Beyond normative and non-normative: A systematic review on predictors of confrontational collective action.

This paper critically examines the normative versus non-normative distinction commonly used in collective action research. To explore the similarities and differences between antecedents of normative versus non-normative actions, we conducted a systematic review on diverse predictors of non-normative, radical and violent collective actions. We examined 37 social and political psychology studies published after 2010 and identified five recurring themes: identity, efficacy, injustice, emotions and norms. Findings exhibited significant overlaps with those predictors associated with normative collective action. Thus, a reconceptualization is needed to undermine the rigid boundaries between these action types, highlighting the intricate interplay of factors that transcend the conventional binary. Aiming to avoid conceptual ambiguity and challenge the perspective that associating particular collective actions with unwarranted violence using social norms as fixed and a priori, we propose the term 'confrontational collective action' to separate out form of action from societal approval. Through this reconceptualization, we discussed the main limitations in the literature, focusing on how studies approach normativity and efficacy and addressing the issue of decontextualization in the literature. This paper calls for a contextually informed understanding of confrontational collective action that recognizes what is seen as 'normative' can change over time through intra- and intergroup interactions.

The effects of emotions on the disposition to normative and non-normative political action in the context of the Chilean post-social outburst.

This article analyzes the role of Chileans' emotions as predictors of normative and non-normative political action in the context of the post-social outbreak and the constituent process. We carried out three descriptive studies: first, a study conducted 1 year after the social outburst (n = 607), a second one carried out before the constitutional referendum (n = 320), and a third study conducted after the constitutional referendum (n = 210). The results indicated that participants present a higher disposition to normative over non-normative political action, although both lose strength as the studies temporally move away from the social outburst. Also, our research established that emotions directed towards different events related to the Chilean political process play a conspicuous role in predicting the disposition to mobilize in a normative and non-normative way.

Challenging norms: Making non-normative choices in childbearing. Results of a meta ethnographic review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: Women have the right to make choices during pregnancy and birth that sit outside clinical guidelines, medical recommendations, or normative expectations. Declining recommended place or mode of birth, routine intervention or screening can be considered 'non-normative' within western cultural and social expectations around pregnancy and childbirth. The aim of this review is to establish what is known about the experiences, views, and perceptions of women who make non-normative choices during pregnancy and childbirth to uncover new understandings, conceptualisations, and theories within existing literature. METHODS: Using the meta-ethnographic method, and following its seven canonical stages, a systematic search of databases was performed, informed by eMERGe guidelines. FINDINGS: Thirty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Reciprocal translation resulted in three third order constructs - 'influences and motivators', 'barriers and conflict and 'knowledge as empowerment'. Refutational translation resulted in one third order construct - 'the middle ground', which informed the line of argument synthesis and theoretical insights. KEY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The findings of this review suggest that whilst existing literature from a range of high-income countries with similar healthcare systems to the UK have begun to explore non-normative decision-making for discrete episodes of care and choices, knowledge based, theoretical and population gaps exist in relation to understanding the experiences of, and wider social processes involved in, making non-normative choices across the UK maternity care continuum.

From Individual Anxiety to Collective Narcissism? Adult Attachment Styles and Different Types of National Commitment.

National narcissism and national identification, two distinct types of national commitment, differ in terms of their psychological concomitants. Therefore, in the current article, we hypothesized that they would also relate to different adult attachment styles. Namely, we proposed that national narcissism would be positively associated with higher attachment anxiety, while national identification would be associated with lower attachment anxiety and avoidance. These hypotheses were tested in three cross-sectional surveys (Study 1 N = 570; Study 3 N = 558; Study 4 N = 649) and one longitudinal survey (Study 2 N = 808). In all studies, we found a consistent positive relationship between attachment anxiety and national narcissism, and a negative relationship between attachment avoidance and national identification. Finally, we also demonstrated indirect effects of attachment anxiety (via national narcissism) on maladaptive group-related outcomes: conspiracy beliefs, non-normative collective action, and willingness to conspire.

Imagining feminist old age: Moving beyond 'successful' ageing?

This paper reports findings from a project that aimed to generate new feminist visions of later life, inspired directly by Sandberg and Marshall's paper 'Queering Aging Futures' (Sandberg & Marshall, 2017). Creative workshops with groups of self-identified feminists led to the generation of a range of artefacts exploring personal visions of a good feminist old age. This paper firstly considers the features that participants most frequently imagined - which were independence, social connection, pleasurable encounters with water, and good health - here treating feminism as a participants' resource explored through inductive analysis. The paper then explores the extent to which participants were able to imagine good feminist old age beyond the normativities of 'successful ageing', using a more deductive style of analysis drawing on feminist theory and feminist gerontology. Several participants imagined powerful and agentic old women who resisted the idea of older women's powerlessness. Some imagined new emotional and psychological foci for later life, clearly distinct from those of mid-life. Others imagined future physical decline and ways of embracing or overcoming it. Finally, drawing on feminist theory about the need to be reflexive and accountable in knowledge production, the paper concludes with consideration of the researcher's own imagined feminist old age and feminist history, and the implications this might have for the analysis presented.

"From everything to nothing in a split second": Elite youth players' experiences of release from professional football academies.

Previous research has assessed the affects release from football academies has on psychological distress and athletic identity of players. However, there has been no qualitative research exploring players' experiences of the release process. This study retrospectively explored players' lived experiences of being released from a professional football academy, having completed a scholarship (from ages 16-18). Four male football players (age 21.6 ± 1.5 years) who had experienced release from professional academies participated in in-depth semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Four super-ordinate themes were interpreted from the data: Foreshadowing release-"left out in the cold", The process of release, Support during the process of release and New beginnings-"there's a bigger world than just playing football every day". Players reported that their contract meeting was a traumatic experience, and they experienced psychological difficulties in the longer-term following release. Factors that compounded the players' release were: a lack of aftercare being provided by the players' professional clubs for their wellbeing, and a disuse of social support, which hindered their transition out of full-time football. Context relevant recommendations are made to help improve the release process for elite youth football players.

Belief in conspiracy theories and non-normative behavior.

There are many examples of people believing in conspiracy theories showing non-normative behaviors. But why is this the case? The current contribution proposes that the non-normative behavior of people believing in conspiracy theories is a natural consequence of a different social reality that is associated with the belief in conspiracy theories. This social reality is characterized by a tendency for distinction and distrust in social relationships, a different perception of descriptive norms, a questioning of the injunctive norms regarding specific behaviors, lower trust in institutions and traditional authorities, as well as alternative norms among people believing in conspiracy theories.

Toward A Typology of Identity Gaps in "Non-Normative" Sexual Partner Communication.

The present study presents a typology of identity gaps (Hecht, 1993), or cognitive, affective, and behavioral discrepancies between and among different parts of the self, that emerge in sexual partner communication. A total of 504 individuals in relationships they identified as or others ascribed as less common or less accepted than other kinds of relationships, including LGBQ, transgender and non-binary, BDSM, polyamorous, and interracial relationships, described instances in which parts of the self were in tension amid their intimate partner communication. These identity gaps occurred in tension with personal identity, or sense of self, or communal identity as a member of particular sexual and gender minority groups. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.

Robust Vehicle Detection and Counting Algorithm Adapted to Complex Traffic Environments with Sudden Illumination Changes and Shadows.

The real-time vehicle detection and counting plays a crucial role in traffic control. To collect traffic information continuously, the access to information from traffic video shows great importance and huge advantages compared with traditional technologies. However, most current algorithms are not adapted to the effects of undesirable environments, such as sudden changes in illumination, vehicle shadows, and complex urban traffic conditions, etc. To address these problems, a new vehicle detection and counting method was proposed in this paper. Based on a real-time background model, the problem of sudden illumination changes could be solved, while the vehicle shadows could be removed using a detection method based on motion. The vehicle counting was built on two types of ROIs-called Normative-Lane and Non-Normative-Lane-which could adapt to the complex urban traffic conditions, especially for non-normative driving. Results have shown that the methodology we proposed is able to count vehicles with 99.93% accuracy under the undesirable environments mentioned above. At the same time, the setting of the Normative-Lane and the Non-Normative-Lane can realize the detection of non-normative driving, and it is of great significance to improve the counting accuracy.

Heterogeneity in educational pathways and the health behavior of U.S. young adults.

An increasing number of U.S. adults are progressing through college in decidedly more complex ways. Little is known, however, about how this growing heterogeneity may be associated with the health behaviors and ultimately health of young adults. Using a life course perspective, we investigate whether and why different educational pathways - that is, variation in when people attend and complete school - are associated with daily smoking and binge drinking among U.S. young adults. We use 14 waves (1997-2011) of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (n=7,359) that enable us to identify the most common educational pathways, as well as their association with young adult health behaviors. Bachelor's degree recipients who enrolled immediately after high school but did not attain their degree within 4 years were more likely to smoke daily in early adulthood (i.e., ages 26 to 32) than those who enrolled in college immediately after high school and attained a bachelor's degree within 4 years. Conversely, bachelor's degree recipients who delayed college enrollment were less likely to binge drink in early adulthood than individuals who enrolled in college immediately after high school and attained a bachelor's degree within 4 years. Marital status and household income in young adulthood accounted for some of the relationships between educational pathways and health behavior. These findings highlight the complexity of education's relationship to health behavior and strongly suggest that heterogeneity in educational pathways should be explicitly examined in population health research. Word Count: 241.

Who crosses the norms? Predictors of the readiness for non-normative political participation among adolescents.

This study investigated whether adolescents' readiness for non-normative political participation (i.e., readiness to confront social rules for political reasons) was predicted by their interpersonal problems (with parents, teachers, and classmates), low optimism, and political beliefs (political self-efficacy and distrust in public institutions). A structural equation model using two-wave longitudinal data from Czech high school students (N = 768; 54% females; age range at T1 = 14-17, M = 15.97; T2 data collected 1.5 years later) showed that the changes in adolescents' readiness for non-normative participation were predicted by their lower institutional trust. Interpersonal relationships or optimism had no cross-sectional or longitudinal effect on the readiness for non-normative participation. These results suggest that the main source of adolescents' readiness for non-normative political actions lies in their political beliefs, while the effect of adolescents' interpersonal problems is less clear.

El desafío de construir una Psicología del desarrollo crítica en sociedades inhóspitas / The Challenge of Constructing a Critical Developmental Psychology in Inhospitable Societies

Resumen La Psicología del desarrollo constituye un campo de conocimiento cuya existencia se da por descontada en el imaginario académico de la psicología salvadoreña. No obstante, existe una Psicología del desarrollo dominante que se ve reproducida en textos, clases y discursos, mientras que otra distinta, consecuente con la realidad histórica donde su estudio tiene lugar, aún es una tarea pendiente. Al considerar la descontextualización como uno de los presupuestos fundamentales de la Psicología del desarrollo dominante al uso, en este artículo de carácter teórico se reflexiona sobre esta desde la perspectiva del caso salvadoreño en tanto sociedad inhóspita: aquella que compromete el avance del ciclo vital de la mayoría de la población por, entre otras características, ser violenta y desigual. Son sometidas a escrutinio las conocidas categorías analíticas de la Psicología del desarrollo definidas como influencias normativas y no normativas para mostrar la relatividad y los sesgos de su aplicación usual. Se sostiene que, en el marco de una sociedad inhóspita, una Psicología del desarrollo debe considerar, al menos, procesos de adultización prematura en la niñez y la juventud, la improbabilidad de biografías estables, la vejez precaria así como las características típicas que muestran los miembros del contexto de interés. Se propone avanzar a una Psicología del desarrollo crítica: la necesidad de reacomodar su quehacer y reinventarse epistemológicamente para construir un conocimiento situado, propio y multidisciplinario que supere cegueras, provincianismos y reduccionismos académicos.

Abstract Developmental Psychology is a field of knowledge whose existence is taken for granted in the academic imagination of Salvadoran psychology. However, there is a mainstream Developmental Psychology that is reproduced in texts, lectures and discourses, while a different one, consistent with the historical reality where its study takes place, and is still a pending task. Considering de-contextualization as one of its fundamental assumptions, this theoretical article deals with the situation of Developmental Psychology from the perspective of the Salvadoran case as an Inhospitable Society: one that distorts the progress of most of its people´s life cycle, due to, among other features, its violence and social inequality. Very well known analytical categories such as normative and non-normative developmental trends are subjected to scrutiny to show the relativity and biases of their usual applications. It is argued that, in the context of an inhospitable society, Developmental Psychology should consider at least: Early Childhood and Youth Adultisation Processes, the improbability of stable biographies, Precarious Old Age and the typical features of individuals living in the context of interest. It aims to advance a Critical Developmental Psychology: the need to rearrange the work and to reinvent itself epistemologically in order to construct a situated, appropriated and multidisciplinary knowledge that overcomes blindness, provincialism and academic reductionism.

The Matter of Disability.

By ruling out questions of impairment from the social critique of disability, Disability Studies (DS) analyses establish a limit point in the field. Of course the setting of "limits" enables possibilities in multiple directions as well as fortifies boundaries of refusal. For instance, impairment (the biological conditions of an organism's inefficient attachment to the world) becomes in DS simultaneously a productive refusal to interpret disabled bodies as inferior to non-disabled bodies (i.e. pathologized) and a bar to thinking through more active engagements with disability as materiality. Disability materiality such as conditions produced by ecological toxicities serve as active switch-points for creative corporeal navigations of the interaction between bodies and environments.In fact in this paper we want to propose a more "lively" definition of disability materiality to existing definitions of impairment as limiting expressions of non-normative bodies. We have no useful ways of explaining disability as adaptation and it's time we begin the process of theorizing more active ideas of materiality that extend existing ideas of disability beyond simplistic conceptions of socially rejected biologies made available by social constructivist thought.

Weight-related teasing and non-normative eating behaviors as predictors of weight loss maintenance. A longitudinal mediation analysis.

Weight loss maintenance is essential for the reduction of obesity-related health impairments. However, only a minority of individuals successfully maintain reduced weight in the long term. Research has provided initial evidence for associations between weight-related teasing (WRT) and greater non-normative eating behaviors. Further, first evidence was found for associations between non-normative eating behaviors and weight loss maintenance. Hence, the present study aimed to examine the predictive value of WRT for weight loss maintenance and the role of non-normative eating behaviors as possible mediators of this relationship. The study was part of the German Weight Control Registry that prospectively followed individuals who had intentionally lost at least 10% of their maximum weight and had maintained this reduced weight for at least one year. In N = 381 participants, retrospective WRT during childhood and adolescence, current non-normative eating behaviors (i.e., restrained, external, emotional eating), and change in body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) over two years were examined using self-report assessments. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the assumed mediational relationship. As a result, a greater effect of retrospective WRT during childhood and adolescence predicted less successful adult weight loss maintenance over two years. Current emotional eating fully mediated this relationship while current restrained and external eating yielded no mediational effects. Hence, a greater effect of WRT predicted greater current emotional eating, which in turn predicted a smaller decrease or a greater increase in BMI. Our findings suggest that suffering from WRT during childhood and adolescence might lead to emotional eating which in turn impairs long-term weight loss maintenance. Thus, our results highlight the need for interventions aiming at reducing weight stigmatization and targeting emotional eating for successful long-term weight loss maintenance.

The Psychoanalytic Mode of Thought and its Application To the Non-Normative Analysis of Sexuality and Gender.

Freud's psychoanalytic mode of thought, especially as interpreted by William Grossman, functions as an inherently non-normative means of analyzing both the psychic life of the individual and various historical and cultural phenomena. Application of this mode of thought to particular characterizations of gender and sexuality makes possible an essential critique of trait psychology and static formulations of human development, as restricting both clinical practice and theory building. An exploration of the complexities of sexuality and gender in gay men shows how Freud's insistence on variability lends conceptual power at the intersection of classical psychoanalysis, with its problematic history, and the many clinical and theoretical manifestations of contemporary psychoanalysis. The non-normative psychoanalytic mode of thought developed by Freud must be integrated with more recent formulations about gender and sexuality in order to conduct a psychoanalysis.

Weight bias internalization, emotion dysregulation, and non-normative eating behaviors in prebariatric patients.

OBJECTIVE: Weight bias internalization (WBI) is associated with eating disorder psychopathology and non-normative eating behaviors among individuals with overweight and obesity, but has rarely been investigated in prebariatric patients. Based on findings demonstrating a relationship between emotion dysregulation and eating behavior, this study sought to investigate the association between WBI and eating disorder psychopathology as well as non-normative eating behaviors (i.e., food addiction, emotional eating, and eating in the absence of hunger), mediated by emotion dysregulation. METHOD: Within a consecutive multicenter study, 240 prebariatric patients were assessed using self-report questionnaires. The mediating role of emotion dysregulation was examined using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: The analyses yielded no mediational effect of emotion dysregulation on the association between WBI and eating disorder psychopathology. However, emotion dysregulation fully mediated the associations between WBI and emotional eating as well as eating in the absence of hunger. Further, emotion dysregulation partially mediated the relationship between WBI and food addiction symptoms. DISCUSSION: Prebariatric patients with high levels of WBI are at risk for non-normative eating behaviors, especially if they experience emotion regulation difficulties. These findings highlight the importance of interventions targeting WBI and improving emotion regulation skills for the normalization of eating behavior in prebariatric patients.

The road not taken: Women's life paths and gender-linked personality traits.

Key studies have established an association between women's social roles and their midlife personalities. The current research expands our understanding by examining personality traits in midlife women who followed normative or non-normative life paths. The normative/non-normative distinction was based on two kinds of social roles that college-educated women undertook until midlife: work and family. Gender-linked personality traits were compared between (1) women in high status professions and women in moderate status professions; (2) women without children and women with children; and (3) single mothers and married mothers. Composite measures of gender-linked traits, based on expert-identified Q-sort items, were used. Each non-normative social role group exhibited a different pattern of gender-linked personality traits inconsistent with conventional female gender roles.

Afrontamiento en crisis familiares: El caso del divorcio cuando se tienen hijos adolescentes / Coping in family crisis: Divorce with teenager's children

Objetivo: Describir las estrategias de afrontamiento familiar frente al divorcio como crisis no normativa en familias con hijos adolescentes de la ciudad de Barranquilla (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, en el que se analizaron 43 familias con hijos adolescentes. El instrumento utilizado fue la Escala F COPES (escala de evaluación personal del funcionamiento familiar en situaciones de crisis) de McCubbin, Larsen y Olson. Resultados: En todas estas familias se hizo evidente la tendencia a recurrir al apoyo social como principal estrategia de afrontamiento ante la crisis, seguida por la reestructuración. La estrategia menos utilizada fue la movilizacion, seguida por la evaluación pasiva y el apoyo espiritual. Conclusiones: Las familias en proceso de separación privilegian el apoyo social como estrategia principal en sus vidas. Se corroboró que los miembros de estas acuden a parientes, amigos y personas con dificultades similares para sentirse seguros y apoyados en medio de la crisis. Sin embargo, todos sus miembros utilizan estrategias tanto externas como internas para afrontar la crisis.

Objective: To describe the family coping strategies with the divorce as a non-normative crisis. Materials and method: Descriptive study, with an intentional selection of a sample of 43 families with teenagers' children. The instrument was the F-COPES scale (Family-Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale) from McCubbin, Larsen y Olson. Results: It was a familial tendency to use the social support as the main coping strategy in a moment of crisis, followed by Reframing. The least used strategy was Mobilizing the family to accept help, followed by the passive appraisal and spiritual support. Conclusions: Families going through a divorce or separation process give a special place to the social support. Their members used to appeal to external family, friends and people in the same condition, looking for feelings of safety and support in the middle of the crisis. Nevertheless, they use internal and external strategies to cope with the crisis.

O ingresso na universidade após os 45 anos: um evento não-normativo / El ingreso a la universidad después de los 45 años: un evento no-normativo / Admittance to the university after age 45: a non-normative event

Examinam-se neste estudo as razões que levam à decisão de ingressar na universidade na idade adulta, um evento não dependente de gradação por idade, denominado pela perspectiva do curso de vida de evento não-normativo (non-normative event). Os 40 participantes (27 F e 13 M), alunos de uma universidade particular do Centro-Oeste, com idades entre 45 e 60 anos, responderam a seis questões de uma entrevista estruturada, cujas respostas foram preenchidas pela primeira autora. Os resultados indicaram que os respondentes vivenciaram na vida adulta um período de estabilidade e que, embora conscientes das expectativas do seu ambiente quanto ao tempo e à seqüência das transições do ciclo de vida, avaliaram seus recursos pessoais, selecionaram seus objetivos e otimizaram suas capacidades de reserva antes de ingressar no ensino superior. Os resultados são discutidos à luz da perspectiva do curso de vida.

The reasons for admittance to the university after age 45, a non-normative event according to the life-span perspective, are analyzed. Forty students (27 females and 13 males), between 45 and 60 years old, from a private university in the central-western region of Brazil responded to a structured interview administered and recorded by the first author. Results indicate that the respondents perceived their adult life as a period of stability. While conscious of the expectations of their environment as to the time and transitions in their life cycle, the respondents evaluated their personal resources, selected their objectives and optimized their capacities before entering university. These results are discussed according to the life-span perspective frame of reference.

Se examinan en este estudio las razones que llevan a la decisión de ingresar a la universidad en la edad adulta, un acontecimiento no dependiente de gradación por edad, denominado por la perspectiva del curso de vida de evento no-normativo (non-normative event). Los 40 participantes (27 M y 13 H), alumnos de una universidad particular de la región centro-oeste brasileño, con edades entre 45 y 60 años, contestaron a seis preguntas de una encuesta estructurada cuyas respuestas fueron rellenadas por la primera autora. Los resultados indicaron que los respondientes vivenciaron en la vida adulta un periodo de estabilidad y que, aunque conscientes de las expectativas de su ambiente cuanto al tiempo y a la secuencia de las transiciones del ciclo de vida, evaluaron sus recursos personales, seleccionaron sus objetivos y optimizaron sus capacidades de reserva antes de ingresar en la enseñanza superior. Los resultados son discutidos a la luz de la perspectiva del curso de vida.