, the function of MdDOX-Co remains unknown. Here, we characterized tobacco plants overexpressing MdDOX-Co. The tobacco plants showed the typical dwarf phenotype, which was restored by application of gibberellin A3 (GA3). Moreover, the dwarf tobacco plants had low concentrations of endogenous bioactive gibberellin A1 (GA1) and gibberellin A4 (GA4). Similarly, 'McIntosh Wijcik' contained low endogenous GA4 concentration and its dwarf traits (short main shoot and internodes) were partially reversed by GA3 application. These results indicate that MdDOX-Co is associated with bioactive GA deficiency. Interestingly, GA3 application to apple trees also resulted in an increased number of lateral branches and a decrease in flower bud number, indicating that gibberellin (GA) plays important roles in regulating apple tree architecture by affecting both lateral branch formation (vegetative growth) and flower bud formation (reproductive growth). We propose that a deficiency of bioactive GA by ectopic expression of MdDOX-Co in the aerial parts of columnar apples not only induces dwarf phenotypes but also inhibits lateral branch development and promotes flower bud formation, and assembly of these multiple phenotypes constructs the columnar tree form.

Natural Genetic Variation Underlying Tiller Development in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L).

In barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), lateral branches called tillers contribute to grain yield and define shoot architecture, but genetic control of tiller number and developmental rate are not well characterized. The primary objectives of this work were to examine relationships between tiller number and other agronomic and morphological traits and identify natural genetic variation associated with tiller number and rate, and related traits. We grew 768 lines from the USDA National Small Grain Collection in the field and collected data over two years for tiller number and rate, and agronomic and morphological traits. Our results confirmed that spike row-type and days to heading are correlated with tiller number, and as much as 28% of tiller number variance was associated with these traits. In addition, negative correlations between tiller number and leaf width and stem diameter were observed, indicating trade-offs between tiller development and other vegetative growth. Thirty-three quantitative trait loci (QTL) were associated with tiller number or rate. Of these, 40% overlapped QTL associated with days to heading and 22% overlapped QTL associated with spike row-type, further supporting that tiller development is associated with these traits. Some QTL associated with tiller number or rate, including the major QTL on chromosome 3H, were not associated with other traits, suggesting that some QTL may be directly related to rate of tiller development or axillary bud number. These results enhance our knowledge of the genetic control of tiller development in barley, which is important for optimizing tiller number and rate for yield improvement.

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis Presenting as an Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, formerly Churg-Strauss Syndrome, is an uncommon disorder that carries a high mortality when coronary artery disease develops. Early recognition and treatment is crucial. We highlight an unusual presentation of acute coronary syndrome not associated with atherosclerotic coronary disease. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Clinical application of the lateral branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery in the anterolateral thigh perforator flap / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective To investigate the feasibility and technique of using the anterolateral thigh perforator flap pedicled with the lateral branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LBLCFA) to repair soft tissue defect of extremities.Methods Eighty-six cases of anterolateral thigh perforator flap transplantation were performed from May,2014 to May,2018.A total of 37 cases of soft tissue defect of extremities were treated by anterolateral thigh perforator flap used the LBLCFA as vascular pedicle,of which there were 19 cases of upper limbs and 18 of lower limbs.There were 27 cases of defects caused by trauma,and 10 by soft tissue tumor resection.The flaps were designed centering around the point proximal to the midpoint of the iliac-patellar line.The dimensions of soft tissue defect were from 9.0 cm×6.0 cm to 26.0 cm×10.0 cm,and the flap were from 10.0 cm×7.0 cm to 27.0 cm×11.0 cm.The length of vascular pedicle ranged of 7.0-13.0 cm,with an average of 11.5 cm.The donor sites were directly sutured.All of the patients were followed-up regularly in the outpatient department.Results All the flaps survived and the donor sites were primarily healed.Of these 37 cases,2 trauma patients and 2 patients treated with local radiotherapy had poor wound healing,but still healed after multiple dressing changes.All the patients were followed-up for 3-26 months,with an average of 13 months.The texture,color and elasticity of the flap were similar to the surrounding tissue of the recipient sites,while only a linear scar remained at the donor sites.Ten tumor patients were treated with routine radiotherapy and chemotherapy after the repairation;there was no tumor recurrence during the follow-up period.Conclusion The LBLCFA gives off a relatively large and thick perforator proximal 5.0-7.0 cm of the iliacpatellar line,which locates in the upper lateral side,travels parallel to the vastus lateralis,and give off the skin and muscular perforators.The lateral branch can be used as pedicle to make into perforator flap or chimeric flap,which provides a novel selection of vascular pedicel for anterolateral thigh perforator flap.When the descending branch does not provide a thick and large perforator,the LBLCFA has important practical value and is worth utilizing in the clinic.

Deep brain stimulation of the supero-lateral branch of the medial forebrain bundle does not lead to changes in personality in patients suffering from severe depression.

BACKGROUND: Reports of changes in patients' social behavior during deep brain stimulation (DBS) raised the question whether DBS induces changes in personality. This study explored if (1) DBS is associated with changes in personality in patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression (TRD), (2) how personality dimensions and depression are associated, and (3) if TRD patients' self-ratings of personality are valid. METHODS: TRD patients were assessed before DBS (n = 30), 6 months (t2, n = 21), 2 (t3, n = 17) and 5 years (t4, n = 11) after the initiation of DBS of the supero-lateral branch of the medial forebrain bundle (slMFB-DBS). Personality was measured with the NEO-Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), depression severity with Hamilton (HDRS), and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). RESULTS: Personality dimensions did not change with slMFB-DBS compared with baseline. Extraversion was negatively correlated with HDRS28 (r = -0.48, p < 0.05) and MADRS (r = -0.45, p < 0.05) at t2. Inter-rater reliability was high for the NEO-FFI at baseline (Cronbach's α = 0.74) and at t4 (α = 0.65). Extraversion [t(29) = -5.20; p < 0.001] and openness to experience [t(29) = -6.96; p < 0.001] differed statistically significant from the normative sample, and did not predict the antidepressant response. CONCLUSIONS: slMFB-DBS was not associated with a change in personality. The severity of depression was associated with extraversion. Personality of TRD patients differed from the healthy population and did not change with response, indicating a possible scar effect. Self-ratings of personality seem valid to assess personality during TRD.

Sacroiliac Joint Interventions.

Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain is an important cause of lower back problems. Multiple SIJ injection techniques have been proposed over the years to help in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. However, the SIJ innervation is complex and variable, and truly intra-articular injections are sometimes difficult to obtain. Different sacroiliac joint injections have shown to provide pain relief in patients suffering this ailment. Various techniques for intraarticular injections, sacral branch blocks and radiofrequency ablation, both fluoroscopy guided and ultrasound guided are discussed in this paper. Less common techniques like prolotherapy, platelet rich plasma injections and botulism toxin injections are also discussed.

Appropriate Use Criteria for Fluoroscopically Guided Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sacroiliac Interventions: Results from the Spine Intervention Society Convened Multispecialty Collaborative.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of a multisociety effort to formulate appropriate use criteria for image-guided injections and radiofrequency procedures in the diagnosis and treatment of sacroiliac joint and posterior sacroiliac complex pain. METHODS: The Spine Intervention Society convened a multisociety effort to guide physicians and define for payers the appropriate use of image-guided injections and radiofrequency procedures. An evidence panel was established to write systematic reviews, define key terms and assumptions, and develop clinical scenarios to be addressed. The rating panel considered the evidence presented in the systematic reviews, carefully reviewed the definitions and assumptions, and rated the clinical scenarios. Final median ratings, in combination with the level of agreement, determined the final ratings for the appropriate use of sacroiliac injections and radiofrequency neurotomy. RESULTS: More than 10,000 scenarios were addressed in the appropriate use criteria and are housed within five modules in the portal, available on the Spine Intervention Society website: Module 1: Clinical Indications and Imaging; Module 2: Anticoagulants; Module 3: Timing of Injections; Module 4: Number of Injections; and Module 5: Lateral Branch Radiofrequency Neurotomy. Within several of these modules, several issues of interest are identified and discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians and payers can access the appropriate use criteria portal on the Spine Intervention Society's website and select specific clinical indications for a particular patient in order to learn more about the appropriateness of the intervention(s) under consideration.

Overexpression of herbaceous peony miR156e-3p improves anthocyanin accumulation in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lateral branches.

microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical regulatory roles in plant growth and development. In the present study, the function of herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) miR156e-3p in the regulation of color formation has been investigated. Firstly, P. lactiflora miR156e-3p precursor sequence (pre-miR156e-3p) was isolated. Subsequently, the overexpression vector of pre-miR156e-3p was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, the medium screening, GUS staining, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the GUS region and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) of miR156e-3p all confirmed that the purpose gene had been successfully transferred into Arabidopsis plants and expressed, which resulted in apparent purple lateral branches. And this change in color was caused by the improved anthocyanin accumulation. In addition, expression analysis had shown that the level of miR156e-3p transcript was increased, while transcription level of target gene squamosa promoter binding protein-like gene (SPL1), encoding SPL transcription factor that negatively regulated anthocyanin accumulation, was repressed in miR156e-3p-overexpressing transgenic plants, and its downstream gene dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene (DFR) that was directly involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis was strongly expressed, which resulted in anthocyanin accumulation of Arabidopsis lateral branches. These findings would improve the understanding of miRNAs regulation of color formation in P. lactiflora.

Role of sonography in the diagnosis and treatment of a ganglion cyst compressing the lateral branch of deep peroneal nerve.

Selective compression neuropathy of the lateral branch of the deep peroneal nerve is rare. A 55-year-old woman with ankle instability and mild weakness of extension of the toes was examined with sonography (US), which revealed the presence of a ganglion cyst compressing selectively the lateral branch of the deep peroneal nerve. US-guided aspiration of the cyst resulted in nerve decompression and progressive resolution of symptoms. This case demonstrates the importance of examining the deep peroneal nerve and its branches when performing US in the clinical setting of ankle instability. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:108-111, 2017.