Emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment: phytoplankton structure in the presence of sulfamethoxazole and diclofenac.

Chemicals from anthropogenic activities such as domestic sewage, pesticide leaching, and improper chemical disposal have caused groundwater contamination. The presence of these emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment can change water quality and biota composition. Thus, this study investigates the effect of two emerging contaminants, anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) and antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX), on the aquatic environment, evaluating the phytoplankton community structure. A microcosm experiment was conducted with 16 sampling units, each one with 500 mL of water sample containing phytoplankton exposed to these drugs at different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg L-1). The experiment lasted 15 days, and samples were collected on days 0, 3, 5, 7, and 14 to evaluate the phytoplankton community, the concentrations of the drugs, and the nutrients in the samples. Six phytoplankton groups were identified, and diatoms and green algae were the most diverse and abundant groups. For the entire community, we identified differences between the days of the experiment, varying in the diversity and density of organisms, but not between the concentrations of the two drugs. Evaluating the groups separately, we identified differences in the abundance of cyanobacteria for the treatment with diclofenac and desmids for the treatment with sulfamethoxazole. We demonstrated that the presence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater ecosystems can somehow affect the phytoplankton community, especially the diversity and abundance of cyanobacteria and desmids. Therefore, our study indicates the importance of evaluating the presence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater ecosystems and their influence on aquatic organisms, as well as pharmaceuticals may be changing the structure of the aquatic environment.

Toxigenic Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria) affects the population growth of two common green microalgae: Evidence of other allelopathic metabolites different to cyanotoxins.

Agriculture runoffs and discharge of wastewaters are the major causes of eutrophication. Although eutrophication could promote the thriving of any phytoplankter, harmful algal blooms (HABs) are dominated frequently by cyanobacteria. Currently, HABs dominated by the toxigenic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in lakes and reservoirs are the main environmental concerns worldwide. This study aimed to determine how M. aeruginosa (Ma) modifies the population growth of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Ps) and Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Af). Growth kinetics were determined for each species and in the combinations: Ps-Ma, Af-Ma, Af-Ps, and Ps-Af-Ma. At the end of experiments, photosynthetic pigments, phycobiliproteins, and microcystins were quantified. A logistic equation significantly described the growth trend for all of the tested species, enabling the identification of negative effects on early stages in the population growth of co-cultures with the cyanobacterium; in addition, the interaction effects on the growth rate and in the maximum attainable population density were determined. The biomasses of A. falcatus and P. subcapitata were significantly higher when cultured individually than in all of the combinations with the cyanobacterium. The concentrations of chlorophyll a and b, as well as carotenoids, were lower in combined cultures, but phycobiliprotein content in the cultures with M. aeruginosa was not significantly affected. Microcystis aeruginosa negatively affected the growth of the microalgae, but A. falcatus was significantly more inhibited than P. subcapitata; however, microcystin concentrations were significantly reduced in the co-cultures with microalgae. These results could help to explain the displacements of microalgae when cyanobacteria are present, giving rise to cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic freshwaters.

Photophysiological and light absorption properties of phytoplankton communities in the river-dominated margin of the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Spatial and temporal variability in photophysiological properties of phytoplankton were examined in relationship to phytoplankton community composition in the river-dominated continental margin of the northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM). Observations made during five research cruises in the NGOM included phytoplankton photosynthetic and optical properties and associated environmental conditions and phytoplankton community structure. Distinct patterns of spatial and temporal variability in photophysiological parameters were found for waters dominated by different phytoplankton groups. Photophysiological properties for locations associated with dominance by a particular group of phytoplankton showed evidence of photoacclimation as reflected by differences in light absorption and pigment characteristics in relationship to different light environments. The maximum rate of photosynthesis normalized to chlorophyll ( PmaxB) was significantly higher for communities dominated (>60% biomass) by cyanobacteria + prochlorophyte (cyano + prochl). The initial slope of the photosynthesis-irradiance (P-E) curve normalized to chlorophyll ( αB) was not clearly related to phytoplankton community structure and no significant differences were found in PmaxB and αB between different geographic regions. In contrast, maximum quantum yield of carbon fixation in photosynthesis (Φcmax) differed significantly between regions and was higher for diatom-dominated communities. Multiple linear regression models, specific for the different phytoplankton communities, using a combination of environmental and bio-optical proxies as predictor variables showed considerable promise for estimation of the photophysiological parameters on a regional scale. Such an approach may be utilized to develop size class-specific or phytoplankton group-specific primary productivity models for the NGOM.

Modeling phytoplankton community in reservoirs. A comparison between taxonomic and functional groups-based models.

In this paper we address the formulation of two mechanistic water quality models that differ in the way the phytoplankton community is described. We carry out parameter estimation subject to differential-algebraic constraints and validation for each model and comparison between models performance. The first approach aggregates phytoplankton species based on their phylogenetic characteristics (Taxonomic group model) and the second one, on their morpho-functional properties following Reynolds' classification (Functional group model). The latter approach takes into account tolerance and sensitivity to environmental conditions. The constrained parameter estimation problems are formulated within an equation oriented framework, with a maximum likelihood objective function. The study site is Paso de las Piedras Reservoir (Argentina), which supplies water for consumption for 450,000 population. Numerical results show that phytoplankton morpho-functional groups more closely represent each species growth requirements within the group. Each model performance is quantitatively assessed by three diagnostic measures. Parameter estimation results for seasonal dynamics of the phytoplankton community and main biogeochemical variables for a one-year time horizon are presented and compared for both models, showing the functional group model enhanced performance. Finally, we explore increasing nutrient loading scenarios and predict their effect on phytoplankton dynamics throughout a one-year time horizon.

Morphofunctional changes of phytoplankton community during pluvial anomaly in a tropical reservoir / Alterações morfofuncionais da comunidade fitoplanctônica durante anomalia pluvial em um reservatório tropical

AbstractThe present study focuses on the structure and function of phytoplankton community during periods of marked changes in hydrological traits, influenced by an atypical climatic event (La Niña) and its impact on Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Reservoir of Rio Grande do Norte, situated in the Caatinga biome of northeastern Brazil. The main questions addressed were: What are the effects of environmental factors on the temporal variation of Morphologically Based Functional Group (MBFG) of phytoplankton community? How does the composition of cyanobacterial species shift in relation to high and low trends of phytoplankton diversity? The samples were collected monthly during 2008-2009 and analyzed for pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen content and the nutrients, such as, nitrate-nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, total nitrogen and orthophosphate. Phytoplankton samples were collected for both qualitative and quantitative analyses to evaluate species richness index and species diversity index. The data was divided into two distinct hydrodynamic periods of instability and stability. The results demonstrate considerable changes in dissolved oxygen content, water transparency and nitrogen nutrients, which directly influenced the MBFG of phytoplankton community in space and time. The instability of reservoir water was caused by heavy rainfall, which exerts atypical external disturbances. The seasonal variation of MBFG demonstrates a change in cyanobacterial composition and their diversity during instability and stability periods. MBFG VII, composed by colonial cyanobacteria with mucilage, was associated with reduced values of electrical conductance and alterations in pH. The predominance of filamentous species with heterocyst (MBFG III) occurs only during the hydrodynamic stability period and did not show significant association with analyzed parameters. The co-dominance of MBGFs III, V and VII along with high species diversity of phytoplankton community occurred during the second hydrodynamic instability period which was associated with the reduction in water temperature. It is concluded that the decrease in cyanobacterial species dominance and the general increase in the diversity of phytoplankton community are influenced by pluvial anomaly. The higher water level during the period of pluvial anomaly resulted in nutrient pulse and the mixing of water column in the reservoir, which determined the MBPG phytoplankton community distribution.

ResumoO presente estudo centra-se na estrutura e função da comunidade fitoplanctônica nos períodos de alterações marcantes nas características hidrológicas, influenciado por um evento climático atípico (La Niña) e seu impacto sobre o Reservatório: Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves, no Rio Grande do Norte, situado no bioma Caatinga, localizado na Região Nordeste do Brasil. As principais questões abordadas foram: Quais são os efeitos dos fatores ambientais sobre a variação temporal, baseados no grupo funcional da morfologia (GFBM) da comunidade fitoplanctônica? Como seria a composição das espécies de cianobactérias, em relação a varição das tendências de alta e baixa diversidade do fitoplâncton? As amostras foram coletadas mensalmente durante os anos de 2008-2009 e analisadas em relação a: pH, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, teor de oxigênio dissolvido e os nutrientes, tais como, tais como: nitrato, amônio, nitrogênio total e ortofosfato. As amostras de fitoplâncton foram coletadas para análises quantitativas, bem como, qualitativas para avaliar o índice de riqueza e de diversidade das espécies. Os dados foram divididos em dois períodos diferentes: instabilidade e estabilidade. Os resultados demonstraram alterações significativas no teor de oxigênio dissolvido, transparência da água e nutrientes de nitrogênio, que influenciaram diretamente os GFBM da comunidade do fitoplâncton no espaço e no tempo. A instabilidade da água do reservatório foi causada por fortes chuvas, que exerceu perturbações externas atípicas. Os resultados demonstraram alterações significativas no teor de oxigênio dissolvido, transparência da água e nutrientes de nitrogênio, que influenciaram diretamente os grupos morfofuncionais do fitoplâncton no espaço e no tempo. A instabilidade da água do reservatório foi causada por fortes chuvas, que exerceu perturbações externas atípicas. A sucessão sazonal de GFBM demonstrou a mudança na composição da cianobactéria e sua diversidade, durante os períodos de instabilidade e estabilidade. GFBM VII, composto por cianobactéria colonial com mucilagem esteve associado com baixos valores de condutividade elétrica e alterações no pH. A predominância das espécies filamentosas com heterocistos (GFBM III) ocorreu apenas durante o período de estabilidade hidrodinâmica e sem associação significativa com os parâmetros analisados. A codominância de GFBM III, V e VII juntamente com a elevada diversidade das espécies fitoplanctônicas ocorreram durante o segundo período da estabilidade hidrodinâmica e estiveram associadas com a redução da temperatura da água. Conclui-se que a diminuição da dominância de espécies de cianobactérias e o aumento geral na diversidade da comunidade do fitoplâncton são influenciadas pela anomalia pluvial. O nível da água mais elevado durante o período de anomalia pluvial resultou em um pulso de nutrientes e uma mistura da coluna de água no reservatório, que determinou a distribuição da comunidade fitoplanctônica MBPG.

Morphofunctional changes of phytoplankton community during pluvial anomaly in a tropical reservoir / Alterações morfofuncionais da comunidade fitoplanctônica durante anomalia pluvial em um reservatório tropical

The present study focuses on the structure and function of phytoplankton community during periods of marked changes in hydrological traits, influenced by an atypical climatic event (La Niña) and its impact on Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Reservoir of Rio Grande do Norte, situated in the Caatinga biome of northeastern Brazil. The main questions addressed were: What are the effects of environmental factors on the temporal variation of Morphologically Based Functional Group (MBFG) of phytoplankton community? How does the composition of cyanobacterial species shift in relation to high and low trends of phytoplankton diversity? The samples were collected monthly during 2008-2009 and analyzed for pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen content and the nutrients, such as, nitrate-nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, total nitrogen and orthophosphate. Phytoplankton samples were collected for both qualitative and quantitative analyses to evaluate species richness index and species diversity index. The data was divided into two distinct hydrodynamic periods of instability and stability. The results demonstrate considerable changes in dissolved oxygen content, water transparency and nitrogen nutrients, which directly influenced the MBFG of phytoplankton community in space and time. The instability of reservoir water was caused by heavy rainfall, which exerts atypical external disturbances. The seasonal variation of MBFG demonstrates a change in cyanobacterial composition and their diversity during instability and stability periods. MBFG VII, composed by colonial cyanobacteria with mucilage, was associated with reduced values of electrical conductance and alterations in pH. The predominance of filamentous species with heterocyst (MBFG III) occurs only during the hydrodynamic stability period and did not show significant association with analyzed parameters. The co-dominance of MBGFs III, V and VII along with high species diversity of phytoplankton community occurred during the second hydrodynamic instability period which was associated with the reduction in water temperature. It is concluded that the decrease in cyanobacterial species dominance and the general increase in the diversity of phytoplankton community are influenced by pluvial anomaly. The higher water level during the period of pluvial anomaly resulted in nutrient pulse and the mixing of water column in the reservoir, which determined the MBPG phytoplankton community distribution.(AU)

O presente estudo centra-se na estrutura e função da comunidade fitoplanctônica nos períodos de alterações marcantes nas características hidrológicas, influenciado por um evento climático atípico (La Niña) e seu impacto sobre o Reservatório: Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves, no Rio Grande do Norte, situado no bioma Caatinga, localizado na Região Nordeste do Brasil. As principais questões abordadas foram: Quais são os efeitos dos fatores ambientais sobre a variação temporal, baseados no grupo funcional da morfologia (GFBM) da comunidade fitoplanctônica? Como seria a composição das espécies de cianobactérias, em relação a varição das tendências de alta e baixa diversidade do fitoplâncton? As amostras foram coletadas mensalmente durante os anos de 2008-2009 e analisadas em relação a: pH, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, teor de oxigênio dissolvido e os nutrientes, tais como, tais como: nitrato, amônio, nitrogênio total e ortofosfato. As amostras de fitoplâncton foram coletadas para análises quantitativas, bem como, qualitativas para avaliar o índice de riqueza e de diversidade das espécies. Os dados foram divididos em dois períodos diferentes: instabilidade e estabilidade. Os resultados demonstraram alterações significativas no teor de oxigênio dissolvido, transparência da água e nutrientes de nitrogênio, que influenciaram diretamente os GFBM da comunidade do fitoplâncton no espaço e no tempo. A instabilidade da água do reservatório foi causada por fortes chuvas, que exerceu perturbações externas atípicas. Os resultados demonstraram alterações significativas no teor de oxigênio dissolvido, transparência da água e nutrientes de nitrogênio, que influenciaram diretamente os grupos morfofuncionais do fitoplâncton no espaço e no tempo. A instabilidade da água do reservatório foi causada por fortes chuvas, que exerceu perturbações externas atípicas. A sucessão sazonal de GFBM demonstrou a mudança na composição da cianobactéria e sua diversidade, durante os períodos de instabilidade e estabilidade. GFBM VII, composto por cianobactéria colonial com mucilagem esteve associado com baixos valores de condutividade elétrica e alterações no pH. A predominância das espécies filamentosas com heterocistos (GFBM III) ocorreu apenas durante o período de estabilidade hidrodinâmica e sem associação significativa com os parâmetros analisados. A codominância de GFBM III, V e VII juntamente com a elevada diversidade das espécies fitoplanctônicas ocorreram durante o segundo período da estabilidade hidrodinâmica e estiveram associadas com a redução da temperatura da água. Conclui-se que a diminuição da dominância de espécies de cianobactérias e o aumento geral na diversidade da comunidade do fitoplâncton são influenciadas pela anomalia pluvial. O nível da água mais elevado durante o período de anomalia pluvial resultou em um pulso de nutrientes e uma mistura da coluna de água no reservatório, que determinou a distribuição da comunidade fitoplanctônica MBPG.(AU)

Microbial and chemical profile of a ponds system for the treatment of landfill leachate.

The present study describes the behavior of spatio-temporal variation of parameters and microbial profile of a pilot stabilization ponds system, consisted of three serial ponds, for the treatment of landfill leachate. Bacterial diversity was determined through molecular techniques (FISH, PCR and phylogenic analysis), while the phytoplankton community was evaluated through optical microscopy and quantified by the Sedgewick-Rafter chamber. Physicochemical parameters were also evaluated. The ponds system presented the following removal efficiency: 56% for TCOD; 83% for SBOD5 and 82% for N-NH4(+). Moreover, the analysis of chlorophyll a and DO showed stratification in the mass of water by the vertical profile. The analysis of the phytoplankton community showed a low number of species, with a predominance of Chlamydomonas sp. and presence of Cryptomonas sp. in lower density. The bacterial diversity analysis showed the presence of Planctomycetales, Verrucomicrobiales, some Desulfovibionaceae sulfate-reducing bacteria and Pseudomonas sp.

Structure of the phytoplankton community with emphasis on Cyanobacteria in Tapacurá reservoir- PE / Estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica com ênfase em Cyanobacteria no reservatório de Tapacurá-PE

The Tapacurá reservoir is located at 30 km from the city of Recife, PE Brazil, and it is an important water supply system for the municipality and surrounding region. The present study characterized the quality and the quantity of the phytoplankton community in this ecosystem. Twelve sample collections were carried out from June 2006 to January 2007 at a single sampling site next to the point of water intake. The frequency in occurrence, abundance, dominance, species diversity index, and equitableness index were determined as a complementary part of the study. Twenty-two taxa were identified, with the predominance of following groups Cyanobacteria (45.0%), Chlorophyta (36.0%) Chrysophyta (9.0%) Euglenophyta (5.0%) and Cryptophyta (5.0%). Cyanobacteria exhibited the highest density, accounting for 95.0% of the quantified organisms. Regarding to the frequency in occurrence, 32.0% of taxa were considered highly frequent; 32.0% were regarded frequent; 27.0% were infrequent; and 9.0%were considered rare. Among the identified taxa, nine stood out as being abundant at least in one of the sampling sessions. Raphodiopsis mediterranea and Microcystis aeruginosa were the only species that exhibited dominance throughout the study period. The highest densities of Cyanobacteria are configured as potential risk to public health, as some of these taxa have a history of toxin production.

O reservatório de Tapacurá, localizado a 30 km da cidade do Recife, caracteriza-se como um importante manancial de abastecimento do município e de parte de sua região metropolitana. Com o objetivo de caracterizar qualitativamente e quantitativamente a comunidade fitoplanctônica deste ecossistema, foram realizadas 12amostragens, no período de junho/2006 a janeiro/2007, em uma única estação, próxima ao ponto de captação de água. A frequência de ocorrência, abundância, dominância, índice de diversidade específica e equitabilidade dos táxons foram determinados como parte complementar do estudo. Foram identificados 22 táxons com predominânciados grupos: Cyanobacteria (45,0%), Chlorophyta (36,0%) Chrysophyta (9,0%) Euglenophyta (5,0%) e Cryptophyta(5,0%). As Cyanobacteria apresentaram as maiores densidades, contribuindo em média com 95,0% dos organismosquantificados. Quanto à frequência de ocorrência, 32,0% dos táxons foram considerados muito frequentes, 32,0%frequentes, 27,0% pouco frequentes e 9,0% raros. Dos táxons identificados nove destacaram-se como abundantes em pelo menos uma das amostragens. Raphidiopsis mediterranea e Microcystis aeruginosa foram as únicas espécies que apresentaram dominância durante o período estudado. As maiores densidades observadas para espécies de Cyanobacteria configuram-se como potenciais riscos à saúde pública, uma vez que alguns destes táxons apres