Quantum Mechanical Aspects in the Pathophysiology of Neuropathic Pain.

Neuropathic pain is a challenging complaint for patients and clinicians since there are no effective agents available to get satisfactory outcomes even though the pharmacological agents target reasonable pathophysiological mechanisms. This may indicate that other aspects in these mechanisms should be unveiled to comprehend the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and thus find more effective treatments. Therefore, in the present study, several mechanisms are chosen to be reconsidered in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain from a quantum mechanical perspective. The mathematical model of the ions quantum tunneling model is used to provide quantum aspects in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Three major pathophysiological mechanisms are revisited in the context of the quantum tunneling model. These include: (1) the depolarized membrane potential of neurons; (2) the cross-talk or the ephaptic coupling between the neurons; and (3) the spontaneous neuronal activity and the emergence of ectopic action potentials. We will show mathematically that the quantum tunneling model can predict the occurrence of neuronal membrane depolarization attributed to the quantum tunneling current of sodium ions. Moreover, the probability of inducing an ectopic action potential in the axons of neurons will be calculated and will be shown to be significant and influential. These ectopic action potentials are generated due to the formation of quantum synapses which are assumed to be the mechanism behind the ephaptic transmission. Furthermore, the spontaneous neuronal activity and the emergence of ectopic action potentials independently from any adjacent stimulated neurons are predicted to occur according to the quantum tunneling model. All these quantum mechanical aspects contribute to the overall hyperexcitability of the neurons and to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Additionally, providing a new perspective in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain may improve our understanding of how the neuropathic pain is generated and maintained and may offer new effective agents that can improve the overall clinical outcomes of the patients.

GABA Receptors Can Depolarize the Neuronal Membrane Potential via Quantum Tunneling of Chloride Ions: A Quantum Mathematical Study.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors represent the major inhibitory receptors in the nervous system and their inhibitory effects are mediated by the influx of chloride ions that tends to hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential. However, GABA receptors can depolarize the resting membrane potential and thus can also show excitatory effects in neurons. The major mechanism behind this depolarization is mainly attributed to the accumulation of chloride ions in the intracellular compartment. This accumulation leads to increase in the intracellular chloride concentration and depolarize the Nernst potential of chloride ions. When the membrane potential is relatively hyperpolarized, this will result in a chloride efflux instead of influx trying to reach their depolarized equilibrium potential. Here, we propose different mechanism based on a major consequence of quantum mechanics, which is quantum tunneling. The quantum tunneling model of ions is applied on GABA receptors and their corresponding chloride ions to show how chloride ions can depolarize the resting membrane potential. The quantum model states that intracellular chloride ions have higher quantum tunneling probability than extracellular chloride ions. This is attributed to the discrepancy in the kinetic energy between them. At physiological parameters, the quantum tunneling is negligible to the degree that chloride ions cannot depolarize the membrane potential. Under certain conditions such as early neuronal development, gain-of-function mutations, stroke and trauma that can lower the energy barrier of the closed gate of GABA receptors, the quantum tunneling is enhanced so that the chloride ions can depolarize the resting membrane potential. The major unique feature of the quantum tunneling mechanism is that the net efflux of chloride ions is attained without the need for intracellular accumulation of chloride ions as long as the energy barrier of the gate is reduced but still higher than the kinetic energy of the chloride ion as a condition for quantum tunneling to take place.

Covid -19 -Ciencia-Espiritualidad y Salud: el camino de regreso a casa / Covid -19 -Science-Spirituality and Health: the way home

Cuando el planeta amanece con la noticia de la existencia de un virus mortal (Covid-19), se prenden todas las alarmas y con ellas, una gran cantidad de interpretaciones y análisis desde diferentes posturas científicas, filosóficas, ideológicas, socio antropológicas y espirituales. El virus ha puesto sobre el tapete oscuros intereses, perversas maniobras políticas, poderes maléficos, guerra de poderes, contradicciones y falencias en los sistemas de salud, olvidos y abandonos. Ha visibilizado los lados más contradictorios de la ciencia y de las promesas de la modernidad. La mirada desde la espiritualidad no ha faltado en estos momentos de pandemia mundial. Hemos estado saturados de infinidad de mensajes invitándonos a volver sobre nuestros pasos para poder entender con otros ojos y con otra mente; el sentido de este virus que nos puso cara a cara con una muerte a destiempo, dolorosa y en soledad. Muchas reflexiones nos deja esta pandemia, en este ensayo, se ha intentado desagregar en tres grandes temáticas: Transitando por los caminos de la espiritualidad, la salud publica en apuros y finalmente, Covid-19 ciencia, espiritualidad y salud. El propósito que ha orientado esta mirada no ha sido otro que incorporar en el análisis, como el ser humano, ha buscado algo que este más allá y que les brinde respuestas a sus más profundas interrogantes. Esta búsqueda ha sido precisada como su dimensión espiritual. La dimensión espiritual, no es otra cosa que la búsqueda ante el asombro de la finitud para poder comprender el sentido de vivir. Por otra parte, visibilizar las debilidades de la salud pública para hacer frente a la pandemia y la necesidad de consolidar el pensamiento de la salud colectiva. Finalmente mostrar evidencias dentro del campo de la medicina cuántica donde la espiritualidad toma el escenario, para lograr la sanación. La inteligencia espiritual como camino restaurador de la salud.

When the planet dawns with the news of the existence of a deadly virus (Covid-19), all alarms are set on and with them, a lot of interpretations and analysis from different scientific, philosophical, ideological, anthropological and spiritual socio postures. The virus has put on the table dark interests, perverse political maneuvers, evil powers, war of powers, contradictions and fallacy in health systems, forgetfulness and abandonment. He has made visible the most contradictory sidesof science and the promises of modernity. The estilo from spirituality has not been lacking at the moment. We have been saturated with countless messages inviting us to return to our steps so that we can understand with other eyes and with another mind; thesense of this virus that put us face to face with a death of time, painful and loneliness. Many reflections leave us this pandemic, in this essay, we have tried to disaggregate into three great thematic. Transiting the paths of spirituality, health publishes in distress and finally, Covid-19 science, spirituality and health. The purpose that has oriented this essay has been nothing more than to incorporate into the analysis, like the human being, has sought something that is beyond and that gives answers to its deepest questions. This search has been specified as its spiritual dimension. The spiritual dimension is nothing more than the search for the astonishment of finesse in order to understand the meaning of living. On the other hand, to make public health weaknesses visible to address the pandemic and the need to consolidate the thinking of collective health. Finally show evidence within the field of quantum medicine where spirituality takes the stage to achieve healing. Spiritual intelligence as a restorative path of health.