Recent advances in nanostructured delivery systems for vancomycin.

Despite the development of new generations of antibiotics, vancomycin remained as a high-efficacy antibiotic for treating the infections caused by MRSA. Researchers have explored various nanoformulations, aiming to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of vancomycin. Such novel formulations improve the effectiveness of drug cargoes in treating bacterial infections and minimizing the risk of adverse effects. The vast of researches have focuses on enhancing the permeation ability of vancomycin through different biological barriers especially those of gastrointestinal tract. Increasing the drug loading and tuning the drug release from nanocarrier are other important goal for many conducted studies. This study reviews the newest nano-based formulations for vancomycin as a key antibiotic in treating hospitalized bacterial infections.

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Advanced Nanotechnological Approaches for Effective Delivery of Rutin: An Updated Review.

Polyphenols are a group of naturally occurring compounds that have intriguing biological activities. Among these compounds is rutin, a polyphenolic flavanol found in many plants, including passion flowers, buckwheat seed, fruits and fruit rinds, and citrus fruits (such as orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime). Various studies have demonstrated rutin to possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-apoptotic, anti-osteoporotic, radioprotective, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, and nephroprotective activities. Despite its benefits, rutin's therapeutic applicability is severely limited due to its low water solubility, sensitivity to oxidation, and dissolving rate. However, these problems can be overcome by employing an efficient delivery approach. An extensive number of nanocarriers can be developed for medicinal use if pre-clinical as well as human-clinical studies are completed. The current review presents an overview of effective rutin nano-formulations for targeted therapy in various health disorders. This review article discusses the clinical evidence, current status, as well as future opportunities of rutin nanocarriers for increasing rutin's bioactivity for possible medicinal uses.

A comprehensive review on doxorubicin: mechanisms, toxicity, clinical trials, combination therapies and nanoformulations in breast cancer.

Doxorubicin is a key treatment for breast cancer, but its effectiveness often comes with significant side effects. Its actions include DNA intercalation, topoisomerase II inhibition, and reactive oxygen species generation, leading to DNA damage and cell death. However, it can also cause heart problems and low blood cell counts. Current trials aim to improve doxorubicin therapy by adjusting doses, using different administration methods, and combining it with targeted treatments or immunotherapy. Nanoformulations show promise in enhancing doxorubicin's effectiveness by improving drug delivery, reducing side effects, and overcoming drug resistance. This review summarizes recent progress and difficulties in using doxorubicin for breast cancer, highlighting its mechanisms, side effects, ongoing trials, and the potential impact of nanoformulations. Understanding these different aspects is crucial in optimizing doxorubicin's use and improving outcomes for breast cancer patients. This review examines the toxicity of doxorubicin, a drug used in breast cancer treatment, and discusses strategies to mitigate adverse effects, such as cardioprotective agents and liposomal formulations. It also discusses clinical trials evaluating doxorubicin-based regimens, the evolving landscape of combination therapies, and the potential of nanoformulations to optimize delivery and reduce systemic toxicity. The review also discusses the potential of liposomes, nanoparticles, and polymeric micelles to enhance drug accumulation within tumor tissues while sparing healthy organs.

Articulating the Pharmacological and Nanotechnological Aspects of Genistein: Current and Future Prospectives.

Throughout the past several centuries, herbal constituents have been the subject of scientific interest and the latest research into their therapeutic potential is underway. Genistein is a soy-derived isoflavone found in huge amounts in soy, along with the plants of the Fabaceae family. Scientific studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of genistein on various health conditions. Genistein presents a broad range of pharmacological activities, including anticancer, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antiulcer, anti-diabetic, wound healing, anti-bacterial, antiviral, skin, and radioprotective effects. However, the hydrophobic nature of genistein results in constrained absorption and restricts its therapeutic potential. In this review, the number of nanocarriers for genistein delivery has been explored, such as polymeric nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, transferosomes, and nanoemulsions and nanofibers. These nano-formulations of genistein have been utilized as a potential strategy for various disorders, employing a variety of ex vivo, in vitro, and in vivo models and various administration routes. This review concluded that genistein is a potential therapeutic agent for treating various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disorders, obesity, diabetes, ulcers, etc., when formulated in suitable nanocarriers.

A Review on Tau Targeting Biomimetics Nano Formulations: Novel Approach for Targeting Alzheimer's Diseases.

Central nervous system disorders are prevalent, profoundly debilitating, and poorly managed. Developing innovative treatments for these conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, could significantly improve patients' quality of life and reduce the future economic burden on healthcare systems. However, groundbreaking drugs for central nervous system disorders have been scarce in recent years, highlighting the pressing need for advancements in this field. One significant challenge in the realm of nanotherapeutics is ensuring the precise delivery of drugs to their intended targets due to the complex nature of Alzheimer's disease. Although numerous therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's have been explored, most drug candidates targeting amyloid-ß have failed in clinical trials. Recent research has revealed that tau pathology can occur independently of amyloid-ß and is closely correlated with the clinical progression of Alzheimer's symptoms. This discovery suggests that tau could be a promising therapeutic target. One viable approach to managing central nervous system disorders is the administration of nanoparticles to neurons, intending to inhibit tau aggregation by directly targeting p-tau. In Alzheimer's disease, beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles hinder neuron transmission and function. The disease also triggers persistent inflammation, compromises the blood-brain barrier, leads to brain shrinkage, and causes neuronal loss. While current medications primarily manage symptoms and slow cognitive decline, there is no cure for Alzheimer's.

Exploring Potential of Nano-formulations in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease through Nasal Route.

OBJECTIVE: Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, severely impacts cognitive function and daily living. The current treatment provides only symptomatic relief, and thus, disease-modifying therapies targeting underlying causes are needed. Although several potential therapies are in various stages of clinical trials, bringing a new Alzheimer's drug to market remains challenging. Hence, researchers are also exploring monoclonal antibodies, tau protein inhibitors, and anti-inflammatory drugs as treatment options. Conventionally designed dosage forms come with limitations like poor absorption, first-pass metabolism, and low bioavailability. They also cause systemic adverse effects because these designed systems do not provide target- specific drug delivery. Thus, in this review, the authors highlighted the current advancements in the development of intranasal nanoformulations for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This strategy of delivering anti-Alzheimer drugs through the nasal route may help to target the drug exactly to the brain, achieve rapid onset of action, avoid first-pass metabolism, and reduce the side effects and dose required for administration. CONCLUSION: Delivering drugs to the brain through the nasal route for treating Alzheimer's disease is crucial due to the limited efficacy of existing treatments and the profound impact of the disease on patients and their families. Thus, by exploring innovative approaches such as nose-to-brain drug delivery, it is possible to improve the quality of life for individuals living with Alzheimer's and alleviate its societal burden.

Ferulic acid's therapeutic odyssey: nano formulations, pre-clinical investigations, and patent perspective.

INTRODUCTION: Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenolic phytochemical that has garnered the attention of the research community due to its abundant availability in nature. It is a compound that has been explored for its multifaceted therapeutic potential and benefits in modern and contemporary healthcare. AREAS COVERED: This review furnishes a compilation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of FA. We also aim to excavate an in-depth analysis of the role of nanoformulations to achieve release control, reduce toxicity, and deliver FA at specified target sites. To corroborate the safety and efficacy of FA, a multitude of pre-clinical studies have also been conducted by researchers and have been discussed comprehensively in this review. The various patented innovations and newer paradigms pertaining to FA have also been presented. EXPERT OPINION: Enormous research has been conducted and should still be continued to find the best possible novel drug delivery system for FA delivery. The utilization of nanocarriers and nanoformulations has intrigued the scientists for delivery of FA, but before that, it is necessary to shed light upon toxicity, safety, and regulatory concerns of FA.

Nano-Formulations for Pulmonary Delivery: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives.

With the development of nanotechnology and confronting the problems of traditional pharmaceutical formulations in treating lung diseases, inhalable nano-formulations have attracted interest. Inhalable nano-formulations for treating lung diseases allow for precise pulmonary drug delivery, overcoming physiological barriers, improving aerosol lung deposition rates, and increasing drug bioavailability. They are expected to solve the difficulties faced in treating lung diseases. However, limited success has been recorded in the industrialization translation of inhalable nano-formulations. Only one relevant product has been approved by the FDA to date, suggesting that there are still many issues to be resolved in the clinical application of inhalable nano-formulations. These systems are characterized by a dependence on inhalation devices, while the adaptability of device formulation is still inconclusive, which is the most important issue impeding translational research. In this review, we categorized various inhalable nano-formulations, summarized the advantages of inhalable nano-formulations over conventional inhalation formulations, and listed the inhalable nano-formulations undergoing clinical studies. We focused on the influence of inhalation devices on nano-formulations and analyzed their adaptability. After extensive analysis of the drug delivery mechanisms, technical processes, and limitations of different inhalation devices, we concluded that vibrating mesh nebulizers might be most suitable for delivering inhalable nano-formulations, and related examples were introduced to validate our view. Finally, we presented the challenges and outlook for future development. We anticipate providing an informative reference for the field.

Advanced Targeted Drug Delivery of Bioactive Nanomaterials in the Management of Cancer.

Cancer is defined as the unchecked expansion of aberrant cells. Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery are currently used in combination to treat cancer. Traditional drug delivery techniques kill healthy proliferating cells when used over prolonged periods of time in cancer chemotherapy. Due to the fact that the majority of tumor cells do not infiltrate right away, this is particularly true when treating solid tumors. A targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) is a tool that distributes medication to a selected bioactive location in a controlled manner. Nanotechnology-based delivery techniques are having a substantial impact on cancer treatment, and polymers are essential for making nanoparticulate carriers for cancer therapy. The advantages of nanotherapeutic drug delivery systems (NDDS) in terms of technology include longer half-life, improved biodistribution, longer drug circulation time, regulated and sustained drug release, flexibility in drug administration method, higher drug intercellular concentration, and others. The benefits and drawbacks of cancer nanomedicines, such as polymer-drug conjugates, micelles, dendrimers, immunoconjugates, liposomes, and nanoparticles, are discussed in this work, along with the most recent findings on polymer-based anticancer drugs.

Curcumin - Bioavailability Enhancement by Prodrug Approach and Novel Formulations.

Curcumin is a diverse natural pharmacological agent involved in various signal transduction mechanisms. Therapeutically, this potent molecule faces different challenges and issues related to low bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility, less permeability, faster elimination and clearance. Experts in synthetic chemistry and pharmaceuticals are continuously sparing their efforts to overcome these pharmacokinetic challenges by using different structural modification strategies and developing novel drug delivery systems. In this mini-review article, we are focusing on development of curcumin derivatives by different possible routes like conjugation with biomolecules, natural polymers, synthetic polymers, natural products, metal conjugates and co- administration with natural metabolic inhibitors. In addition to that, it was also focused on the preparation of modified formulations such as micelles, microemulsions, liposomes, complexes with phospholipids, micro and nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nano lipid carriers, biopolymer nanoparticles and microgels to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the curcumin without altering its pharmacodynamics activity. This review helps to understand the problems associated with curcumin and different strategies to improve its pharmacokinetic profile.

Theranostic applications of peptide-based nanoformulations for growth factor defective cancers.

Growth factors play a pivotal role in orchestrating cellular growth and division by binding to specific cell surface receptors. Dysregulation of growth factor production or activity can contribute to the uncontrolled cell proliferation observed in cancer. Peptide-based nanoformulations (PNFs) have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies for growth factor-deficient cancers. PNFs offer multifaceted capabilities including targeted delivery, imaging modalities, combination therapies, resistance modulation, and personalized medicine approaches. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including limited specificity, stability, pharmacokinetics, tissue penetration, toxicity, and immunogenicity. To address these challenges and optimize PNFs for clinical translation, in-depth investigations are warranted. Future research should focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between peptides and nanoparticles, developing robust spectroscopic and computational methodologies, and establishing a comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship governing peptide-nanoparticle interactions. Bridging these knowledge gaps will propel the translation of peptide-nanoparticle therapies from bench to bedside. While a few peptide-nanoparticle drugs have obtained FDA approval for cancer treatment, the integration of nanostructured platforms with peptide-based medications holds tremendous potential to expedite the implementation of innovative anticancer interventions. Therefore, growth factor-deficient cancers present both challenges and opportunities for targeted therapeutic interventions, with peptide-based nanoformulations positioned as a promising avenue. Nonetheless, concerted research and development endeavors are essential to optimize the specificity, stability, and safety profiles of PNFs, thereby advancing the field of peptide-based nanotherapeutics in the realm of oncology research.

Lipids Fortified Nano Phytopharmaceuticals: A Breakthrough Approach in Delivering Bio-actives for Improved Therapeutic Efficacy.

Phytopharmaceuticals, derived from natural sources, manifest tremendous potential for therapeutic applications. Nevertheless, effective delivery of these bio-actives presents significant challenges. A breakthrough in fortifying phytopharmaceuticals within phosphatidylcholine is a promising remedy to overcome solubility, permeability, and other related drawbacks. This intrinsic lipid, which is obtained from both natural and synthetic sources, confers numerous benefits, encompassing heightened solubility, augmented bioavailability, and enhanced stability. The conjugation of phytopharmaceuticals with phosphatidylcholine enables improved dermal permeation, absorption, targeted distribution, and the possibility of synergistic results, eventually improving therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, the use of phytopharmaceuticals enriched with phosphatidylcholine presents a promising route for overcoming the limitations imposed by conventional delivery techniques, encouraging more effective treatments. The review provides a thorough analysis of phosphatidylcholine- incorporated phytopharmaceuticals as nanomedicine with variables that significantly affect their therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, the review elaborates on how phosphatidylcholine improves solubility, permeability, and tissue distribution and boosts the potential of phytopharmaceuticals. Further, the review underscores the significance of nano-formulation strategies, analytical methodologies, and forthcoming prospects to propel this field forward. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the potential inherent in this innovative approach while highlighting the importance of additional research endeavors and collaborative initiatives to unlock the therapeutic benefits of phosphatidylcholinefortified phytopharmaceuticals, enhancing patient well-being.

Anticancer activity of Curcuma aeroginosa essential oil and its nano-formulations: cytotoxicity, apoptosis and cell migration effects.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Curcuma aeruginosa, commonly known as "kha-min-dam" in Thai, holds significance in Asian traditional medicine due to its potential in treating various diseases, having properties such as anti-HIV, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial and anti-androgenic activities. This study explores the anticancer activity of C. aeruginosa essential oil (CAEO) and its nano-formulations. METHODS: CAEO obtained from hydrodistillation of C. aeruginosa fresh rhizomes was examined by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity of CAEO was determined in leukaemic K562 and breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines using an MTT assay. Cell cycle analysis and cell apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. Cell migration was studied through a wound-healing assay. RESULTS: Benzofuran (33.20%) emerged as the major compound of CAEO, followed by Germacrene B (19.12%) and Germacrone (13.60%). Two types of CAEO loaded nano-formulations, nanoemulsion (NE) and microemulsion (ME) were developed. The average droplet sizes of NE and ME were 13.8 ± 0.2 and 21.2 ± 0.2 nm, respectively. In a comparison with other essential oils from the fresh rhizomes of potential plants from the same family (Curcuma longa, Curcuma mangga and Zingiber officinale) on anticancer activity against K562 and MCF-7 cell lines, CAEO exhibited the highest cytotoxicity with IC50 of 13.43 ± 1.09 and 20.18 ± 1.20 µg/mL, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that CAEO significantly increased cell death, evidenced from the sub-G1 populations in the cell cycle assay and triggered apoptosis. Additionally, CAEO effectively inhibited cell migration in MCF-7 cells after incubation for 12 and 24 h. The developed NE and ME formulations significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of CAEO against K562 cells with an IC50 of 45.30 ± 1.49 and 41.98 ± 0.96 µg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study's finding suggest that both nano-formulations, NE and ME, effectively facilitated the delivery of CAEO into cancer cells.

Nanoparticles in pancreatic cancer therapy: a detailed and elaborated review on patent literature.

INTRODUCTION: Nanotechnology may open up new avenues for overcoming the challenges of pancreatic cancer therapy as a broad arsenal of anticancer medicines fail to realize their full therapeutic potential in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma due to the formation of multiple resistance mechanisms inside the tumor. Many studies have reported the successful use of various nano formulations in pancreatic cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED: This review covers all the major nanotechnology-based patent litrature available on renowned patent data bases like Patentscope and Espacenet, through the time period of 2007-2022. This is an entirely patent centric review, and it includes both clinical and non-clinical data available on nanotechnology-based therapeutics and diagnostic tools for pancreatic cancer. EXPERT OPINION: For the sake of understanding, the patents are categorized under various formulation-specific heads like metallic/non-metallic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, protein nanoparticles and liposomes. This distinguishes one specific nanoparticle type from another and makes this review a one-of-a-kind comprehensive patent compilation that has not been reported so far in the history of nanotechnological formulations in pancreatic cancer.

Piperlongumine: the amazing amide alkaloid from Piper in the treatment of breast cancer.

Piperlongumine (PL), an alkaloid found primarily in the fruits and roots of the plant Piper longum L. (Piperaceae), is a natural compound that exhibits potent activity against various cancer cell proliferation. The most frequently caused malignancy in women globally, breast cancer (BC), has been demonstrated to be significantly inhibited by PL. Apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, increased ROS generation, and changes in the signalling protein's expression are all caused by the numerous signalling pathways that PL impacts. Since BC cells resist conventional chemotherapeutic drugs (doxorubicin, docetaxel etc.), researchers have shown that the drugs in combination with PL can exhibit a synergistic effect, greater than the effects of the drug or PL alone. Recently, techniques for drug packaging based on nanotechnology have been employed to improve PL release. The review has presented an outline of the chemistry of PL, its molecular basis in BC, its bioavailability, toxicity, and nanotechnological applications. An attempt to understand the future prospects and direction of research about the compound has also been discussed.

Nanotechnology-based Nose-to-brain Delivery in Epilepsy: A Novel Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment.

Epilepsy is a serious neurological disease, and scientists have a significant challenge in developing a noninvasive treatment for the treatment of epilepsy. The goal is to provide novel ideas for improving existing and future anti-epileptic medications. The injection of nano treatment via the nose to the brain is being considered as a possible seizure control method. Various nasal medicine nanoformulations have the potential to cure epilepsy. Investigations with a variety of nose-to-brain dosing methods for epilepsy treatment have yielded promising results. After examining global literature on nanotechnology and studies, the authors propose nasal administration with nanoformulations as a means to successfully treat epilepsy. The goal of this review is to look at the innovative applicatio of nanomedicine for epilepsy treatment via nose-to-brain transfer, with a focus on the use of nanoparticles for load medicines. When nanotechnology is combined with the nose to brain approach, treatment efficacy can be improved through site specific delivery. Furthermore, this technique of administration decreases adverse effects and patient noncompliance encountered with more traditional procedures.

The Skin and Natural Cannabinoids-Topical and Transdermal Applications.

The chemical constituents of the Cannabis plant known as cannabinoids have been extensively researched for their potential therapeutic benefits. The use of cannabinoids applied to the skin as a potential method for both skin-related benefits and systemic administration has attracted increasing interest in recent years. This review aims to present an overview of the most recent scientific research on cannabinoids used topically, including their potential advantages for treating a number of skin conditions like psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne. Additionally, with a focus on the pharmacokinetics and security of this route of administration, we investigate the potential of the transdermal delivery of cannabinoids as a method of systemic administration. The review also discusses the restrictions and difficulties related to the application of cannabinoids on the skin, emphasizing the potential of topical cannabinoids as a promising route for both localized and systemic administration. More studies are required to fully comprehend the efficacy and safety of cannabinoids in various settings.

Apoptosis-targeted gene therapy for non-small cell lung cancer using chitosan-poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid -based nano-delivery system and CASP8 and miRs 29A-B1 and 34A.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with resistance to apoptosis being a major driver of therapeutic resistance and aggressive phenotype. This study aimed to develop a novel gene therapy approach for NSCLC by targeting resistance to apoptosis. Loss of function mutations of caspase 8 (CASP8) and downregulation of microRNAs (miRs) 29A-B1 and 34A were identified as key contributors to resistance to apoptosis in NSCLC. A biodegradable polymeric nano-gene delivery system composed of chitosan-poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid was formulated to deliver initiator CASP8 and miRs 29A-B1 and 34A. The nano-formulation efficiently encapsulated the therapeutic genes effectively internalized into NSCLC cells and induced significant apoptosis. Evaluation of the nano-formulation in A549 tumor spheroids showed a significant increase in apoptosis within the core of the spheroids, suggesting effective penetration into the spheroid structures. We provide a novel nano-formulation that demonstrate therapeutic potential for suicidal gene therapy in NSCLC.

Pathology and Treatment of Psoriasis Using Nanoformulations.

Psoriasis (PSO) is an inflammatory skin condition that causes a variety of diseases and significantly decreases the life characteristics of patients, and substantially diminishes patients' quality of life. PSO usually impairs the skin and is linked to various disorders. Inflammation pathology does not only damage psoriatic skin; it shows how PSO impinges other body parts. Many variables interact with one another and can impact the etiology of psoriasis directly or indirectly. PSO has an effect on approximately 2% of the world's population, and significant progress has been made in comprehending and treating the alternative PSO by novel drug delivery systems. Topical, systemic, biological, biomaterials, and phototherapy are some of the useful therapies for PSO. Nonetheless, topical treatments remain the gold standard for treating moderate PSO. The applicability of several nanocarrier systems, such as lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and certain phytocompounds, has been briefly explored. The present review focuses mainly on traditional therapeutic strategies as well as on breakthroughs in nanoformulations and drug delivery methods for several anti-psoriatic drugs.