Causes of childhood blindness in a developing country and an underdeveloped country.

INTRODUCTION: The causes of childhood blindness depend on factors such as geographic location or the human development index of the populations under study. The main causes in developed countries are genetic and hereditary diseases, while infectious and contagious diseases, together with nutritional and vitamin deficiencies, are the main causes in underdeveloped countries (UDCs). METHODS: Study of the causes of blindness among children admitted to a regional centre in Nador, Morocco, and among children in Mekele, Ethiopia. The study was carried out in collaboration with two non-governmental organizations based in Madrid, Spain. First, we worked with Fudación Adelias in June 2010, and with Proyecto Visión in October 2012. RESULTS: The study comprised a total of 27 children in Morocco and 85 in Ethiopia. The average age of the children was 10.92 and 6.94 years, respectively. The main causes of blindness in Morocco were hereditary pathologies (25.92%) and refractive errors (14.82%), although trauma (7.40%) and corneal disease (7.40%) are relevant. Among the children from Ethiopia, corneal disease (27.05%) and trauma (20%) were the main causes of blindness, while congenital and hereditary diseases had a lower prevalence (4.70%). CONCLUSIONS: The causes of blindness depend on the human development index of the populations under study. While corneal disease and trauma are the main causes observed in UDCs like Ethiopia, hereditary pathologies and refractive errors are the main causes within the Moroccan population studied. A mixed form can be observed in this country, as the cause of blindness found in developed countries, such as congenital and hereditary pathologies which are present alongside the causes normally found in LDCs.

Figuras psíquicas do trauma: uma leitura lacaniana / Trauma’s psychic figures: a lacanian interpretation / Les figures psychiques du traumatisme: une lecture lacanienne

A partir da escuta psicanalítica a pacientes vítimas de traumatismos corporais, este artigo interroga as figuras psíquicas que se inscreveriam para esses sujeitos, para além do trauma físico. Discute-se a definição do trauma para a medicina e para a psicanálise e de que modo esta noção convoca uma discussão sobre a urgência subjetiva. Algumas hipóteses são esboçadas: se o trauma psíquico se inscreve nesta situação, de trauma físico, poderíamos considerá-lo na ordem da repetição, da fantasia ou do gozo? Como os sujeitos respondem a essa inscrição física permeada pelo psíquico? Podemos dizer que o trauma é um conceito eminentemente freudiano, na medida em que adquire importância considerável em sua obra. Em Lacan é, sobretudo, o conceito de real que nos fornece o enquadre teórico a partir do qual podemos pensar o trauma como inassimilável.

From the psychoanalytic listening patients victim of physical trauma, this article researches what psychic figures would arise for these subjects, beyond the physical trauma. Discusses the definition of trauma for medicine and for psychoanalysis and in which way this notion convenes a discussion about the subjective urgency. Some hypotheses are sketched: if the psychic trauma inscribes itself in this situation of physical trauma, we could consider it in the order of repetition, fantasy or of enjoyment? How the subjects respond to this physical inscription permeated by the psychic? We can say that the trauma is a eminently freudian concept, in the extent that it acquires considerable importance in his work. In Lacan it is, especially, the concept of real that provides us with the theoretical framework from which we can think trauma as non-assailable.

De l'écoute psychanalytique de patients souffrant de lésions corporelles, cet article examine les chiffres psychiques qui s'inscrivent pour ces sujets, au delà des traumatismes physiques. Il traite de la définition d'un traumatisme à la médecine et pour la psychanalyse et comment cette notion engendre un débat d'urgence subjective. Quelques hypothèses sont présentées: le traumatisme psychique est inscrit dans cette situation, les traumatismes physiques, nous pourrions considérer de l’ordre de la répétition, fantaisie ou la jouissance? Comment les sujets répondent à cette inscription physique envahie par le psychique? Nous pouvons dire que le traumatisme est un concept éminemment freudien, en ce sens qu'il revêt une importance considérable dans son travail. Chez Lacan, c’est, avant tout, la notion de réel qui nous donne le cadre théorique à partir de duquel nous pouvons penser à un traumatisme comme étant inassimilable.

Figuras psíquicas do trauma: uma leitura lacaniana / Trauma’s psychic figures: a lacanian interpretation / Les figures psychiques du traumatisme: une lecture lacanienne

A partir da escuta psicanalítica a pacientes vítimas de traumatismos corporais, este artigo interroga as figuras psíquicas que se inscreveriam para esses sujeitos, para além do trauma físico. Discute-se a definição do trauma para a medicina e para a psicanálise e de que modo esta noção convoca uma discussão sobre a urgência subjetiva. Algumas hipóteses são esboçadas: se o trauma psíquico se inscreve nesta situação, de trauma físico, poderíamos considerá-lo na ordem da repetição, da fantasia ou do gozo? Como os sujeitos respondem a essa inscrição física permeada pelo psíquico? Podemos dizer que o trauma é um conceito eminentemente freudiano, na medida em que adquire importância considerável em sua obra. Em Lacan é, sobretudo, o conceito de real que nos fornece o enquadre teórico a partir do qual podemos pensar o trauma como inassimilável

From the psychoanalytic listening patients victim of physical trauma, this article researches what psychic figures would arise for these subjects, beyond the physical trauma. Discusses the definition of trauma for medicine and for psychoanalysis and in which way this notion convenes a discussion about the subjective urgency. Some hypotheses are sketched: if the psychic trauma inscribes itself in this situation of physical trauma, we could consider it in the order of repetition, fantasy or of enjoyment? How the subjects respond to this physical inscription permeated by the psychic? We can say that the trauma is a eminently freudian concept, in the extent that it acquires considerable importance in his work. In Lacan it is, especially, the concept of real that provides us with the theoretical framework from which we can think trauma as non-assailable

De l'écoute psychanalytique de patients souffrant de lésions corporelles, cet article examine les chiffres psychiques qui s'inscrivent pour ces sujets, au delà des traumatismes physiques. Il traite de la définition d'un traumatisme à la médecine et pour la psychanalyse et comment cette notion engendre un débat d'urgence subjective. Quelques hypothèses sont présentées: le traumatisme psychique est inscrit dans cette situation, les traumatismes physiques, nous pourrions considérer de l’ordre de la répétition, fantaisie ou la jouissance? Comment les sujets répondent à cette inscription physique envahie par le psychique? Nous pouvons dire que le traumatisme est un concept éminemment freudien, en ce sens qu'il revêt une importance considérable dans son travail. Chez Lacan, c’est, avant tout, la notion de réel qui nous donne le cadre théorique à partir de duquel nous pouvons penser à un traumatisme comme étant inassimilable.