A bright side of adversity? A systematic review on posttraumatic growth among refugees.

Until the third trimester of 2022, 103 million people worldwide had been forced to leave their homes and become refugees. The traumatic experiences of refugees can lead not only to mental disorders but also to Posttraumatic Growth (PTG). (1) To find the variables positively and negatively associated with PTG in refugees. (2) To investigate the relationship between PTG and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among refugees. We systematically searched Medline, Web of Knowledge, PsycInfo, Scopus, and PTSD Pubs for studies about PTG in refugees. Epidemiological studies using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Grey literature, reviews, and meta-analysis. Risk of bias was assessed by the 'The Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool'. We included 24 studies investigating PTG and associated factors. The factors positively associated with PTG were social support, regular migration status, religiosity, satisfaction with life, time, and problem-focussed and emotion-focussed coping. The factors negatively associated with PTG were: irregular migration status, emotional suppression, and avoidance coping. Studies on PTG in refugees are essential to finding new ways to address mental health in this field. Few studies offered risk of bias, particularly regarding the sample selection. We conclude that PTG may be influenced by many factors and it would be of importance that the centres for support, as well as public policies, took that into account to foster the outcome and not only to focus on disease. This study was partially supported by CAPES and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020215607).

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Prediction of Posttraumatic Consequences during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chilean Adults.

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is widely used to assess the use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies to regulate negative emotions. The present study evaluates the psychometric properties, reliability and validity of a Chilean adaptation of the ERQ in a large sample of 1543 participants aged between 18 and 87 (38% male, 62% female). The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed the expected two-factor structure and factorial invariance in relation to gender. Results also indicated adequate internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent and predictive validity in predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth six months after the first measurement in a subsample of students exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of reappraisal was positively associated with general well-being, whereas the use of suppression was positively associated with depressive symptomatology. In terms of posttraumatic consequences, the use of reappraisal was negatively associated with posttraumatic symptomatology and positively associated with posttraumatic growth six months later; in turn, suppression was positively associated with posttraumatic symptomatology and negatively associated with posttraumatic growth six months later. This study demonstrates that the ERQ is a valid and reliable instrument to measure emotional regulation strategies in Chilean adults.

Posttraumatic growth in people affected by an occupational accident: A longitudinal multilevel model of change.

This study analyzed a predictive model of posttraumatic growth (PTG) in a cohort of 244 workers affected by an occupational accident. A longitudinal design with three points in time (i.e., 1, 6, and 12 months after the accident) was used. PTG, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), subjective severity of the event, deliberate rumination, and seeking social support were evaluated. In addition, time since the accident, age, and gender were included as predictors in our model. Deliberate rumination and seeking social support significantly predicted PTG trajectory in a multilevel model. Practical conclusions from the results suggest that work accident victims should be encouraged to seek social support and to positively reframe their experience.

Perceived posttraumatic growth after interpersonal trauma and subsequent well-being among young Colombian adults: A longitudinal analysis.

Research has shown that people sometimes report self-perceived growth as a result of dealing with a potentially traumatic event, but relatively few methodologically rigorous studies have examined whether perceived posttraumatic growth is associated with improved subsequent well-being across a wide range of outcomes. In this three-wave longitudinal study of Colombian emerging adults (n = 636), we examined the associations of perceived posttraumatic growth with 17 well-being outcomes across domains of psychological well-being (i.e., self-rated mental health, meaning in life, sense of purpose, happiness, life satisfaction), psychological distress (i.e., anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, subjective suffering), social well-being (i.e., content with relationships, satisfying relationships, loneliness), physical well-being (i.e., self-rated physical health, sleep quality), and character strengths (i.e., state hope, trait forgivingness, orientation to promote good, delayed gratification). Using an outcome-wide analytic design that adjusted for a range of covariates assessed in Wave 1, we found that overall perceived posttraumatic growth assessed in Wave 2 was robustly associated with improvements in one or more facet of each well-being domain (15/17 outcomes in total) assessed approximately six months later in Wave 3. Our findings suggest that perceived posttraumatic growth may contribute to individual well-being over the longer-term.

Terapia sistémica breve en personas expuestas a un evento altamente estresante reciente: Un ensayo controlado aleatorizado / Brief systemic therapy in people exposed to a recent highly stressful event: A randomised controlled trial

Resumen: Antecedentes: Los eventos altamente estresantes pueden tener efectos nocivos en el bienestar y salud mental en las personas. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de un protocolo de intervención preventiva basado en la Terapia Sistémica Breve orientado a personas que vivenciaron de manera reciente un evento altamente estresante. Método: Participaron 75 personas, 39 conformaron el grupo experimental y 36 el grupo control. Para el análisis de los datos se siguió un diseño cuantitativo con dos grupos (experimental y control) y con dos puntos temporales (pre y post-intervención). Al grupo experimental se añadió un seguimiento a los seis meses. El protocolo estuvo estructurado en cuatro sesiones y apuntaba a incidir sobre los síntomas postraumáticos, el crecimiento postraumático, la respuesta rumiativa y las estrategias de afrontamiento. Resultados: Se observó un aumento del crecimiento postraumático, de la rumiación deliberada, del afrontamiento centrado en el problema y de la reinterpretación positiva en el grupo experimental. En cambio, solo hubo una tendencia no significativa en la reducción de la sintomatología postraumática y en la búsqueda de apoyo social. Conclusiones: Estos resultados contribuyen al desarrollo de la Terapia Sistémica Breve y apoyan su utilidad en la intervención preventiva con personas expuestas a un evento altamente estresante.

Abstract: Background: Highly stressful events can have harmful effects on people's well-being and mental health. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a preventive intervention protocol based on Brief Systemic Therapy oriented to people who recently experienced a highly stressful event. Method: Seventy-five people participated, 39 were in the experimental group and 36 in the control group. A quantitative design with two groups (experimental and control) and two time points (pre- and post-intervention) was used for data analysis. A six-month follow-up was added to the experimental group. The protocol was structured in four sessions and aimed to impact on posttraumatic symptoms, posttraumatic growth, ruminative response and coping strategies. Results: An increase in posttraumatic growth, deliberate rumination, problem-focused coping, and positive reinterpretation was observed in the experimental group. In contrast, there was only a nonsignificant trend in reduced posttraumatic symptomatology and in seeking social support. Conclusions: These results contribute to the development of Brief Systemic Therapy and support its usefulness in preventive intervention with people exposed to a highly stressful event.

Sintomatología y crecimiento postraumático en estudiantes de educación superior en Chile durante la pandemia por COVID-19

Objetivo. Evaluar un modelo predictivo de sintomatología postraumática (SPT) y de crecimiento postraumático (CPT), que incluía variables psicológicas, relacionadas con la pandemia y con las clases virtuales, en estudiantes de educación superior durante la pandemia. Método. Participaron 552 estudiantes cuya mayoría corresponde a un 68.5% de mujeres. Se aplicaron instrumentos para medir distintas variables psicológicas. Resultados. Se estableció que un modelo predictivo que incluía la rumiación intrusiva y deliberada, la severidad subjetiva, la supresión emocional, la revaluación cognitiva, el apoyo social, un espacio adecuado para conectarse a clases en línea y el nivel de estudios predecía en forma significativa la SPT. La rumiación deliberada, el apoyo social, la reevaluación cognitiva y la edad predecían el CPT. Se discute la relevancia de estos resultados para el apoyo que se podría brindar a los estudiantes.

Objective. To evaluate a predictive model of posttraumatic symptomatology (PTS) and posttraumatic growth (PTC), which included psychological, pandemic-related, and online classroom-related variables, in higher education students during the pandemic. Method. A total of 552 students participated, 68.5% of whom were women. Instruments were applied to measure different psychological variables. Results. It was established that a model that included intrusive and deliberate rumination, subjective severity, emotional suppression, cognitive reappraisal, social support, adequate space to connect to online classes, and educational attainment significantly predicted PTS. Deliberate rumination, social support, cognitive reappraisal, and age predicted CPT. The relevance of these findings to the academic support that could be provided to students is discussed.

The Remission of Social Anxiety Disorder After Trauma: A Case Report of Posttraumatic Growth?

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) describes positive psychological change and improvement beyond one's previous functioning. It manifests as a change of self-perception, improvement in the relationship with others, and a better outlook on life. Despite consistent literature on the occurrence of PTG in healthy subjects, there is still a dearth of studies in people with pre-existing mental disorders, especially anxiety disorders. We report the case of a patient previously diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD), whose symptoms remitted, and life view improved after a traumatic event, illustrating a case of PTG. The trauma shattered the patient's previous belief system, allowing the emergence of a new cognitive schema. Although PTG and symptom remission do not necessarily correspond to the same construct, we believe that these phenomena were related to each other in this case, probably because of a notable change in our patient's underlying belief system.

Crecimiento postraumático y variables psicosociales en víctimas de violencia política / Posttraumatic growth and psychosocial variables among victims of political violence

Resumen Antecedentes: la dictadura militar chilena (1973-1990) dejó miles de víctimas entre afectados directos y familiares, quienes pudieron desarrollar diversas secuelas en su salud mental. Objetivos: el presente estudio buscó evaluar un modelo predictivo de crecimiento postraumático (CPT) que incluía la ideología política, el afrontamiento religioso y la rumiación, en víctimas de la violencia política durante la dictadura. Método: participaron 200 personas adultas reconocidas en el Programa de Reparación y Atención Integral de Salud (PRAIS), encargada de brindar apoyo a las víctimas directas de violaciones a los derechos humanos durante la dictadura, y a sus familiares. De ellos 104 son mujeres (52%) y 96 hombres (48%), en un rango de edad entre los 30 y 91 años. Se utilizaron como instrumentos el Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático, la Escala Breve de Afrontamiento Religioso, la Escala de Rumiación relacionada con el Evento y la Escala de Ideología Política. Resultados: los principales resultados indicaron que el afrontamiento religioso positivo y la rumiación deliberada predijeron el CPT. La rumiación deliberada media parcialmente entre el afrontamiento religioso positivo y el CPT. Conclusión: se concluye que el afrontamiento religioso positivo y el procesamiento cognitivo deliberado favorecen los cambios positivos en víctimas directas de la violencia política y sus familiares. Ante esto, se refuerza la idea que las víctimas de estas violaciones logran crecer después de estas experiencias dolorosas.

Abstract Background: The Chilean military dictatorship (1973-1990) left thousands of victims among those directly affected and their families, who were able to develop various mental health sequelae. Objective: The present study sought to evaluate a predictive model of posttraumatic growth (PTG) that included political ideology, religious coping and rumination in victims of political violence during the dictatorship. Method: The study involved 200 adults recognised in the Programme for Reparation and Integral Health Care (PRAIS), which is responsible for providing support to direct victims of human rights violations and their family members during the dictatorship. Out of these, 104 were women (52%) and 96 were men (48%) ranging in age from 30 to 91 years. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Brief Religious Coping Scale, the Event-Related Rumination Scale and the Political Ideology Scale were used as instruments. Results: The main results indicated that positive religious coping and deliberate rumination predicted PTG. Deliberate rumination partially mediates between positive religious coping and PTG. Conclusion: It is concluded that positive religious coping and deliberate cognitive processing favour positive change in those directly affected by political violence and their family members. This reinforces the idea that victims of these violations manage to grow after these painful experiences.

Psychometric Properties of the Brief Religious Coping Scale (Brief-RCOPE) in Chilean Adults Exposed to Stressful Events.

Among the different ways of coping with stress, religious coping has shown particularly the promising results; nonetheless, there are few validated instruments to assess it in non-English language. This article presents the psychometric properties of the Brief Religious Coping Scale (Brief-RCOPE) in Chilean adults exposed to stressful events. The scale shows a reliability, test-retest stability, and confirmatory factor analysis support structural validity. The scale also shows concurrent validity with another measure of religious coping. Finally, confirming predictive criterion validity, negative religious coping predicts posttraumatic stress symptoms 6 months after, but not posttraumatic growth. Positive religious coping was associated with posttraumatic growth enhancement. This study shows Brief-RCOPE as a valid and reliable instrument for measuring religious coping in this population.

Crescimento Pós-Traumático após Divórcio: Contribuição dos Valores para Além das Variáveis Demográficas / Posttraumatic Growth After Divorce: Contribution of Values Beyond Demographic Variables

Resumo Objetivou-se verificar em que medida os valores humanos explicam o crescimento pós-traumático no contexto do divórcio, controlando o efeito das variáveis idade, sexo e tempo de divorciado. Responderam ao Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático, Questionário de Valores Básicos e questões demográficas 200 pessoas que vivenciaram o divórcio (M idade = 38,4, DP = 11,51). Entre as variáveis demográficas, unicamente o sexo foi importante para explicar o crescimento, mais evidente entre mulheres. Ademais, os valores humanos se mostraram um construto importante. Subfunções sociais (interativa e normativa) e a de existência foram as mais importantes; entre os valores pessoais, unicamente os da subfunção realização lograram fazê-lo. Concluindo, estes achados foram discutidos à luz da literatura, sinalizando a importância dos valores humanos.

Abstract This study investigated to which extent human values explain posttraumatic growth in the context of divorce, even controlling by age, gender and divorce time. Two-hundred people who experienced the divorce responded to Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Basic Values Questionnaire and demographic questions (M age = 38.4, SD = 11.51). Among the demographic variables only the gender was important to explain the growth, more evident among women. In addition, human values proved to be an important construct to explain. Social (interactive and normative) and existence subfunctions were the most important; between personal values, only those of the promotion subfunction did so. In conclusion, these findings were discussed at light of the literature, pointing out the importance of human values.

Posttraumatic growth indicators in Brazilian and Pakistani samples / Indicadores de crecimiento postraumático en una muestra brasileña y pakistaní / Indicadores de crescimento pós-traumático em amostra brasileira e paquistanesa

We investigated indicators of posttraumatic growth (PTG) in victims of disasters. Six hypotheses were tested: the symptoms of re-experiencing and avoidance, typical of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), would be positive predictors of PTG (h1); the Pakistanis would have lower PTG rates when compared to Brazilians (h2); higher number of traumatic events (h3), bombings and terrorism (h4) and pathological personality traits (h5) would be negative predictors of PTG; and the religiosity factor would be a positive indicator of PTG (h6). Participants included 202 subjects, 64.9% male with age ranges between 18 and 66 years (M = 28.07; SD = 8.82). Instruments used included the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 and the Clinical Dimensional Personality Inventory-Screening. All hypotheses were partially corroborated. We discuss the implications of the transposition of Western evaluation methods and the posttraumatic perspective to Non-Western contexts.

Investigou-se indicadores de crescimento pós-traumático (CPT) em vítimas de desastres por meio de seis hipóteses: os sintomas de reexperimentação e evitação, típicos do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT), seriam preditores positivos de CPT (h1); os paquistaneses teriam menores taxas de CPT quando comparados a brasileiros (h2), maior número de eventos traumáticos (h3), bombardeios e terrorismo (h4) e traços patológicos de personalidade (h5) seriam preditores negativos de CPT e o fator religiosidade seria um indicador positivo do CPT (h6). Participaram do estudo 202 indivíduos, 64,9% homens com idades entre 18 e 66 anos (M = 28,07; DP = 8,82). Os instrumentos utilizados incluíram o Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático, o PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 e o Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade-Versão Triagem. As hipóteses foram parcialmente corroboradas. Se discute a transposição de métodos de avaliação ocidentais e perspectiva pós-traumática para contextos orientais.

Se han investigado indicadores de crecimiento postraumático (CPT) en víctimas de desastres a través de seis hipótesis: los síntomas de re experimentación y evitación, típicos del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), serían predictores positivos de CPT (h1); los paquistaníes tendrían menores tasas de CPT cuando comparados a brasileños (h2), mayor número de eventos traumáticos (h3), bombardeos y terrorismo (h4) y rasgos patológicos de personalidad (h5) serían predictores negativos de CPT y el factor religiosidad sería un indicador positivo del CPT (h6). Participaron 202 individuos, 64,9% hombres con edades entre 18 y 66 años (M = 28,07, DP = 8,82). Los instrumentos utilizados incluyeron el Inventario de Crecimiento Post-traumático, la lista de verificación del PTSD para el Checklist for DSM-5 y el Inventario Dimensional Clínico de la Personalidad - Versión EvaluaciónTriage. Las hipótesis fueron parcialmente corroboradas. Se discute la transposición de métodos de evaluación occidentales y perspectiva post-traumática para contextos orientales.

Metaphors and cultural narratives on adaptive responses to severe adversity: A field study among the Indigenous Pitaguary community in Brazil.

The expressions resilience and posttraumatic growth represent metaphorical concepts that are typically found in Euro-American contexts. Metaphors of severe adversity or trauma and the expressions of overcoming it vary across cultures-a lacuna, which has not been given much attention in the literature so far. This study aimed to explore the metaphorical concepts that the Indigenous Pitaguary community in Brazil uses to talk about adaptive and positive responses to severe adversity and to relate them to their socio-cultural context. We carried out 14 semi-structured interviews during field research over a one-month period of fieldwork. The data were explored with systematic metaphor analysis. The core metaphors included images of battle, unity, spirituality, journeys, balance, time, sight, transformation, and development. These metaphors were related to context-specific cultural narratives that underlie the Pitaguary ontological perspective on collectivity, nature, and cosmology. The results suggest that metaphors and cultural narratives can reveal important aspects of a culture's collective mindset. To have a contextualized understanding of expressive nuances is an essential asset to adapt interventions to specific cultures and promote culture-specific healing and recovery processes.

Validation of the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI) in Brazilian Portuguese / Validação do Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI) em português do Brasil

Abstract Introduction Experiencing trauma may entail psychopathological consequences, but also changes considered to be positive (i.e., posttraumatic growth). For positive change to occur, an impact on the beliefs of individuals is required, which may be measured through the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI). The objective of this study was to validate the Brazilian Portuguese version of the CBI. Methods A total of 248 university students (65.7% female) answered the following assessment instruments: sociodemographic data sheet, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Posttraumatic Symptoms Checklist - Clinician Version (PCL-5) and the CBI. Psychometric properties of the CBI were assessed by conducting an exploratory factor analysis through a principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α) and convergent validity (Pearson correlation between instruments) were also investigated. Results The total scale showed adequate internal consistency (α = 0.83). A single factor solution explained 42.63% of the variance of the CBI. Significant correlations were found between CBI and PTGI, and between CBI and PCL-5. Conclusion The psychometric properties indicated adequate internal consistency and construct validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the CBI.

Resumo Introdução Experimentar um trauma pode levar a consequências psicopatológicas, mas também a alterações consideradas positivas (ou seja, crescimento pós-traumático). Para que mudanças positivas ocorram é necessário um impacto nas crenças dos indivíduos, o que pode ser medido através do Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI). O objetivo deste estudo foi validar a versão em português do Brasil do CBI. Métodos Um total de 248 universitários (65,7% mulheres) responderam aos seguintes instrumentos de avaliação: ficha sociodemográfica, Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático (Posttraumatic Growth Inventory - PTGI), Lista de Verificação de Sintomas Pós-Traumáticos - Versão Clínica (Posttraumatic Symptoms Checklist - Clinician Version - PCL-5) e CBI. As propriedades psicométricas do CBI foram avaliadas a partir de análise fatorial exploratória através de análise de componentes principais com rotação varimax. A consistência interna (α de Cronbach) e a validade convergente (correlação de Pearson entre os instrumentos) também foram investigadas. Resultados A escala total apresentou consistência interna adequada (α = 0,83). Uma solução de fator único explicou 42,63% da variação do CBI. Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre CBI e PTGI e entre CBI e PCL-5. Conclusão As propriedades psicométricas indicaram consistência interna adequada e validade de construto da versão em português do Brasil do CBI.

Predictores de sintomatología postraumática aguda y crecimiento post-estrés tras un accidente laboral reciente / Predictors of Acute Posttraumatic Symptoms and Post- Stress Growth After a Recent Work Accident

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar un modelo predictivo de sintomatología postraumática aguda (SPT) y de crecimiento post-estrés (CPE) en trabajadores que sufrieron un accidente laboral reciente. Se encuestaron 246 trabajadores (23.2% mujeres) entre los 18 y los 73 años. Se encontró que los principales predictores de la SPT son: severidad subjetiva del evento, afrontamiento religioso negativo, reinterpretación positiva y rumiación de tipos intrusiva, negativa y deliberada. A su vez, los principales predictores de CPE fueron: rumiación deliberada y afrontamiento religioso positivo. Se realizó un análisis de sendero para evaluar un modelo en el cual la rumiación intrusiva y la deliberada cumplen una función mediadora, obteniendo adecuados índices de ajuste. Se plantea la necesidad de contar con un método de evaluación temprana de las respuestas psicológicas tras un accidente.

Abstract The aim of this study is to evaluate a predictive model of acute posttraumatic symptomatology (PTS) and post-stress growth (PSG) in workers who suffered a recent work accident. To this end, 246 workers (23.2% women) were surveyed, aged between 18 and 73 years. The main predictors of PTS were subjective severity of event, negative religious coping, positive reinterpretation, and intrusive, brooding and deliberate rumination. At the same time, the main predictors of PSG were deliberate rumination and positive religious coping. A path analysis was performed to evaluate a model in which intrusive and deliberate rumination fulfill a mediating function, obtaining adequate goodness-of-fix indices. The need to have a method of early evaluation of psychological responses after an accident is proposed.

Análise fatorial confirmatória da versão brasileira do Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático / Confirmatory factor analysis of the Brazilian version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory / Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la bersión brasileira del Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático

O Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático (PTGI) é um instrumento de autorrelato que avalia mudanças positivas provenientes do enfrentamento de situações adversas. O presente estudo investigou a estrutura fatorial da versão brasileira do instrumento (PTGI-B). Participaram da pesquisa 321 pessoas que passaram por situações adversas variadas. Por meio do método de análise fatorial confirmatória, testou-se cinco diferentes modelos de estrutura fatorial. A estrutura convencional de cinco fatores foi a que melhor se adequou aos dados. No entanto, a estrutura hierárquica de cinco fatores de primeira ordem organizados em torno de um fator geral de segunda também apresentou índices de ajuste adequados. O estudo replica a estrutura fatorial original do PTGI (relacionamento com os outros, novas possibilidades, força pessoal, apreciação pela vida e mudança espiritual). Além disso, os resultados indicam que as análises com o PTGI-B podem ser realizadas tanto considerando as subdimensões do instrumento, quanto uma dimensão geral de crescimento pós-traumático. (AU)

The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) is a self-report instrument used to evaluate positive changes arising from coping with adversity. The current study aimed to investigate the factor structure of the Brazilian version of the instrument (PTGI-Br). A total of 321 subjects, who had experienced a variety of adverse events, participated in the study. Five different factor structure models of the PTGI-Br were tested through the confirmatory factor analysis method. The conventional five-factor model (relating to others, new possibilities, personal strength, appreciation of life and spiritual change) showed better fit indexes when compared to the other models. The factor structure of five first order factors organized around a global hi-order factor was also adequate. The result replicates the PTGI original structure. In addition, it allows the five dimensions of the PTGI-Br, as well as the global higher order dimension, to be used in statistical analysis. (AU)

El Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático (PTGI) es un instrumento de autoinforme que evalúa cambios positivos provenientes del enfrentamiento de situaciones adversas. El presente estudio investigó la estructura factorial de la versión brasileña del instrumento (PTGI-B). Participaron en la investigación 321 personas que pasaron por situaciones adversas variadas. A través del método de análisis factorial confirmatorio, se ha probado cinco diferentes modelos de estructura factorial. La estructura convencional de cinco factores fue la que mejor se adecuó a los datos. No obstante, la estructura jerárquica de cinco factores de primer orden organizados en torno a un factor general de segundo también presentó índices de ajuste adecuados. Los resultados replican la estructura factorial original del PTGI (relación con los otros, nuevas posibilidades, fuerza personal, apreciación por la vida y cambio espiritual). Además, los resultados indican que, los análisis con el PTGI-B, pueden ser realizados tanto considerando las subdimensiones del instrumento, como una dimensión general de crecimiento postraumático. (AU)

Medindo o crescimento proveniente do enfrentamento de situações adversas: a influência da centralidade da memória autobiográfica / Measuring growth through adversity: the influence of the autobiographical memory centrality / Midiendo el crecimiento proveniente del enfrentamiento de situaciones adversas: influencia de la centralidad de la memoria autobiográfica

O crescimento pós-traumático (CPT) refere-se à mudança positiva em algum aspecto da experiência humana como resultado do enfrentamento de situações adversas. O presente trabalho investigou se as evidências de validade externa do Inventário de Crescimento PósTraumático (PTGI) são mais consistentes quando se compara os resultados de um subgrupo que pontuou alto na Escala de Centralidade de Eventos (ECE) com os de um subgrupo que pontuou baixo. A ECE avalia em que medida o evento de referência contribuiu na formação da identidade dos indivíduos. Participaram do estudo 317 indivíduos que passaram por situações adversas variadas. As correlações entre CPT e suporte social, sentido de vida, satisfação com a vida, religiosidade e desajuste psicológico apresentaram maior magnitude e coerência no subgrupo pontuou alto na ECE. Os resultados fortalecem a concepção de que apenas eventos que levam a uma reavaliação das crenças centrais dos indivíduos devem ser incluídos nos estudos de CPT.

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) is the experience of positive change that occurs as a result of facing highly challenging adverse situations. The present work investigated whether the external validity evidence of the Post Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) is more consistent when considering the events in which individuals scored high on the Centrality of Events Scale (CES) versus events in which individuals scored low. The CES assesses to what extent the reference event contributed to the formation of individuals' identity. Participated in the study 317 individuals who had been through a variety of adverse events. The correlations between PTGI scores and social support, meaning in life, life satisfaction, religiosity, and psychological distress became larger and more coherent in the subgroup that scored high in ECE. The results corroborate the conception that only events that lead to a reassessment of individuals' central beliefs should be included in the PTG studies.

Crecimiento postraumático (CPT) se refiere al cambio positivo en algún aspecto de la experiencia humana como resultado del enfrentamiento de situaciones adversas. Este trabajo investigó si las evidencias de validez externa del Inventario de Crecimiento PostTraumático (PTGI) son más consistentes cuando se compara los resultados de un subgrupo punteado alto en la Escala de Centralidad de Eventos (ECE) con los de un que punteaba bajo. La ECE evalúa en qué medida el evento de referencia contribuyó en la formación de la identidad de los individuos. Participaron del estudio 317 individuos que pasaron por situaciones adversas variadas. Las correlaciones entre CPT y las demás variables de interés presentaron mayor magnitud y coherencia en el subgrupo puntuó alto en la ECE. Los resultados fortalecen la concepción de que sólo los eventos que conducen a una reevaluación de las creencias centrales deben ser incluidos en los estudios de CPT.

Variáveis psicológicas associadas ao crescimento pós-traumático após a vivência do câncer de mama: uma revisão sistemática / Psychological variables associated with posttraumatic growth after breast cancer experience: a systematic review

Introdução: O câncer de mama é considerado um dos tipos de câncer mais comuns entre as mulheres, representando 25% e 29% dos casos novos a cada ano no mundo e no Brasil, respectivamente. A vivência de seu diagnóstico, bem como de seus tratamentos pode acarretar impactos importantes na saúde física e mental, porém esta experiência pode também ser fonte de ressignificações positivas. Objetivo: O presente estudo revisou a literatura sobre as publicações científicas em relação ao crescimento pós-traumático em mulheres com câncer de mama. Material e Métodos:A busca da literatura foi realizada entre os meses de setembro e outubro de 2019, nas bases de dados Medline, Scielo, PsycINFO e Web of Science com base no Protocolo PRISMA, através do cruzamento dos descritores breast neoplasms e posttraumatic growth. Resultados: De um total de 56 referências finais analisadas observou-se que os EUA, China e Portugal são os países com maior número de publicações sobre o tema, sendo a maioria dos estudos de caráter transversal e quantitativo. O crescimento pós-traumático é fenômeno observado em diversas mulheres que sobreviveram ao câncer de mama, sofrendo a influência de fatores como suporte social, estratégias de coping, estresse psicológico, depressão, processamento cognitivo, qualidade de vida, percepção sobre a doença, religiosidade/espiritualidade, ansiedade, estressores específicos do câncer, otimismo, afeto positivo e saúde mental. Conclusão: Através deste estudo foi possível mapear, na literatura, algumas das principais variáveis psicológicas relacionadas ao crescimento observado após a vivência do câncer de mama, podendo esta experiência estar associada não somente a impactos negativos, mas também a ressignificações importantes sobre a vida.

Introduction: Breast cancer is considered one of the most common cancers among women, representing 25% and 29% of the new cases each year in the world and in Brazil. The experience of its diagnosis, as well as its treatments can have important impact on physical and mental health, but this experience can also be a source of positive reframing. Objective: This study revised the literature about the scientific publications concerning the posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer. Materials and methods: The search of literature was carried out between September and October 2019 in the databases Medline, Scielo, PsycINFO and Web of Science using the PRISMA protocol, through the crossing of the descriptors breast neoplasms and posttraumatic growth. Results: From a total of 56 final references, it was observed that the USA, China and Portugal are the countries with the largest number of publications on the subject, with the majority of cross-sectional and quantitative studies. Posttraumatic growth is a phenomenon observed in several women who have survived breast cancer, being influenced by factors such as social support, coping strategies, psychological stress, depression, cognitive processing, quality of life, perception about the disease, religiosity/spirituality, anxiety, specific cancer stressors, positive affect, mental health, among others. Conclusion: Through this study it was possible to map in the literature some of the main psychological variables related to the growth observed after the experience of breast cancer, and this experience may be associated not only with negative impact, but also with important resignifications concerning life.

Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI): Adaptação e Validade Fatorial no Nordeste Brasileiro / Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI): Adaptation and Factorial Validity in the Brazilian Northeast / Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI): Adaptación y Validez Factorial en el Noreste de Brasil

O presente estudo objetivou verificar os parâmetros psicométricos do Posttraumatic Growth Inventory ­ PTGI, apresentando evidências de validade fatorial, consistência interna e etapas da sua adaptação transcultural. A amostra foi composta por 205 participantes, sua maioria do sexo feminino (59,03%), com idades variando entre 18 e 86 anos (M = 29,54; DP = 11,43). Estes responderam ao PTGI, Life Stressor Checklist ­ Revised e perguntas demográficas. Nas análises fatoriais confirmatórias, observa-se o modelo pentaforial como mais adequado para o PTGI, sendo estatisticamente superior ao tri e ao unifatorial. A consistência interna de seus fatores (alfa de Cronbach) variou de 0,70 a 0,86, com alfa geral de 0,92, valores considerados aceitáveis. Conclui-se que essa medida, apresentando evidências de validade de construto, pode ser usada adequadamente em pesquisas no contexto em que foi adaptada, entretanto, recomenda-se o uso do instrumento em amostras mais heterogêneas e a realização de outras análises, observando sua invariância fatorial.(AU)

This study aimed to verify the psychometric parameters of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory - PTGI, presenting evidence of factorial validity, internal consistency and steps of cross-cultural adaptation. The sample consisted of 205 participants from northeastern Brazilian cities, mostly female (59.03%), aged between 18 and 86 years (M = 29.5, SD = 11.4). Participants answered the PTGI, the Life Stressor Checklist ­ Revised, and demographic questions. The confirmatory factor analysis observed the penta-factorial model as more suitable for PTGI, being statistically superior to three and one-factor. The internal consistency of its factors (Cronbach's alpha) ranged from .70 to .86, with general alpha of .92, values considered acceptable. It follows that this measurement, providing evidence of construct validity, can be properly used in research in the context in which it was adapted to, however, we recommend the use of the instrument in more heterogeneous samples and conducting other analyzes, observing its factorial invariance.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar los parámetros psicométricos del Posttrumatic Growth Inventory ­ PTGI, presentando evidencias de validez factorial, consistencia interna y etapas de su adaptación transcultural. La muestra fue compuesta por 205 participantes, en su mayoría de sexo femenino (59,03%), con edades entre 18 y 86 años (M = 29.5; SD = 11.4). Ellos respondieron el PTGI, Life Stressor Checklist ­ Revised y preguntas demográficas. En los análisis factoriales confirmatorios se observa el modelo pentafactorial como el más adecuado para el PTGI, siendo estadísticamente superior al tri y al unifactorial.La consistencia interna de sus factores (alfa de Cronbach) varió de 0,70 a 0,86,con alfa general 0,92, valores considerados aceptables. Esta medida, por presentar evidencias de validez de constructo, puede ser utilizada adecuadamente en investigaciones en el contexto en que fue adaptada, sin embargo, se recomienda el uso del instrumento en muestras más heterogéneas y la realización de otros análisis, observando su invariancia factorial.(AU)

Factores socio-demográficos, crecimiento y sintomatología postraumática en sobrevivientes del terremoto de Chile del 2010 / Socio-demographic factors, posttraumatic growth and symptoms in survivors of Chile earthquake 2010

El propósito de este estudio es evaluar la relación entre factores socio-demográficos y del evento con la sintomatología postraumática (SPT) y el crecimiento postraumático (CPT) en personas que perdieron su hogar en el terremoto de Chile del 27 de febrero de 2010. Con este fin, se seleccionaron 351 personas adultas, entre 18 y 84 años, de las cuales 63,2% eran mujeres. Se aplicó el Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático y la Escala de Impacto de Evento Revisada, además de un cuestionario socio-demográfico. Se evidencia en el estudio la relación significativa con la SPT o el CPT de elementos tales como sexo, edad, ingresos económicos, cambio de comuna tras el sismo y la razón de la pérdida de la vivienda Se presentan los resultados y argumenta su alcance para la promoción y prevención de salud en sobrevivientes de desastres naturales.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship that socio-demographic and event factors share with post-traumatic symptomatology (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in people who lost their home in the earthquake that hit Chile on february 27th, 2010. To this end, 351 adults from 18 to 84 years old were selected, of whom 63.2% were women. For this study, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) and the revised Impact of Event Scale (IES) were applied, in addition to a socio-demographic questionnaire. This study shows that elements such as gender, age, economic income, change of location after the earthquake, and the reason behind the loss of housing bear a significant relation with PTSD or PTG. Results are presented, and their consequences for health promotion and prevention in survivors of natural disasters are discussed. Keywords: posttraumatic

Posttraumatic growth measures: translation and adaptation of three self-report instruments to Brazilian Portuguese

Abstract Background Posttraumatic growth is one of the most commonly used concepts to evaluate positive changes after trauma. The principal scales used internationally to evaluate this phenomenon have not yet a Brazilian Portuguese version. Objectives This study aimed to translate and adapt to the Brazilian context the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI), and the Event Related Rumination Inventory (ERRI). Methods The procedures included translation, back translation, expert committee’s evaluation, and pilot testing in the target population. Results All items of all three instruments had a good content validity index after evaluation by four experts and three reformulations. The back translation of the final version also demonstrated that all Brazilian Portuguese versions convey the same meaning as the original English version. The final version was pilot tested with 30 undergraduate students, and all the items were above the cut-off point. Discussion This study was able to produce Brazilian versions of the PTGI, CBI, and ERRI. Further studies are underway to determine the reliability, factorial validity, and convergent validity of the subscales of the instruments.