Designing Patient-Reported Measures of Fertility: Cognitive Interview Findings from Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer.

Purpose: Fertility concerns (FC) are central to the well-being of many adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors. Clinical conversations about FC and fertility preservation are suboptimal, increasing patient distress. The goal of this project was to establish content validity and comprehensibility of self-report questions on FCs for AYAs with cancer. Methods: Following best practices, we conducted: (1) item identification, refinement, and generation; (2) translatability and reading level review; and (3) cognitive interviews. Items were reviewed by five AYAs in each round of cognitive interviews. Results: A systematic search yielded 63 measures and 873 items. Fifty items were subsequently modified to enhance clarity and relevance, representing subdomains of psychological and social/relational FC. Flesch-Kincaid analysis found 31 items written above the 6th grade level, which were subsequently revised. Translatability review resulted in the modification of 3 items. During cognitive interviews, 76% of AYAs found items easy to answer with 52% describing them as "very easy" and 24% as "somewhat easy." Sixty percent of participants indicated the items captured their experiences. The majority of those who reported items only somewhat reflected or did not reflect their experiences suggested items were simply not applicable for their particular case. Conclusion: This study is a critical step toward the foundation for an FC measurement system that is reliable, flexible, developmentally appropriate, comprehensible, translatable, and interpretable. Subsequent steps include psychometric testing to examine the construct validity and reliability of the FC items and calibration to enable the application of computer-adaptive testing and short form development. The evaluation will include potential item response bias by age range, gender identity, and race/ethnicity.

Development of the Technical Assistance Engagement Scale: a modified Delphi study.

BACKGROUND: Technical assistance (TA) is a tailored approach to capacity building that is commonly used to support implementation of evidence-based interventions. Despite its widespread applications, measurement tools for assessing critical components of TA are scant. In particular, the field lacks an expert-informed measure for examining relationship quality between TA providers and recipients. TA relationships are central to TA and significantly associated with program implementation outcomes. The current study seeks to address the gap in TA measurement tools by providing a scale for assessing TA relationships. METHODS: We utilized a modified Delphi approach involving two rounds of Delphi surveys and a panel discussion with TA experts to garner feedback and consensus on the domains and items that compose the TA Engagement Scale. RESULTS: TA experts represented various U.S. organizations and TA roles (e.g., provider, recipient, researcher) with 25 respondents in the first survey and 26 respondents in the second survey. The modified Delphi process resulted in a scale composed of six domains and 22 items relevant and important to TA relationships between providers and recipients. CONCLUSION: The TA Engagement Scale is a formative evaluation tool intended to offer TA providers the ability to identify strengths and areas for growth in the provider-recipient relationship and to communicate about ongoing needs. As a standard measurement tool, it lends a step toward more systematic collection of TA data, the ability to generate a more coherent body of TA evidence, and enables comparisons of TA relationships across settings.

Mental health among Hispanic college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Concurrent and predictive effects of negative and positive COVID-19 changes.

Objective: We generated items to assess COVID-19 changes among Hispanic college students and examined the concurrent and predictive effects of these changes vis-à-vis mental health. Participants: The sample consisted of 559 Hispanic first-year (69% women; age range 18-22; 88.1% U.S.-born; 84% Mexican/Mexican American) attending a public university in Texas. Methods: Students participated in a three-wave longitudinal online survey assessing stressors, COVID-19 changes, anxious and depressive symptoms, hope, and self-esteem. Results: Students experienced negative changes across six life domains as a result of the pandemic-related lockdowns: education; health; relationships; finances; social issues; death/loss. They also reported positive changes during the lockdowns. Negative changes were positively correlated with higher, and positive changes with lower, acculturative and perceived stress. Negative COVID-19 changes predicted lower mental health. Conclusions: Hispanic students experienced both negative and positive COVID-19 changes, which were related to their mental health. Results can guide research and decision-making during future pandemics.

Development and Validation of the Sexual and Negative Dating Inventory (SANDI): A Measure of Dating and Sexual Protective Behaviors.

Adverse sexual experiences are highly prevalent among college students and associated with increased mental health symptoms and decreased use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS). The current study developed and validated a measure of dating and sexual PBS: the Sexual and Negative Dating Inventory (SANDI). Participants (64.28% female, 19.59 [2.90 SD] years old, 68.90% non-Hispanic, 71.42% white, and 76.06% heterosexual) responded to baseline (n = 1,298) and one-month (n = 336) surveys. Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling identified a 24-item measure with five-factors: Location Sharing, Assertiveness, Self-Protection, Risk Reduction, and Privacy. The model revealed good fit: χ2(242) = 2115.52, p < .001, CFI = .977, RMSEA = .077 (90% CI = .074, .080), SRMR = .043. Test-retest reliability revealed acceptable reliability of 0.74 at follow-up. Overall, SANDI showed acceptable reliability and adequate convergent and discriminant validity among college students.

Factor structure and reliability of the symptom measurement of post-stroke depression in the rehabilitation stage.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of Post Stroke Depression (PSD) in the Rehabilitation Stage is high, which can bring serious physical and psychological disorders to patients. However, there is still a lack of targeted tools for screening PSD in the rehabilitation stage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the factor structure and reliability of a measurement instrument to screen for PSD in the rehabilitation stage. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 780 hospitalized stroke patients who were within the rehabilitation stage from May to August 2020. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as well as first- and second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to evaluate the factor structure of the newly developed Symptom Measurement of Post-Stroke Depression in the Rehabilitation Stage (SMPSD-RS). The reliability and validity of the SMPSD-RS were also verified using several statistical methods. RESULTS: EFA extracted a 24-item, five-factor (cognition, sleep, behavior, emotion, and obsession) model that can clinically explain the symptoms of PSD during the rehabilitation stage. A first-order CFA confirmed the EFA model with good model fit indices, and the second-order CFA further confirmed the five-factor structure model and showed acceptable model fit indices. Acceptable reliability and validity were also achieved by the corresponding indicators. CONCLUSION: The SMPSD-RS was proven to have a stable factor structure and was confirmed to be reliable and valid for assessing PSD symptoms in stroke patients during the rehabilitation stage.

An Initial Psychometric Evaluation of a Novel Upper Extremity Pediatric Stroke Hemiplegic Motor Impairment Scale.

BACKGROUND: Our team designed an innovative, observation-based motor impairment measure-the Pediatric Stroke Hemiplegic Motor Impairment Scale (Pedi HEMIs). Here we present the results of a survey describing common practices in the pediatric stroke community and the initial psychometric properties of the upper extremity subscale of the Pedi HEMIs (Pedi HEMIs-UE). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study whereby participants completed a battery of assessments including the novel Pedi HEMIs-UE. Internal consistency was measured via Cronbach alpha (α). Intraclass correlation (ICC) was used to assess inter-rater reliability (IRR). Concurrent validity was investigated using Pearson or polychoric correlations and simple linear regressions. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 18 children aged 1.08 to 15 years. Two participants completed two sets of evaluations, totaling 20 data sets. Cronbach α, a measure of internal consistency, was on average 0.91 (range: 0.89 to 0.92). IRR was excellent with the six raters in almost perfect agreement (ICC = 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83 to 0.96). Pearson correlation coefficient between the Pedi HEMIs-UE and logit Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA)/mini-AHA was -0.938 (95% CI: -0.979 to -0.827, P < 0.001), indicating excellent concurrent validity. CONCLUSIONS: We found excellent feasibility, reliability, and validity of the Pedi HEMIs-UE in a convenience sample of youth with hemiparesis after stroke.

Measuring leadership in sport: Development and validation of the Identity Leadership Inventory - Youth (ILI-Y).

The social identity approach to leadership posits that leaders' effectiveness depends on their ability to represent, advance, create, and embed a shared sense of social identity among their followers. Although significant progress has been made in investigating the benefits of identity leadership in adult sports, research in youth sports is still in its infancy. One reason is the lack of a youth-centric inventory that adequately measures identity leadership in this population. To bridge this gap, we developed and validated a long (16 items) and short (5 items) version of the Identity Leadership Inventory for Youth Sport (ILI-Y or ILI-Y-Short-Form) through five studies conducted in three phases of research. Data were primarily collected in football in the United Kingdom, involving a total of 1096 participants. Results of Phase I of this study provided little to no evidence that the ILI - originally developed for adults - was understandable (Study 1) and had factor validity and internal consistency (Study 2) in a sample of youth athletes. Therefore, in Phase II, the ILI was revised, leading to the development of the ILI-Y, which was understandable for youth athletes (Study 3). Results from Phase II (Study 4) also indicated that the ILI-Y exhibited a unidimensional factor structure, which was subsequently confirmed in Phase III (Study 5). This last phase offered additional evidence for the discriminant, criterion, and incremental validity of the ILI-Y and its short form, along with their measurement invariance across genders and age groups, and internal consistency. This study provides sports psychology researchers and practitioners with a valid measure to assess identity leadership in youth sports.

When better is the enemy of good: two cautionary tales of conceptual validity versus parsimony in clinical psychometric research.

This paper presents an empirical challenge to the assumption that an item-response theory analysis always yields a better measure of a clinical construct. We summarize results from two measurement development studies that showed that such an analysis lost important content reflecting the conceptual model ("conceptual validity"). The cost of parsimony may thus be too high. Conceptual models that form the foundation of QOL measurement reflect the patient's experience. This experience may include concepts and items that are psychometrically "redundant" but capture distinct features of the concept. Good measurement is likely a balance between relying on IRT's quantitative metrics and recognizing the importance of conceptual validity and clinical utility.

A case study of pragmatic measure development of the Treatment Integrity for Elementary Settings self-report measure for teachers.

Introduction: Due to usability, feasibility, and acceptability concerns, observational treatment fidelity measures are often challenging to deploy in schools. Teacher self-report fidelity measures with specific design features might address some of these barriers. This case study outlines a community-engaged, iterative process to adapt the observational Treatment Integrity for Elementary Settings (TIES-O) to a teacher self-report version designed to assess the use of practices to support children's social-emotional competencies in elementary classrooms. Method: Cognitive walkthrough interviews were conducted with teachers to improve the usability of the teacher self-report measure, called the Treatment Integrity for Elementary Schools-Teacher Report (TIES-T). Qualitative content analysis was used to extract themes from the interviews and inform changes to the measure. Results: Increasing clarity and interactive elements in the measure training were the dominant themes, but suggestions for the measure format and jargon were also suggested. Conclusion: The suggested changes resulted in a brief measure, training, and feedback system designed to support the teacher's use of practices to support children's social-emotional competencies in elementary classrooms. Future research with the TIES-T will examine the score reliability and validity of the measure.

Collecting observational data in schools is challenging, so developing teacher self-report measures and involving teachers in the design process is important to help make them easier to use. This paper reports on the development of a teacher self-report measure designed to collect information about the instructional practices teachers deliver to promote positive student behavior.

Developing and Psychometric Testing a Health Care Transition Service Measure in the National Survey of Children's Health.

OBJECTIVE: Access to health care transition (HCT) services has been included in national surveys for 20 years. While dozens of studies have assessed HCT, no study has examined the model fit of the HCT questions or psychometric properties of the measure. We utilized National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) data to develop and test a comprehensive HCT measure. METHODS: We utilized NSCH data (2016-19) to examine the model fit of 9 HCT questions. The new measure's psychometric properties were assessed by comparing it to theoretically similar and divergent variables including receiving care coordination/help, shared-decision making, satisfaction with communication, preventative dental care, and volunteer experience. RESULTS: An exploratory factor analysis and item culling yielded 8 items addressing 3 subscales. A confirmatory factor analysis on separate data confirmed the identified subscales. A dichotomous and continuous scale was created with subscales including Guidance Toward Independence, Adequate Clinic Visit, and Continuity of Care Discussions. Model fit was excellent with an Eigenvalue of 1.08% and 89% variance explained in exploratory factor analysis and a Goodness of Fit index of 0.97 in confirmatory factor analysis. Examination of initial reliability and content and criterion validity indicated high reliability and validity for the scale and subscales. CONCLUSIONS: This was the first study to examine the psychometric properties of the HCT measure in the NSCH. The HCT measure identified in this study assesses providers' use of care plans, promotion of independence, clinic visit quality, and transfer assistance. This measure will be a useful tool in clinics, intervention development, and research for adolescents with and without special health care needs.retain-->.

The Perceived Contribution of Older People to Climate Change Impact, Mitigation, and Adaptation: Measurement Development and Validation.

Background and Objectives: To improve the understanding of ageism toward older people in the context of climate change, the present study developed and validated a new measure that examines the perceived negative and positive contributions of older people to climate change impact, mitigation, and adaptation efforts. Research Design and Methods: Four studies (N = 774) were conducted to develop a new measure and evaluate its reliability and validity, relying on exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, multiple-group analysis (Australia and India), discriminative validity, and convergent and divergent validity. Results: A 2-subscale measure covering older people's perceived negative contribution to climate change effects (5 items) and perceived positive contribution to adaptation and mitigation measures (3 items; eg, negative, and positive ageism in the context of climate change) was supported by the data. The measure has demonstrated adequate validity and reliability. Discussion and Implications: The measure highlights a relatively neglected area in current climate change discourse and may assist in identifying ways to improve intergenerational solidarity as part of climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts toward building a world for all ages under a healthy climate, which allows for healthy aging and healthy longevity. These objectives are in line with the current mission posed by the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing.

Psychometric properties of the post-stroke depression scale in the sequelae stage.

Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Post-Stroke Depression Scale in the Sequelae Stage (PSDS-SS). Background: The incidence of the sequelae stage Post-Stroke Depression (PSD) is high, and the best screening tools are still lacking. Under this circumstances, our research team developed the PSDS-SS by Delphi method, but its psychometric properties need to be further verified. Method: This was a cross-sectional study. Seven hundred and sixteen stroke patients in the sequelae stage were enrolled by purpose sampling from May 2022 to September 2022. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to verify the factor structure of the scale. The reliability of the scale was tested by Cronbach's α coefficient, test-retest reliability and composite reliability. The validity of the scale was tested by criterion-related validity, convergent and discriminant validity. Result: Eight items were deleted through item analysis. The EFA ended up with a 5-factor scale including 24 items after removing one item with low factor loading. Finally, a 21-item model was established by confirmatory factor analysis, and all the fit indexes were acceptable. The reliability and validity of the total scale and each factor are acceptable. Conclusion: The PSDS-SS has a stable factor structure, and demonstrated good reliability and validity. And it would be an effective tool to assess PSD in the sequelae stage.

New measures to assess the "Other" three pillars of food security-availability, utilization, and stability.

BACKGROUND: In recent reviews of available measures, no existing measures assessed all four pillars of food security and most only assessed one or two pillars-predominantly the access pillar. The purpose of this study was to preliminarily develop novel measures of availability, utilization, and stability that are complementary to the USDA's household food security survey measure (HFSSM). METHODS: A formative phase included an expert advisory group, literature scans, and interviews with individuals experiencing food insecurity. From April-June 2021, the new measures were piloted in five states (California, Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, and Washington). The cross-sectional pilot survey included the new measures (perceived limited availability, utilization barriers, and food insecurity stability), scales and items for validation (e.g., food security, and self-reported dietary and health outcomes), and demographic questions. Exploratory factor analysis was used to assess dimensionality, internal consistency was assessed using Kuder-Richardson formula 21 (KR21), and convergent and discriminant validity were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficients. Also, a brief screener version was created for the utilization barriers measure that may be necessary for certain applications (e.g., clinical intake screening to inform referrals to assistance programs). RESULTS: The analytic samples (perceived limited availability (n = 334); utilization barriers (n = 428); food insecurity stability (n = 445)) were around 45 years old on average, most households had children, over two-thirds were food insecure, over three-fourths were women, and the samples were racially/ethnically diverse. All items loaded highly and unambiguously to a factor (factor loadings range 0.525-0.903). Food insecurity stability showed a four-factor structure, utilization barriers showed a two-factor structure, and perceived limited availability showed a two-factor structure. KR21 metrics ranged from 0.72 to 0.84. Higher scores for the new measures were generally associated with increased food insecurity (rhos = 0.248-0.497), except for one of the food insecurity stability scores. Also, several of the measures were associated with statistically significantly worse health and dietary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the reliability and construct validity of these new measures within a largely low-income and food insecure sample of households in the United States. Following further testing, such as Confirmatory Factor Analysis in future samples, these measures may be used in various applications to promote a more comprehensive understanding of the food insecurity experience. Such work can help inform novel intervention approaches to address food insecurity more fully.

Test anxiety in online exams: scale development and validity.

Considering the increasing use of online tests, this study aims to develop an up-to-date and reliable scale to measure university students' online test anxiety. This study was designed by using mixed research model by combining qualitative and quantitative research methods together. The study consisted of four stages: planning, structuring, quantitative evaluation, reliability and validation. While in the first phase an extensive literature review was conducted, students' opinions were obtained to create an item pool in the second phase. In the third phase, the 29-item scale was administered to 442 university students for factor and reliability analysis. A total of nine items were dropped out from the pool. The Cronbach's alpha value was .98. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the items loaded on two factors: the psychological and physiological anxiety factor (α = .95), the technical anxiety factor (α = .89). The two-factor solution accounted for more than 63% of the total variance. The final version of the scale was administered to 387 university students for confirmatory factor analysis in the fourth stage. The results proved that the scale had two factors and the fit indices were at an acceptable level. The reliability analysis was run and Cronbach's alpha values were .94 the whole scale, .93 for the psychological and physiological anxiety factor, and .90 for the technical anxiety factor. According to the result, it was concluded that the Test Anxiety Scale for Online Exams is a reliable and valid measurement tool in determining university students' online test anxiety. Finally, recommendations for future research are provided.

Developing an implementation fidelity checklist for a vocational rehabilitation intervention.

BACKGROUND: Despite growing numbers of studies reporting the efficacy of complex interventions and their implementation, many studies fail to report information on implementation fidelity or describe how fidelity measures used within the study were developed. This study aimed to develop a fidelity checklist for measuring the implementation fidelity of an early, stroke-specialist vocational rehabilitation intervention (ESSVR) in the RETAKE trial. METHODS: To develop the fidelity measure, previous checklists were reviewed to inform the assessment structure, and core intervention components were extracted from intervention descriptions into a checklist, which was ratified by eight experts in fidelity measurement and complex interventions. Guidance notes were generated to assist with checklist completion. To test the measure, two researchers independently applied the checklist to fifteen stroke survivor intervention case notes using retrospective observational case review. The scoring was assessed for interrater reliability. RESULTS: A fidelity checklist containing 21 core components and 6 desirable components across 4 stages of intervention delivery was developed with corresponding guidance notes. Interrater reliability of each checklist item ranged from moderate to perfect (Cohen's kappa 0.69-1). CONCLUSIONS: The resulting checklist to assess implementation fidelity is fit for assessing the delivery of vocational rehabilitation for stroke survivors using retrospective observational case review. The checklist proved its utility as a measure of fidelity and may be used to inform the design of future implementation strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN, ISRCTN12464275. Registered on 13 March 2018.

How Often Do You Think About Your Relationship With Nature? The Measurement of Environmental Identity Salience and Its Relationship With Proenvironmental Behaviors.

Extant research finds that environmental identity is an important motivational factor for proenvironmental behavior. However, studies typically focus on investigating the effects of the strength of this identity. Based on insights from identity research, we theorize that the influence of individuals' environmental identity on their proenvironmental behavior may depend on other identity dimensions as well. We argue that the frequency of activation of environmental identity in relevant life domains-environmental identity salience-may predict proenvironmental behavior beyond what environmental identity strength can explain. To test our theorizing, we propose a parsimonious measure of environmental identity salience. In four empirical studies, we establish that the new measure has sound psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency and discriminant validity with regard to measures of environmental identity strength. Importantly, our measure of environmental identity salience reliably predicts a range of self-reported and actual proenvironmental behaviors beyond the effects of environmental identity strength. In line with theoretical predictions, our data suggests that environmental identity salience and strength are related but distinct constructs. We conclude that investigating the nature and effects of environmental identity salience leads to a fruitful path to a more comprehensive understanding of proenvironmental behavior. The proposed new measure may serve as a helpful tool in this endeavor.

Fear of illness & virus evaluation (FIVE) COVID-19 scales for children-parent/caregiver-report development and validation.

OBJECTIVE: Commonly-used youth anxiety measures may not comprehensively capture fears, worries, and experiences related to the pervasive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study described the development of the Fear of Illness and Virus Evaluation (FIVE) scales and validated the caregiver-report version. METHOD: After initial development, feedback was obtained from clinicians and researchers, who provided suggestions on item content/wording, reviewed edits, and provided support for the updated FIVE's content and face validity. Factor structure, measurement invariance, and psychometric properties were analyzed using data from a multi-site, longitudinal study of COVID-19-related effects on family functioning with 1599 caregivers from the United States and Canada. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analyses indicated a hierarchical five-factor structure best fit the data, resulting in a 31-item measure with four lower-order subscales: (1) Fears about Contamination and Illness; (2) Fears about Social Distancing, (3) Avoidance Behaviors, and (4) Mitigation Behaviors, and a higher-order factor, (5) Total Fears, indicated by the two fear-related lower-order subscales. Measurement invariance by country of residence, child age, and child sex was found. All subscales demonstrated strong internal consistency, appropriate item-scale discrimination, and no floor or ceiling effects. The Total Fears subscale demonstrated appropriate test-retest reliability. Concurrent validity supported by strong correlation with a youth anxiety measure. DISCUSSION: The FIVE provides a psychometrically-sound measure of COVID-19-related fears and behaviors in youth in a caregiver-report format. Future research is necessary to evaluate correlates and longitudinal symptom patterns captured by the FIVE caregiver-report, as well as the validity and reliability of a youth self-report version of the FIVE.

Developing a New Generic Health and Wellbeing Measure: Psychometric Survey Results for the EQ-HWB.

OBJECTIVES: The development of measures such as the EQ-HWB (EQ Health and Wellbeing) requires selection of items. This study explored the psychometric performance of candidate items, testing their validity in patients, social carer users, and carers. METHODS: Article and online surveys that included candidate items (N = 64) were conducted in Argentina, Australia, China, Germany, United Kingdom, and the United States. Psychometric assessment on missing data, response distributions, and known group differences was undertaken. Dimensionality was explored using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Poorly fitting items were identified using information functions, and the function of each response category was assessed using category characteristic curves from item response theory (IRT) models. Differential item functioning was tested across key subgroups. RESULTS: There were 4879 respondents (Argentina = 508, Australia = 514, China = 497, Germany = 502, United Kingdom = 1955, United States = 903). Where missing data were allowed, it was low (UK article survey 2.3%; US survey 0.6%). Most items had responses distributed across all levels. Most items could discriminate between groups with known health conditions with moderate to large effect sizes. Items were less able to discriminate across carers. Factor analysis found positive and negative measurement factors alongside the constructs of interest. For most of the countries apart from China, the confirmatory factor analysis model had good fit with some minor modifications. IRT indicated that most items had well-functioning response categories but there was some evidence of differential item functioning in many items. CONCLUSIONS: Items performed well in classical psychometric testing and IRT. This large 6-country collaboration provided evidence to inform item selection for the EQ-HWB measure.

Top management team boundary-spanning leadership: Measurement development and its impact on innovative behavior.

With the advancement of digital economy, organizations around the world need to stretch the boundaries of their strategy, business, and knowledge to gain a competitive advantage and achieve sustainable growth. Although boundary-spanning leadership, with a set of practical tools developed by the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL), has been explored over the past 10 years, the comprehensive understanding of top management team boundary-spanning leadership has still reached no consensus. This research focuses on the concept of top management team boundary-spanning leadership (TMTBSL) and its effect on employees' innovative behavior. Study 1 comprises the concept of TMTBSL and the measurement of its development. The classical grounded theory was used to analyze biographical texts and in-depth interview data from local Chinese organizations. We developed a 5-dimension scale with14 items for TMTBSL. In Study 2, we empirically examined the impact of TMTBSL on employees' innovative behavior. The results demonstrate that TMTBSL can promote employee innovative behavior through perceived motivational climate. The theoretical and practical implications are also outlined.

Measurement to Improve Treatment Delivery: A Commentary on the HiTOP Measure Development Project.

The focus on this commentary will be on how dimensional models of psychopathology, particularly HiTOP model, have the potential to significantly streamline treatment efforts and increase the likelihood that evidence-based interventions are more widely integrated in clinical practice. The approach to assessment adopted by the HiTOP consortium is likely to have an outsized impact on whether these innovations are adopted in routine clinical practice. Toward that end, I provide suggestions for a measurement strategy that can maximize clinical utility. In particular, the tension between creating items that reflect all phenomena at the sign/symptom level to refine our understanding of relationships among psychopathological constructs and creating a measure that is suitable for clinical practice is explored.