Citral inhibits the nociception in the rat formalin test: effect of metformin and blockers of opioid receptor and the NO-cGMP-K+ channel pathway.

The objective of the present study was to scrutinize the effect of nitric oxide (NO), cyclic GMP (cGMP), potassium channel blockers, and metformin on the citral-produced peripheral antinociception. The rat paw 1% formalin test was used to assess nociception and antinociception. Rats were treated with local peripheral administration of citral (10-100 µg/paw). The antinociception of citral (100 µg/paw) was evaluated with and without the local pretreatment of naloxone, NG-L-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a NO synthesis inhibitor), 1H-(1,2,4)-oxadiazolo(4,2-a)quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, a soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor), metformin, opioid receptors antagonists, and K+ channel blockers. Injection of citral in the rat paw significantly decreased the nociceptive effect of formalin administration during the two phases of the test. Local pretreatment of the paws with L-NAME and ODQ did not reduced the citral-induced antinociception. Glipizide or glibenclamide (Kir6.1-2; ATP-sensitive K+ channel blockers), tetraethylammonium or 4-aminopyridine (KV; voltage-gated K+ channel blockers), charybdotoxin (KCa1.1; big conductance calcium-activated K+ channel blocker), apamin (KCa2.1-3; small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel antagonist), or metformin, but not the opioid antagonists, reduced the antinociception of citral. Citral produced peripheral antinociception during both phases of the formalin test. These effects were due to the activation of K+ channels and a biguanide-dependent mechanism.

Efecto del tratamiento prolongado con metformina sobre la densidad mineral ósea en las mujeres postmenopáusicas con diabetes tipo 2 / Effect of long term metformin treatment on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between prolonged use of metformine on bone mineral density, comparing a group of patients receiving prolonged treatment with metformine and a control group with similar characteristics biodemographic. Material and Methods: A case-control study was conducted in a population of 225 postmenopausal women between 51 and 62 years of age, were divided into 2 groups, one of type 2 diabetic patients treated with 1,000-2,000 mg. of metformine for at least 5 years (n = 75) and they had an acceptable metabolic control (HbA1c < 7.5 percent), and a control group of non diabetic women (n = 150). BMD at the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and both hips were measured with DEXA. Results: The group of type 2 diabetes treated with metfornine was associated with a significantly increased bone mineral density at the lumbar spine compared with the control group (L1-L4 g/cm2 1.07 +/- 0.15 vs 0.16 +/- 0.975) (L1-L4 T score-0.68 +/- 1.06 vs -1.73 +/- 1,07) (p = 0.05).Conclusion: Prolonged therapy metformine could have an effect on the preservation of bone mineral density at the lumbar spine in women with diabetes type 2, suggesting an effect of metfornine osteoprotective in trabecular bone.

Eficacia de la metformina en pacientes con obesidad exógena / Effectiveness of the metformine in patients with exogenous obesity

Se realizó una intervención terapéutica en 12 pacientes con obesidad exógena, atendidos en la consulta de Endocrinología del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, desde julio de 2013 hasta igual mes de 2014, quienes fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente y luego asignados a 2 grupos de idéntica cantidad de integrantes: el de control, que realizó dieta como única terapéutica, y el de estudio, que recibió dieta y metformina como tratamiento; a fin de determinar la eficacia de este medicamento en la pérdida de peso. La información fue analizada y procesada mediante las pruebas de hipótesis de Mann Whitney y de comparación de medias, con un error de 5 %, y se obtuvo que este medicamento resultó más eficaz combinado con la dieta, que la monoterapia dietética como único tratamiento.

A therapeutic intervention was carried out in 12 patients with exogenous obesity, assisted in the Endocrinology Department from "Saturnino Lora Torres" Teaching Clinical Surgical Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from July, 2013 to the same month of 2014, who were randomly selected and then assigned into 2 groups of identical quantity of members: a control group which had the diet as the only therapy, and that of study which received diet and metformine as treatment; in order to determine the effectiveness of this drug in the weight loss. The information was analyzed and processed through the hypothesis tests of Mann Whitney and of means comparison, with an error of 5%, and it was obtained that this drug was more effective combined with the diet that the dietary monotherapy as the only treatment.