[Paradoxical lucidity and personal identity in patients with advanced dementia: change of paradigm?] / Lucidez paradójica e identidad personal en pacientes con demencia avanzada: ¿cambio de paradigma?

In this article we approach the concept of paradoxical lucidity (LP) (an unexpected, spontaneous, significant and relevant episode of communication or connection) in persons with advanced dementia. The existence of LP could change the paradigm of dementia as a degenerative, chronic, progressive and irreversible disease (where neuronal death plays the leading role), towards a model where functional deficits of neuronal networks acquire importance, which raises new potentially reversible therapeutic and rehabilitative possibilities. We analyze the ethical consequences that these episodes may have with respect to the implicated persons (patients, caregivers and professionals in charge of their care) and try to answer the following question: Do persons with advanced dementia continue to maintain their personal identity despite suffering cognitive impairment so severe?. The LP indicates that this is possible. In this work we make a transversal outline of the different concepts and theories of personal identity in these patients, from different areas of knowledge (philosophy, psychology, neuroscience).

Beyond the Pump: A Narrative Study Exploring Heart Memory.

The field of organ transplantation, particularly heart transplantation, has brought to light interesting phenomena challenging traditional understandings of memory, identity, and consciousness. Studies indicate that heart transplant recipients may exhibit preferences, emotions, and memories resembling those of the donors, suggesting a form of memory storage within the transplanted organ. Mechanisms proposed for this memory transfer include cellular memory, epigenetic modifications, and energetic interactions. Moreover, the heart's intricate neural network, often referred to as the "heart brain," communicates bidirectionally with the brain and other organs, supporting the concept of heart-brain connection and its role in memory and personality. Additionally, observations from hemispherectomy procedures highlight the brain's remarkable plasticity and functional preservation beyond expectations, further underscoring the complex interplay between the brain, body, and identity. However, ethical and philosophical questions regarding the implications of these findings, including the definition of death and the nature of personal identity, remain unresolved. Further interdisciplinary research is needed to unravel the intricacies of memory transfer, neuroplasticity, and organ integration, offering insights into both organ transplantation and broader aspects of neuroscience and human identity. Understanding these complexities holds promise for enhancing patient care in organ transplantation and deepens our understanding of fundamental aspects of human experience and existence.

When Suicide is not a Self-Killing: Advance Decisions and Psychological Discontinuity-Part I.

Derek Parfit's view of 'personal identity' raises questions about whether advance decisions refusing life-saving treatment should be honored in cases where a patient loses psychological continuity; it implies that these advance decisions would not be self-determining at all. Part I of this paper argues that this assessment of personal identity undermines the distinction between suicide and homicide. However, rather than accept that an unknown metaphysical 'further fact' underpins agential unity, one can accept Parfit's view but offer a different account of what it implies morally: that the social and legal bases for ascribing a persisting 'personal identity' maintain the distinction between homicide and suicide.

Identity Theft, Deep Brain Stimulation, and the Primacy of Post-trial Obligations.

Patient narratives from two investigational deep brain stimulation trials for traumatic brain injury and obsessive-compulsive disorder reveal that injury and illness rob individuals of personal identity and that neuromodulation can restore it. The early success of these interventions makes a compelling case for continued post-trial access to these technologies. Given the centrality of personal identity to respect for persons, a failure to provide continued access can be understood to represent a metaphorical identity theft. Such a loss recapitulates the pain of an individual's initial injury or illness and becomes especially tragic because it could be prevented by robust policy. A failure to fulfill this normative obligation constitutes a breach of disability law, which would view post-trial access as a means to achieve social reintegration through this neurotechnological accommodation.

Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la Escala verbal de fusión de identidad en una muestra chilena / Confirmatory factor analysis of the Verbal Identity Fusion Scale in a Chilean sample

Resumen La fusión de identidad consiste en un sentimiento de unión con un grupo, en el que el individuo experimenta una mezcla entre su identidad personal y la social; y es un buen predictor de la conducta extrema progrupo. El presente estudio analizó la estructura factorial de la Escala verbal de fusión de identidad elaborada por Gómez et al. (2011), en una muestra chilena. Se utilizó una muestra universitaria seleccionada por conveniencia de 411 participantes (66% mujeres) con una edad media de 24.45 años (DT = 5.89). Se analizó el ajuste unifactorial y bifactorial de la Escala a través del análisis factorial, y las respectivas confiabilidades. Los resultados indicaron un buen y mejor ajuste del modelo bifactorial (χ 2/gl = 3.34, p < .001, CFI = .975, TLI = .957, SRMR = .030, y RMSEA = .085), por sobre el unifactorial, que no mostró un buen ajuste (χ 2/gl = 5.26, p < .001, CFI = .946, TLI = .919, SRMR = .042, y RMSEA = .116). Ambos modelos contaron con altas confiabilidades (> .800). Se discutió sobre el mejor ajuste de la estructura bifactorial en relación con estudios realizados en Estados Unidos, España y población inmigrante en Chile. Se proyecta la necesidad de futuros estudios que incorporen otros análisis de validez y superen la limitación del presente estudio asociada al uso de una muestra no representativa.

Abstract Identity fusion consists in a form alignment with a group and is a significant predictor of extreme pro-group behavior. The present study analyzed the factor structure of the verbal scale of identity fusion developed by Gómez et al. (2011), in a Chilean sample. A Chilean university sample by convenience of 411 participants (66% women) with a mean age of 24.45 years (SD = 5.89) was used. One-factor and two-factor fit of the scale was analyzed through factor analysis, and the respective reliabilities. The results indicated a good and better fit of the two-factor (χ2/gl = 3.34, p < .001, CFI = .975, TLI = .957, SRMR = .030, and RMSEA = .085), than the one-factor model, which did not show a good fit (χ2/gl = 5.26, p < .001, CFI = .946, TLI = .919, SRMR = .042, and RMSEA = .116). Both models had high reliabilities (> .800). The better fit of the two-factor structure was discussed in relation to studies conducted in the United States, Spain, and an immigrant population in Chile. The need for future studies incorporating other validity analyses and overcoming the limitation of the present study associated with the use of a non-representative sample is projected.

Identidade profissional e formação inicial em educação física bacharelado: a compreensão do estudante-estagiário / Identidad profesional y formación inicial en bachillerato en educación física: la comprensión del estudiante / Professional identity and initial training in physical education bachelor's degree: the understanding of the student intern

O estudo objetivou analisar como os estudantes-estagiários compreendem a constituição da identidade profissional na formação inicial em Educação Física bacharelado. Participaram da pesquisa qualitativa do tipo descritiva 30 estudantes-estagiários na realização de grupos focais. Os dados coletados foram analisados de forma descritiva a partir do procedimento técnico da análise de conteúdo e com o auxílio do software de análise qualitativa Nvivo10. Os resultados apresentados destacam que os estudantes-estagiários reconhecem que a abrangência da área amplia as possibilidades de intervenção; visualizam o mercado de trabalho altamente competitivo; percebem a área com pouco reconhecimento e baixa remuneração; indicam que a formação inicial do futuro profissional da área deve possibilitar a interação entre a teoria e a prática; e enfatizam a necessidade de um trabalho qualificado junto à sociedade para estimular o reconhecimento da área e do profissional de Educação Física.(AU)

El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar cómo comprenden los estudiantes en práctica la constitución de la identidad profesional en la formación en Bachillerato en Educación Física. Treinta estudiantes en práctica participaron en la investigación cualitativa de tipo descriptiva a través de la realización de grupos focales. Los datos recolectados fueron analizados en forma descriptiva a partir del procedimiento técnico de análisis de contenido y con la ayuda del software de análisis cualitativo Nvivo10. Los resultados presentados destacan que los estudiantes en práctica reconocen que el alcance del área amplía las posibilidades de intervención; visualizan al mercado laboral como altamente competitivo; ven el área con poco reconocimiento y baja remuneración; indican que la formación inicial del futuro profesional del área debe posibilitar la interacción entre la teoría y la práctica; enfatizan la necesidad de un trabajo calificado junto a la sociedad para estimular el reconocimiento del área y del profesional de Educación Física.(AU)

The study aimed to analyze how student interns understand the process of development of the professional identity in the initial training in bachelor's Physical Education. Thirty student interns joined focus group interviews in the qualitative descriptive research. The data were analyzed descriptively, performing content analysis procedure with the qualitative software Nvivo 10. The results highlight that the student interns recognize that the scope of the area increases the possibilities of intervention; picture a highly competitive labor market; realize there is little recognition and low remuneration in the field; indicate that the initial training of future professionals in the area should enable the interaction between theory and practice; and emphasize the need for a qualitative intervention in society to stimulate better recognition of Physical Education professionals.(AU)

Giving Body to the Body: Predictive Genetic Testing and Self-desomatization / Darle cuerpo al cuerpo: pruebas genéticas predictivas y autodesomatización / Dar corpo ao corpo: testes genéticos preditivos e autodesomatização

Abstract Genetics test in predictive medicine seems to take charge of the uniqueness of any human being. Unlike preventive medicine it moves from the theoretical assumption of the knowledge of a specific individual's genetic structure and potential fragility. However, the attention paid to the gene risks placing the living and experienced body in the shadow. Sometimes, "genetic news" can make the subject in the present act like a sick person without being so, read every event in that direction, and, ultimately, fulfill the prophecy. The article goes beyond the alleged non-exceptionalism of genetic data and discusses the symbolic value that the gene has assumed and its role in reflexivity and self-perception.

Resumen Las pruebas genéticas en la medicina predictiva parecen encargarse de la singularidad del ser humano, a diferencia de la medicina preventiva parte del supuesto teórico del conocimiento de la estructura genética y de la fragilidad potencial de un individuo específico. Sin embargo, la atención que se presta al dato genético tiene el riesgo ensombrecer el cuerpo vívido y la experiencia en primera persona. En ocasiones, las "noticias genéticas" pueden llevar al sujeto en el presente a actuar como un enfermo sin serlo, a leer cada evento en ese sentido y, por último, a cumplir la predicción. El artículo va más allá de la supuesta no excepcionalidad de los datos genéticos y analiza el valor simbólico que ha asumido el gen y su papel en la reflexividad y la autopercepción.

Resumo Os testes genéticos em medicina preditiva parecem se responsabilizar pela singularidade de qualquer ser humano, enquanto a medicina preventiva se move a partir do suposto teórico do conhecimento da estrutura genética e da fragilidade potencial de um indivíduo específico. Contudo, a atenção prestada ao dado genético está arriscada a agravar o corpo vívido e a experiência em primeira pessoa. Em ocasiões, as "notícias genéticas" podem levar o sujeito no presente a atuar como um doente sem ser isso, a ler cada evento nesse sentido e, definitivamente, a cumprir o predito. Este artigo vai mais além da suposta não excepcionalidade dos dados genéticos e analisa o valor simbólico que o gene assume e seu papel na reflexividade e na autopercepção.

Identidad personal en niños y adolescentes: estudio cualitativo / Personal identity in children and adolescents: a qualitative study / Identidade pessoal em crianças e adolescentes: estudo qualitative

Resumen (analítico) La construcción de identidad personal es un proceso evolutivo. Escasas investigaciones estudian este proceso en la infancia. El objetivo de esta investigación es describir la construcción de identidad personal de niños y adolescentes entre 6 y 18 años, desde un enfoque constructivista evolutivo. Se realiza un análisis temático de narrativas autobiográficas escritas por 119 niños y adolescentes. Los resultados se organizaron en torno a tres dimensiones de la identidad personal: unidad de identidad, integración de identidad, integración con otros; observándose que desde la infancia hay un reconocimiento personal, luego se integran diferentes eventos vitales significativos y en la adolescencia se complejiza su construcción, incorporando mayor reflexión y aspectos ideológicos. Se discuten implicancias para favorecer un desarrollo adaptativo de la identidad en todas las edades, validando diversidad de opciones.

Abstract (analytical) Construction of personal identity is a developmental process. Few research investigates this process in children. The research objective is to describe the personal identity construction of children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years old, from a developmental constructivist approach. Thematic analysis of autobiographical narratives written by 119 children and adolescents is performed. Results were organized around the three personal identity dimensions: unity of self, integration of self and integration with others. Results show from childhood there is a personal recognition, then different significant life events are integrated, and in adolescense this construction becomes more complex, integrating more reflection and ideological aspects. Implications are discussed to promote an adaptive development of identity through lifespam, validating a diversity of options.

Resumo (analítico) A construção da identidade pessoal é um processo evolutivo. Poucas pesquisas investigam esse processo na infância. O objetivo desta pesquisa é descrever a construção da identidade pessoal de crianças e adolescentes entre 6 e 18 anos, a partir de uma abordagem construtivista evolutiva. É realizada uma análise temática das narrativas autobiográficas escritas por 119 crianças e adolescentes. Os resultados foram organizados em torno de três dimensões da identidade pessoal: unidade de identidade, integração de identidade, integração com os outros; e mostram que desde a infância há um reconhecimento pessoal, logo diversos acontecimentos significativos da vida são integrados, e na adolescência sua construção torna-se mais complexa, incorporando mais reflexão e aspectos ideológicos. As implicações para promover o desenvolvimento adaptativo da identidade em todas as idades são discutidas, validando a diversidade de opções.

The Transhumanist conception of body: a critical analysis from a complex systems perspective

What is the conception of the human body underlying the Transhumanism project? This question guides the present analysis undertaken from a philosophical- interdisciplinary perspective. Inspired by Le Breton (2008) and Morin's (2014) hypotheses about the complexity of the human body, we criticize mechanistic conception of the living body underlying the Transhumanism project. Implications of the Transhumanism project for personal identity are proposed based on hypotheses of complex systems theory as a starting point for critical reflection on a possible gloomy future envisioned by the unnatural/artificial development of the transhuman body.

Ethical issues in clinical application of neuroprosthetics / 中华神经医学杂志

Neuroprosthetics is to cure an existing motor or sensory neural dysfunction. It can electrically stimulate myogenic regions, peripheral and central nervous systems to restore or replace damaged nervous systems, sensory organs or limb loss that helps patients who fail to respond to other treatments to cure diseases and improve quality of life. However, the uncertainty of this new technology and difficulty of risk/benefit assessment result in many ethical issues in the effectiveness of informed consent, safety, personal identity, responsibility confirmation and social fairness. In order to ensure the best interests of patients, approaches to solve these ethical issues must be proposed. The vulnerability of patients in informed consent should be considered, and substantive information should be paid attention and ability to consent of the patients needs to be evaluated; an acceptable risk-benefit ratio should be obtained to evaluate the long-term security of the technology and protect the patient's privacy; changes in personality identity should be assessed and patient's autonomy should be respected and responsibility of behavior should be assumed; the development of technology should be strictly supervised and standardized to avoid abuse in the aspect of social fairness.

Identidad personal como organización cognoscente: examinando la relación entre constructivismo y cognitivismo postracionalista / Personal Identity as Knowing Organization: Examining the Relationship between Constructivism and Postrationalist Cognitivism

Resumen El enfoque postracionalista de Vittorio Guidano en psicología intenta superar la forma en que el objetivismo cartesiano concibe la relación entre sujeto y realidad dentro del paradigma cognitivo tradicional. Esta teoría debe buena parte de su concepto fundamental - la identidad personal como organización cognoscente - al constructivismo de Humberto Maturana. Sin embargo, a pesar de la estrecha conexión, la relación conceptual entre ambos enfoques se mantiene obscura. Este artículo examina en detalle la relación entre el postracionalismo de Vittorio Guidano y el constructivismo de Humberto Maturana en torno al análisis del concepto de identidad personal para así clarificar sus coincidencias y divergencias.

Abstract The Postrationalist theory in psychology emerges attempting to overcome the manner in which Cartesian objectivism conceptualizes the relationship between subject and reality within the traditional cognitive paradigm. This theory is in large part due to its most fundamental concept -personal identity as a knowing organization- by Humberto Maturana's Constructivism. In spite of the close connection, the conceptual relationship between these two approaches remains obscure. This article examines in detail the relationship between Vittorio Guidano's postrationalism and Humberto Maturana's constructivism -focusing on the concept of personal identity- in order to clarify coincidences and conceptual divergences.

Reliability and Validity of Disability Identity Scale in Chinese Version / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To investigate the applicability of Disability Identity Scale in Chinese context. Methods:A total of 291 questionnaires about Disability Identity Scale were collected with multi-stage sampling in May, 2018. The preliminary structure of the Disability Identity Scale was analyzed with exploratory factor analysis, and the structural validity of the scale was discussed with confirmatory factor analysis. Results:The Cronbach's α coefficient of the total scale was 0.865, and the internal consistency of each dimension of the scale was 0.742 to 0.838. The total test-retest reliability was 0.776, and the internal consistency of each dimension was 0.640 to 0.893. Five factors were extracted, named Positive Disability and Stigma/Shame in the dimension of personal identity, Social Acceptance, Social Exclusion-Personal Attribution, Social Exclusion-Social Attribution in the dimension of social identity. Conclusions:Disability Identity Scale is reliable and stable that can be used in the study of disability identity in China after modification.

Processus identitaires personnels et professionnels et trajectoire migratoire chez des médecins diplômés à l’étranger: une étude exploratoire en France et au Brésil

Cette recherche vise à mettre en évidence les transformations des processusidentitaires intervenant chez des médecins diplômés à l’étranger et exerçant en France etau Brésil. Nous avons appuyé notre travail sur une approche dynamique et adaptative del’identité personnelle, en particulier à travers l’identité dialogique et l’identité narrative.De plus, dans la mesure où ce travail fait intervenir de manière importante le contexteprofessionnel, il nous semblait pertinent de faire intervenir aussi la question de l’identitéprofessionnelle et de ses liens avec la reconnaissance. Enfin, l’interculturalité étantcentrale dans cette problématique, nous avons choisi de l’aborder sous l’angle del’identité interculturelle et de l’interculturation. L’objectif de cette recherche est decaractériser les processus identitaires présents chez médecins diplômés à l’étranger,confrontés à une situation de diversité culturelle dont la gestion a des rapports importantsavec leurs processus identitaires personnels et professionnels. En particulier, nouscherchons à comprendre les processus psychiques permettant au sujet de donner sens àson expérience migratoire afin de se l’approprier et d’engager une transformation de sonidentité. Nous travaillerons également sur les obstacles rencontrés par les sujets et àétablir la place de la reconnaissance au sein de ces différents processus. Enfin, l’analysedes données contribue à démontrer les processus d’influence mutuelle intervenant entrel’appartenance culturelle et le contexte d’activité professionnelle. Quatre méthodes deconstruction et d’analyse des données ont été combinées afin de répondre à cequestionnement. Dans un premier temps, nous avons réalisé un questionnaire visant àcaractériser notre population et à recenser les facteurs déclencheurs d’une migration.Ensuite, nous avons conduit des entretiens de type biographique afin d’amener le sujet à...

This research aims at investigating the changes that occur within the identityprocesses of physicians with a foreign diploma working in France and Brazil. Our work isbased on a dynamic and adaptive approach of personal identity, specifically through theconcept of dialogical self but also through the narrative identity approach. Since we alsofocus importantly on what happens in the professional environment, we also used theoriesrelated to professional identity and its relations with recognition. Finally, since theintercultural question is central in this research, we have chosen to include theintercultural identity theory and the concept of interculturation. This research aims atidentifying and understanding the identity processes presented by medical doctorsconfronted to a changing cultural and professional context. We specifically intend tounderstand the psychological processes which allow the subject to give a meaning to hisexperience and make it his to start a transformation of his identity. We also focus on theobstacles the subject has to deal with, in particular regarding recognition. Finally, weintend to show the processes of mutual influence occurring between cultural belongingand professional context. We have crossed four methods to build and analyze our data. Atfirst, we have used a questionnaire to characterized our population from a sociodemographicpoint of view and reunite all the factors which explain their migration.Then, we have conducted eight biographical interviews to encourage the subject to build aself-narrative. In the last phase of the interview, the have subjects have been shown fourshort videos from three documentaries to confront them to different points of view andsituations and have them reflect on their own experience. We also included adocumentary analysis using press articles regarding the Brazilian context....

Implicações psicológicas da filosofia da ação de Paul Ricoeur / Psychological implications of Paul Ricouer's philosophy of action / Implications psychologiques de la philosophie de l'action de Paul Ricoeur

Da filosofa da vontade cujo primeiro tomo é publicado em 1950, da soma antropológica que constitui Si mesmo como um outro publicado em 1990, até a obra Percurso do reconhecimento publicado em 2004, um ano antes de morrer, Paul Ricoeur não cessou de meditar sobre a relação entre os atos e seus autores. Cruzando a aproximação fenomenológica e a atitude hermenêutica, ele observa as relações entre as perguntas que? Por que? Quem? Nos atos postos, ele confronta a reivindicação pelo autor do seu ato ao reconhecimento do ato pelo outro. Assim, Paul Ricoeur coloca a questão da identidade pessoal e do reconhecimento no coração da sua filosofia da ação. Nossa comunicação propõe mostrar a fecundidade dessa reflexão filosófica para desmistificar os supostos conselhos terapêuticos que, convidando o paciente a ser ele mesmo ou lhe sugerindo de se esforçar para sair das suas dificuldades pessoais, só aumentam sua perplexidade. Nós veremos também o quanto a reflexão de Ricoeur se encontra em fase com uma autêntica relação terapêutica, na medida em que sua filosofia da ação nos faz mergulhar no coração do involuntário e do voluntário, mantendo a tensão entre iniciativa e sofrimento e enfim propondo uma concepção aberta da identidade pessoal.(AU)

Starting with the Philosophie de la volonté, from the first volume published in 1950, to the anthropological amount represented by Soi-même comme un autre in 1990, until the book Parcours de la Reconnaissance printed in 2004, one year before his death, Paul Ricœur never stopped reflecting on the relationship between one's acts and their author. Crossing the phenomenological and hermeneuticapproaches, he investigates the connections between the questions "What? Why? Who?" in one's action. He confronts the claim of an action by its author to the recognition of this act by others. Thus, Paul Ricoeur raises the question of personal identity and recognition at the core of his philosophy of action. Our communication proposes to show the fruitfulness of this philosophical reflection to demystify the supposed therapeutic advices which, by inviting the patient to " e himself" or suggesting him to "make efforts" to overcome his personal distress, only manage to increase his perplexity. We will also see how Ricoeur's thinking is attuned to an authentic therapeutic relationship, insofar as his philosophy of action makes us enter into the heart of theinvoluntary and voluntary action. It maintains the tension between initiative and suffering, and finally proposes a wider representation of one's personal identity.(AU)

De la Philosophie de la volonté dont le premier tome paraît en 1950, à la somme anthropologique que constitue Soi-même comme un autre éditée en 1990, jusqu'à l'ouvrage Parcours de la Reconnaissance publié en 2004, un an avant sa mort, Paul Ricoeur n'a cessé de méditer sur la relation entre les actes et leur auteur. En croisant l'approche phénoménologique et la démarche herméneutique, il scrute les rapports entre les questions quoi? pourquoi? qui? dans les actes posés, il confronte la revendication par l'auteur de son acte à la reconnaissance de l'acte par autrui. Paul Ricoeur place ainsi la question de l'identité personnelle et de la reconnaissance au coeur de sa philosophie de l'action. Notre communication se propose de montrer la fécondité de cette réflexion philosophique pour démystifier les prétendus conseils thérapeutiques qui, en invitant le patient à être lui-même ou en lui suggérant de faire effort pour sortir de son marasme personnel, ne font qu'accroître sa perplexité. Nous verrons ainsi combien la réflexion de Ricoeur se trouve en phase avec une authentique relation thérapeutique, dans la mesure où sa philosophie de l'action nous plonge au coeur de l'involontaire et du volontaire, maintient la tension entre initiative et souffrance et enfin propose une conception ouverte de l'identité personnelle.(AU)

Implicações psicológicas da filosofia da ação de Paul Ricoeur / Psychological implications of Paul Ricouer's philosophy of action / Implications psychologiques de la philosophie de l'action de Paul Ricoeur

Da filosofa da vontade cujo primeiro tomo é publicado em 1950, da soma antropológica que constitui Si mesmo como um outro publicado em 1990, até a obra Percurso do reconhecimento publicado em 2004, um ano antes de morrer, Paul Ricoeur não cessou de meditar sobre a relação entre os atos e seus autores. Cruzando a aproximação fenomenológica e a atitude hermenêutica, ele observa as relações entre as perguntas que? Por que? Quem? Nos atos postos, ele confronta a reivindicação pelo autor do seu ato ao reconhecimento do ato pelo outro. Assim, Paul Ricoeur coloca a questão da identidade pessoal e do reconhecimento no coração da sua filosofia da ação. Nossa comunicação propõe mostrar a fecundidade dessa reflexão filosófica para desmistificar os supostos conselhos terapêuticos que, convidando o paciente a ser ele mesmo ou lhe sugerindo de se esforçar para sair das suas dificuldades pessoais, só aumentam sua perplexidade. Nós veremos também o quanto a reflexão de Ricoeur se encontra em fase com uma autêntica relação terapêutica, na medida em que sua filosofia da ação nos faz mergulhar no coração do involuntário e do voluntário, mantendo a tensão entre iniciativa e sofrimento e enfim propondo uma concepção aberta da identidade pessoal.

Starting with the Philosophie de la volonté, from the first volume published in 1950, to the anthropological amount represented by Soi-même comme un autre in 1990, until the book Parcours de la Reconnaissance printed in 2004, one year before his death, Paul Ricœur never stopped reflecting on the relationship between one's acts and their author. Crossing the phenomenological and hermeneuticapproaches, he investigates the connections between the questions "What? Why? Who?" in one's action. He confronts the claim of an action by its author to the recognition of this act by others. Thus, Paul Ricoeur raises the question of personal identity and recognition at the core of his philosophy of action. Our communication proposes to show the fruitfulness of this philosophical reflection to demystify the supposed therapeutic advices which, by inviting the patient to " e himself" or suggesting him to "make efforts" to overcome his personal distress, only manage to increase his perplexity. We will also see how Ricoeur's thinking is attuned to an authentic therapeutic relationship, insofar as his philosophy of action makes us enter into the heart of theinvoluntary and voluntary action. It maintains the tension between initiative and suffering, and finally proposes a wider representation of one's personal identity.

De la Philosophie de la volonté dont le premier tome paraît en 1950, à la somme anthropologique que constitue Soi-même comme un autre éditée en 1990, jusqu'à l'ouvrage Parcours de la Reconnaissance publié en 2004, un an avant sa mort, Paul Ricoeur n'a cessé de méditer sur la relation entre les actes et leur auteur. En croisant l'approche phénoménologique et la démarche herméneutique, il scrute les rapports entre les questions quoi? pourquoi? qui? dans les actes posés, il confronte la revendication par l'auteur de son acte à la reconnaissance de l'acte par autrui. Paul Ricoeur place ainsi la question de l'identité personnelle et de la reconnaissance au coeur de sa philosophie de l'action. Notre communication se propose de montrer la fécondité de cette réflexion philosophique pour démystifier les prétendus conseils thérapeutiques qui, en invitant le patient à être lui-même ou en lui suggérant de faire effort pour sortir de son marasme personnel, ne font qu'accroître sa perplexité. Nous verrons ainsi combien la réflexion de Ricoeur se trouve en phase avec une authentique relation thérapeutique, dans la mesure où sa philosophie de l'action nous plonge au coeur de l'involontaire et du volontaire, maintient la tension entre initiative et souffrance et enfin propose une conception ouverte de l'identité personnelle.

Mental illness: perceptions regarding sufferers’ identities / O adoecimento mental: percepções sobre a identidade da pessoa que sofre / La enfermedad mental: percepciones sobre la identidad de la persona que sufre

The perceptions that women followed up at psychosocial care centers have about themselves, other people and society, in view of their mental illness, were addressed. The influence that this service had on their identities was examined. This was a qualitative, descriptive study using topical life histories. Data were gathered through interviews, direct observation and a field diary. Thematic analysis was interpreted using Goffman’s framework. The results revealed that these women’s perceptions of identity differed from before to after their mental illness. They perceived that their families were distant from them, with difficulty in dealing with the illness; that professionals were welcoming; and that psychosocial centers contributed towards reconstruction and expression of identities, thereby promoting self-knowledge, guidance and emotional support. However, they saw that the service lacked refinement of actions for ensuring rights and investment in new aid strategies with the capacity to defend possible identities that are flexible and adaptable.

Trata-se das percepções que mulheres acompanhadas em Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) têm sobre si, sobre o outro e sobre a sociedade diante do adoecimento mental; analisam-se influências que este serviço exerce sobre suas identidades. Estudo qualitativo, descritivo; utilizou-se história de vida tópica. Coleta de dados com entrevista, observação direta, diário de campo. Análise temática interpretada pelo referencial de Goffman. Resultados revelam que as mulheres apresentam percepções diferentes da identidade antes e após o adoecimento mental; que percebem a família distante com dificuldades em lidar com o adoecimento; que observam profissionais acolhedores e um CAPS que contribui para a reconstrução e expressão de identidades e que promove autoconhecimento, orientação e apoio emocional. Entretanto, percebem que o serviço carece de refinamento das ações para garantia de direitos e investimento em novas estratégias de ajuda capazes de defender identidades possíveis, flexíveis e adaptáveis.

Se trata de las percepciones que mujeres acompañadas en el Centro de Atención Psicosocial (CAPS) tienen sobre sí mismas, sobre los demás y sobre la sociedad ante la enfermedad mental; se analizan influencias que este servicio ejerce sobre sus identidades. Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo; se utilizó historia de vida tópica. Colecta de datos con entrevista, observación directa, diario de campo. Análisis temático interpretado por el referencial de Goffman. Los resultados revelan que las mujeres presentan percepciones diferentes de la identidad antes y después de la enfermedad mental; que perciben a la familia distante con dificultades de enfrentar su enfermedad; que observan profesionales acogedores y un CAPS que contribuye a la reconstrucción y expresión de identidades y que promueve el auto-conocimiento, orientación y apoyo emocional. No obstante, perciben que el servicio carece de perfeccionamiento de las acciones para garantía de derechos, inversión en nuevas estrategias de ayuda capaces de defender identidades posibles, flexibles y adaptables.

Estudios psicológicos sobre los actos delincuenciales de adolescentes: una revisión documental / Psychological studies on adolescent delinquent acts. A Literature review

El presente artículo científico centra su interés en el tema de la delincuencia juvenil a partir de la pregunta sobre cuáles son los factores que, según la literatura científica (sobre todo en el aspecto psicológico), influyen en esta problemática. Dentro del acervo teórico posible, este artículo se centra en las concepciones planteadas desde el Psicoanálisis y la Psicología Dinámica, utilizando como metodología el análisis documental de fichas bibliográficas, posteriormente categorizadas. El resultado más significativo es encontrar que dichos factores se relacionan con la historia particular de cada sujeto, que puede estar vinculada a una patología de carácter psicológico y con la crisis experimentada en la etapa de la adolescencia. Es por esto que es fundamental que el profesional de la Psicología realice una valoración de la salud mental que lleve a la elaboración de un diagnóstico y de unos objetivos de intervención claros y pertinentes.

The present scientific article focus the topic on juvenile delinquency from the question, which are the different factors that, according to literature (above all in psychological aspect), influence this problem. Within the theoretical acquis the author focus the different concepts arising from Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychology, using as methodology the documentary analysis of bibliographic records, subsequently categorized. The most significant result, was finding that these factors are linked to the particular history of each person, to a psychological pathology, and the crisis experienced in adolescent phase. This is why it is essential for psychology professional to make a mental health assessment leading to the development of a clear and relevant diagnostic and an adequate intervention objective.

Tensões da identidade pessoal no espelho de Machado de Assis / Tensions of personal identity in the mirror by Machado de Assis

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em analisar a forma como as tensões da identidade pessoal são representadas em "O Espelho", um conto de Machado de Assis. Como o argumento central é baseado em Paul Ricoeur, busca-se em primeiro lugar caracterizar em linhas gerais seus conceitos de identidade narrativa conforme apresentados em sua última obra: O si-mesmo como um outro. Posteriormente, em um segundo momento, as teorias de Ricoeur são usadas para caracterizar algumas das questões centrais no conto de Machado de Assis.

The aim of this article consists on analyze how the tensions of personal identity are represented in "The Mirror", a short story by Machado de Assis. The central argument is based in Paul Ricoeur, so, it is looked for firstly to describe in general terms his concepts of narrative identity as expressed in his last book: "Oneself as Another". Later, in a second time, Ricoeur's theories are used in order to characterize some of central questions in Machado's tale.

O sujeito cerebral: um esboço histórico e conceitual / El sujeto cerebral: un esbozo histórico y conceptual / The cerebral subject _ an historical outline on the anthropology of "brainhood"

Desde meados do século XX, numerosos discursos e práticas, dentro e fora das disciplinas científicas e filosóficas, têm apresentado o desenvolvimento da noção de ser humano como um ‘sujeito cerebral’. O cérebro é concebido como a única parte do corpo que devemos possuir, e que deve ser nossa, para que sejamos nós mesmos. Já que a personalidade é a qualidade ou condição para ser considerado um indivíduo, a ‘cerebralidade’ é, dessa forma, a qualidade ou condição de ser um cérebro. Esta propriedade define o sujeito cerebral. A antropologia da ‘cerebralidade’ pode parecer uma conseqüência natural do progresso das neurociências – mas procede de desenvolvimentos das filosofias da matéria e da identidade pessoal do século XVII. As neurociências confirmam e reforçam esta perspectiva. O autor delineia a narrativa histórica relacionada ao desenvolvimento do sujeito cerebral assim como alguns temas contemporâneos que surgem a partir das neurociências.(AU)

Desde los medios del siglo XX, numerosos discursos y prácticas, adentro y afuera de las disciplinas científicas y filosóficas, han demostrado lo desarrollo de la noción de ser humano como un 'sujeto cerebral'. El cerebro es concebido como la única parte del cuerpo que debemos poseer y que debe ser nuestra para que seamos nosotros mismos. Como la personalidad es la cualidad o condición para ser considerado un indivíduo, la 'cerebralidad' es así la cualidad o condición de ser un cerebro. Esta propiedad define el sujeto cerebral. La antropología de la 'cerebralidad' puede parecer una consecuencia natural del progreso de las neurociencias – pero procede de los desarrollos de las filosofias de la materia y de la identidad personal del siglo XVII. Las neurociencias conferman y fortalecen esta perspectiva. El autor delinea la narrativa histórica relativa a lo desarrollo de lo sujeto cerebral así como unos temas de las neurociencias.(AU)

Since the middle of the 20th century, numerous discourses and practices, both within and outside scientific and philosophical disciplines, have manifested the development of the notion of the human being as a cerebral subject. The brain appears to be the only organ of the body that we need, and that has to be exclusively ours, in order for each individual to be himself or herself. Since personhood is the quality or condition of being an individual person, brainhood is thus the quality or condition of being a brain. This property defines the cerebral subject. The anthropology of brainhood may seem a natural consequence of progress in the neurosciences. However, it is rooted in 17th-century developments in the philosophies of matter and personal identity. The neurosciences confirm and reinforce this perspective. The author outlines the historical narrative concerning the development of the cerebral subject as well as some contemporary issues arising from the neurosciences.(AU)

Identificaciones múltiples y ciudadanía en el trabajo: mediación de las fuentes de apoyo social / Multiple identifications and citizenship at work: mediation of social support

Este estudio examina las relaciones entre la identificación con la organización, el grupo y la carrera con las conductas de ciudadanía orientadas a la organización, al grupo y a la profesión. Además, este trabajo analiza el papel mediador del apoyo social percibido desde diferentes fuentes -organizacional y grupal- en las relaciones entre la identificación y las conductas de ciudadanía. Los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, realizados sobre una muestra de 435 trabajadores españoles que pertenecían a 87 grupos de trabajo, muestran que la identificación con la organización, con el grupo y con la carrera son dimensiones diferentes, aunque positivamente relacionadas, y que predicen las conductas de ciudadanía orientadas a los tres focos. Asimismo, los resultados indican que el apoyo organizacional percibido media parcialmente las relaciones entre la identificación organizacional y las conductas de ciudadanía orientadas a la organización, mientras que el apoyo grupal percibido media parcialmente las relaciones entre la identificación grupal y las conductas de ciudadanía orientadas al grupo. Estos resultados confirman y expanden los hallazgos previos sobre identificación y conductas de ciudadanía.

This paper examines the relationships between organizational, group, and career identification with organizational, group, and career citizenship behavior. In addition, this study analyzes the mediator role of perceived social support from different sources -organizational and group- on identification and citizenship behavior. Using a sample of 435 Spanish workers, nested into 87 work groups, we found full support for our hypotheses. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that organizational, group, and career identification are different but related dimensions, and predictors of the three citizenship behavior foci. Results also showed that the effect of organizational identification on organizational citizenship behavior is partially mediated by perceived organizational support partially, while perceived group support partially mediates the relationship between group identification and group citizenship behavior. These results confirm and extend previous research on identification and citizenship behavior.