RESUMO
Colombia was one of the first countries to decriminalise euthanasia. However, what is known in the international academic literature about the country's regulations is scarce and outdated. Such lack of information on the situation in Latin America is even more evident in the case of Peru, where the Lima Superior Court of Justice set a precedent by allowing a person to have access to euthanasia in 2021. Ecuador, which has just decriminalised euthanasia for all its citizens in February 2024, risks being similarly absent from the international dialogue. This article summarises for the first time all the regulations in force regarding euthanasia in Latin America, through a study of primary sources in Spanish, and analyses some of the convergences between these three neighbouring countries.
RESUMO
El presente artículo propone un enfoque empírico de la ética derivado de la teoría psicológica del juicio humano propuesta por Norman Anderson. Muestra cómo la metodología de esta teoría denominada medición funcional puede utilizarse para caracterizar las diversas posiciones personales que existen en todas las sociedades respecto a los problemas de salud pública. Los principales resultados de tres estudios realizados en tres países diferentes (Guinea, Francia y Colombia) se presentan como ilustración de lo que puede aportar este enfoque. Dichos análisis se centraron en tres problemas deliberadamente muy diferentes: (a) el deber de atender a los pacientes infectados, en caso de una epidemia que ponga en peligro la vida de los cuidadores; (b) la aceptabilidad de la reproducción postmortem, en el caso de los soldados que mueren en combate, y (c) la aceptabilidad del suicidio asistido por un médico
This paper presents the proposal of an empirical ap-proach to ethics derived from a psychological theory of human judgment proposed by Norman Anderson. It shows how the methodology specific to this theory functional measurement makes it possible to char-acterize the various personal positions that exist in all societies regarding public health problems. The main results of three studies carried out in three different countries (Guinea, France, and Colombia) on various problems are presented as an illustration of what this approach can offer. These analyses focused on three deliberately very different problems: (a) the duty to care for infected patients in the event of a pandemic that puts at risk the lives of the health professionals, (b) the acceptability of postmortem reproduction in the specific context of fallen soldiers, and (c) the accept-ability of physicianassisted suicide
Este artigo propõe uma abordagem empírica da ética derivada da teoria psicológica do julgamento humano proposta por Norman Anderson. Mostra como a metodo-logia dessa teoria denominada medição funcional pode ser utilizada para caracterizar as diversas posições pessoais que existem em todas as sociedades em relação aos problemas de saúde pública. Os principais resulta-dos de três estudos, realizados em três países diferentes (Guiné, França e Colômbia), são apresentados como uma ilustração do que esta abordagem pode contribuir. Esses estudos se concentraram em três problemas de-liberadamente muito diferentes: (a) o dever de cuidar de pacientes infectados no caso de uma epidemia que ponha em risco a vida dos cuidadores, (b) a aceitabilida-de da reprodução postmortem no caso de soldados que morrem em combate, e (c) a aceitabilidade do suicídio assistido por médicos
Assuntos
Humanos , Ética , Teoria Psicológica , Saúde Pública , Suicídio Assistido , JulgamentoRESUMO
This study aimed at examining the approval rate of the medical students' regarding active euthanasia, passive euthanasia, and physician-assisted-suicide over the last ten years. To do so, the arguments and variables affecting students' choices were examined and a systematic review was conducted, using PubMed and Web of Science databases, including articles from January 2009 to December 2018. From 135 identified articles, 13 met the inclusion criteria. The highest acceptance rates for euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide were from European countries. The most common arguments supporting euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide were the followings: (i) patient's autonomy (n = 6), (ii) relief of suffering (n = 4), and (ii) the thought that terminally-ill patients are additional burden (n = 2). The most common arguments against euthanasia were as follows: (i) religious and personal beliefs (n = 4), (ii) the "slippery slope" argument and the risk of abuse (n = 4), and (iii) the physician's role in preserving life (n = 2). Religion (n = 7), religiosity (n = 5), and the attributes of the medical school of origin (n = 3) were the most significant variables to influence the students' attitude. However, age, previous academic experience, family income, and place of residence had no significant impact. Medical students' opinions on euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide should be appropriately addressed and evaluated because their moral compass, under the influence of such opinions, will guide them in solving future ethical and therapeutic dilemmas in the medical field.
RESUMO
Rational suicide can be minimally defined as: instrumentally rational, autonomous, due to stable goals and not due to mental illness. One major problem with rational suicide is that it tends toward a technical psychiatric definition, excluding any philosophical explanation of why rational suicide could be ethically justified. In other words, there is a tendency towards an instrumental view of rationality which concentrates on safeguarding the rational means of suicide, rather than fully considering the rational ends of why suicide could be ethically justified in certain special and controlled circumstances. To begin, the plausibility of rational suicide is explored. Following on, the classical stoic idea of rational ends of suicide is then reframed for a more contemporary audience in the socially relevant context of physician-assisted suicide.
El suicidio racional puede definirse mínimamente como: racional instrumentalmente, autónomo, debido a metas estables y no a enfermedad mental. Un problema mayor con el suicidio racional es que tiende hacia una definición técnica psiquiátrica, excluyendo cualquiera explicación filosófica sobre su justificación ética. En otras palabras, existe una tendencia hacia una visión instrumental de la racionalidad, porque se concentra en salvaguardar los medios racionales de suicidio, más que en considerar plenamente los fines racionales de por qué el suicidio podría ser éticamente justificado en ciertas circunstancias especiales y controladas. Para comenzar, se explora la posibilidad de suicidio racional. Luego, la idea estoica clásica de los fines racionales del suicidio es reformulada para una audiencia más contemporánea, en el contexto socialmente relevante de suicidio asistido por el médico.
Suicídio racional pode ser minimamente definido como: instrumentalmente racional, autônomo, causado por objetivos estáveis enão derivado de doença mental. Um importante problema com o suicídio racional é a sua tendência de uma definição técnica psiquiátrica, excluindo qualquer explicação filosófica do porquê que o suicídio racional poderia ser eticamente justificado. Em outras palavras, há uma tendência do ponto de vista instrumental de racionalidade que concentra sob salvaguardas os meios racionais de suicídio, em vez de considerar totalmente as finalidades racionais pelas quais o suicídio poderia ser eticamente justificado em certas circunstâncias, especiais e controladas. Para começar, a plausibilidade do suicídio racional é explorada. Em seguida, a clássica ideia estoica dos fins racionais do suicídio é, então reformulada para um público mais contemporâneo num contexto socialmente relevante do suicídio assistido por médico.