Plasma irisin and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in sedentary subjects: effect of 8-weeks lifestyle intervention.

Objectives. Sedentary lifestyle increasingly observed in the population contributes to the incremental incidence of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders, type 2 diabetes, hyper-tension, dyslipidemia, and others. Physical inactivity together with an imbalance in caloric intake and expenditure leads to a loss of muscle mass, reduced insulin sensitivity, and accumulation of the visceral fat. Organokines (adipokines, myokines, hepatokines, etc.) serve in the organism for inter-organ communication. However, human studies focused on the exercise-related changes in plasma levels of certain myokines have produced contradictory results. In the present study, we verified a hypothesis that myokine irisin, which is expected to increase in response to physical activity, induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production and by this way mediates the beneficial effect of exercise on several brain functions. Subjects and Methods. Women (n=27) and men (n=10) aged 44.5±12.0 years, who were sedentary and overweight/obese (men ≥25%, women ≥28% body fat), participated in the study. The effect of an 8-week intensive lifestyle intervention (150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week, diet modification, and reduction of caloric intake) on the selected organokines (irisin, BDNF) in the context of an expected improvement in cardiometabolic status was examined. Results. The 8-week lifestyle intervention resulted in a significant (p<0.05) reduction in body mass index, body fat, blood pressure, insulin resistance, lipid and liver parameters, and irisin levels (p<0.001). However, BDNF increase in the whole group did not reach statistical significance. After the improvement of cardiometabolic parameters, a significant decrease in irisin and increase in BDNF levels were also observed in the subgroup with unsatisfactory (≤5%) body weight reduction. Neither relationship between irisin and BDNF levels, nor effect of age or sex on their levels was observed. Conclusions. We cannot confirm the hypothesis that exercise-induced irisin may increase the BDNF levels, whereas, the organokine levels in the periphery may not completely reflect the processes in the brain compartments. The observed decrease in irisin levels after 8-week intensive lifestyle intervention program, which was in contrary to its supposed mechanisms of action and dynamics, suggests the presence of several yet undiscovered impacts on the secretion of irisin.

Assessment of the Saudi Population's Knowledge and Awareness Toward a Sedentary Lifestyle Risk Factors in the Post-COVID-19 Era.

Introduction: Sedentary behaviors have been on the rise, potentially exacerbated by lockdowns, remote work, and lifestyle shifts during the pandemic, emphasizing the need to assess public awareness regarding associated health risks. This study investigated the knowledge and awareness levels of the Saudi population regarding sedentary lifestyle risk factors in the post-COVID-19 era. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included 400 participants and was conducted from May 2023 to July 2023 using a questionnaire distributed randomly through social media in multiple regions of Saudi Arabia. Results: The majority of the participants were females (57.1%), aged 15-25 years (54.3%), had a higher educational degree (65.4%) and were single (62%). Most (62%) of the participants reported declined/physical activity levels in the post-COVID-19 era. Our study found that 65% of the participants had increased usage of online shopping and delivery applications after the pandemic, and a significant portion (66%) had less than 150-300 min of moderate aerobic activity weekly. Barriers, such as bad weather and insufficient time for exercise, had significant impacts. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the Saudi population's demographic characteristics, knowledge, and behaviors related to physical activity and health.

Temporal trends in the contribution of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors to cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging in a large city in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Most cardiovascular (CV) events stem from modifiable risk factors, but it remains uncertain whether their impact on mortality has decreased in recent years as a result of treatment, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. We evaluated the temporal trends in the population attributable fraction (PAF) of modifiable risk factors to CV mortality in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) for suspected coronary artery disease in a large city in Brazil. METHODS: The cohort comprised 25,127 patients without established CV disease undergoing MPI in a referral center in Curitiba, Brazil, from 2010 to 2018. Baseline demographic, clinical and risk factors were prospectively collected. Modifiable risk factors encompassed hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and smoking. The primary outcome was CV death occurring up to 4 years of follow-up. The PAF of each risk factor was calculated for each triennium using multivariable Cox proportional regression models, adjusting for age, sex and family history of premature coronary disease. RESULTS: Over 9 years, there were 1438 deaths, 444 due to CV causes. In the first triennium, sedentary lifestyle exhibited the highest PAF (49%) for CV death, followed by hypertension (17%), diabetes mellitus (8%) and smoking habit (6%). The PAF for all risk factors combined remained relatively stable thorough the triennia (2010-2012: 57% vs 2013-2015: 64% vs 2016-2018: 47%, p = NS). CONCLUSION: In this large cohort of patients referred to MPI, the PAF of modifiable CV risk factors did not diminish in the last decade, with sedentary lifestyle having the largest contribution for CV mortality. CONDENSED ABSTRACT: This study examinated temporal trends in the impact of modifiable cardiovascular (CV) risk factors on CV and overall mortality in a cohort of 25,127 patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging from 2010 to 2018. Sedentary behavior consistently had the greatest impact on both CV and overall mortality, followed by hypertension and diabetes. Smoking had a lesser effect, while obesity showed no independent association with the outcomes. The contributions of these modifiable CV risk factors remained stable over the study period, suggesting that interventions promoting physical activity may be essential in mitigating the burden of CV disease.

Arriba por la Vida Estudio: a randomized controlled trial promoting standing behavior to reduce sitting time among postmenopausal Latinas.

Postmenopausal Hispanic/Latina (N = 254) women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 were randomized to an intervention to reduce sitting time or a comparison condition for 12 weeks. The standing intervention group received three in-person health-counseling sessions, one home visit, and up to eight motivational interviewing calls. The heart healthy lifestyle comparison group (C) received an equal number of contact hours to discuss healthy aging. The primary outcome was 12-week change in sitting time measured via thigh-worn activPAL. Group differences in outcomes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Participants had a mean age of 65 (6.5) years, preferred Spanish language (89%), BMI of 32.4 (4.8) kg/m2, and sat for an average of 540 (86) minutes/day. Significant between-group differences were observed in reductions of sitting time across the 12-week period [Mdifference (SE): C - 7.5 (9.1), SI - 71.0 (9.8), p < 0.01]. Results demonstrate that coaching models to reduce sitting are feasible and effective.

Indian Clinician's Perspective on the Approach to the Management of Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction Hypertension (HTN) is considered one of the most frequent life-threatening noncommunicable illnesses. Because HTN has a significant public health impact on cardiovascular health status and healthcare systems in India, it is critical to study Indian clinicians' approaches to HTN management. Methodology This was a cross-sectional, multicentric, non-interventional, and single-visit study that aimed to gather data from across India and examine sociodemographic characteristics and clinician treatment choices in the management of HTN in Indian individuals. As a result, building an information platform about HTN is critical to preventing and controlling this growing burden. Results A total of 5298 patients were recruited in the study from 1061 study centers across India. Among the study patients, 66.67% were females with a mean age of 53.95 ± 14.4, and 66.28% of hypertensive patients presented comorbidities. Among the known risk factors for HTN, 2227 (44.5%) were smokers, while 2587 (51.7%) had sedentary lifestyles. A family history of HTN in either one or both parents was seen in 1076 (21.50%) patients. In management, 40.40% of patients were on anti-hypertensive monotherapy. Amlodipine (41.8%) in monotherapy and amlodipine + metoprolol (32.34%) in combination therapy were the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive. Conclusion Management of HTN can be improved by imparting patient education and awareness about the need for medication compliance, lifestyle modifications, and regular follow-up clinic visits.

Greater physical activity levels are associated with lower prevalence of tumors and risk of cancer in Spanish population: A cross-sectional study.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and insufficient physical activity is a significant risk factor. This study analyzed the tumor prevalence based on sex, age, smoking, BMI, and physical activity level (PAL) in the Spanish people. Data from the Spanish National Health Survey (ENSE) was used, comprising a sample of 17,704 people diagnosed with malignant tumors. The findings revealed compelling associations (P < 0.001) between all variables examined and the prevalence of malignant tumors. Notably, women exhibited a higher prevalence than men (P < 0.05). Furthermore, individuals classified as obese displayed a greater prevalence of tumors than those within the normal weight range (P < 0.05). The analysis also showed that the inactive group had a higher prevalence of malignant tumors than the active group (P < 0.05). This study identified significant dependency relationships (P < 0.001) between PAL and the various population groups examined. Additionally, the general population analyzed in the ENSE2017 study demonstrated a reduced risk of developing malignant tumors among the active (P < 0.05) and very active groups (P < 0.05) compared to the inactive group. This risk reduction was consistently observed across different subgroups, including men, women, specific age groups, smoking, and BMI categories (P < 0.05). This study highlighted the importance of regular physical activity in reducing the risk and prevalence of malignant tumors in the Spanish population. These findings underscore the critical role of engaging in physical activity as a protective measure against cancer. Encouraging individuals to adopt an active lifestyle could significantly contribute to cancer prevention efforts and promote overall well-being.

People with type 1 diabetes exhibit lower exercise capacity compared to a control population with similar physical activity levels.

AIMS: We aimed to assess physical activity (PA) levels, adherence to PA guidelines, and fitness capacity in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and control population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 232 T1D and 248 controls. PA levels (IPAQ-SF questionnaire), adherence to guidelines (>150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous PA), fitness capacity (VO2max, maximal incremental test on a cycle ergometer and 1RM test) were assessed, along with other clinical variables. RESULTS: Total PA levels (T1D 2202 ± 1839 vs. controls 2357 ± 2189 METs/min/week), adherence (T1D 53.1 % vs controls 53.2 %), and sedentariness (T1D 27.3 % vs. controls 25.1 %) were similar between groups. However, participants with T1D exhibited significantly lower levels of VO2max (29.1 ± 10.5 vs. 32.5 ± 11.5 mlO2/kg/min, p < 0.001), work capacity (2.73 ± 1.03 vs. 3 ± 10 W/kg of body weight, p = 0.004) and strength capacity (2.29 ± 0.53 vs. 2.41 ± 0.79 kg/kg body weight in 1RM, p = 0.01) than controls, after adjusting for sex and age. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with T1D exhibit lower fitness capacity compared to a control population, regardless of age and sex, even when presenting similar levels of total physical activity and adherence to guidelines.

Comparison of enjoyment and energy expenditure of exergame with and without blood flow restriction in men and women.

This study compared the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) on intensity and perceived enjoyment during an exergame. Fourteen healthy young participants engaged in a boxing exergame for 20 min, with or without BFR, across two sessions. Perceived enjoyment levels were assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. Heart rate was monitored, and energy expenditure (EE) during exercise was calculated. A mixed model analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to evaluate differences in EE and enjoyment between exergame conditions (with and without BFR) as well as the interaction effects of these protocols with gender. Although not statistically significant, perceived enjoyment decreased with BFR inclusion for both genders. No significant differences were observed between men and women for both protocols. Regarding EE, there was no significant difference between the two groups (with and without BFR). However, a significant main effect of gender was found, with men exhibiting higher EE values in both protocols compared to women. In conclusion, exergames incorporating BFR impact perceptual responses, particularly perceived enjoyment. Furthermore, significant gender differences in EE were found, with men displaying higher values.

Patterns of sedentary behavior among older women with urinary incontinence and urinary symptoms: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Independent of physical activity, sedentary behavior has emerged as a significant risk factor for health. Particularly, older adults spent as high as 13 h daily on sedentary activities, which account for 98% of their awake times. Although there is growing evidence revealing the potential association between sedentary behavior and urinary incontinence (UI) across populations of different ages, the relationship between sedentary behavior and urinary symptoms in older women, who are twice as likely to have UI than older men, has not been reviewed. This scoping review aimed to synthesize available evidence of the relationship between sedentary behavior and urinary symptoms in noninstitutionalized older women. METHODS: Six electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Ovid Nursing Database, EMBASE, and MEDLINE) were searched from their inception to April 2023. Observational and experimental studies that measured sedentary behavior using objective and/or self-reported methods in older women aged 60 + years having any type of UI, with English full texts available, were included. Relevant data, including sedentary patterns (types, definitions, measurements, and daily patterns) and UI types were tabulated. A narrative synthesis of the findings was also conducted. RESULTS: A total of seven studies (n = 1,822) were included for review and reporting. Objective measurement showed that older women with UI were engaged in > 8 h sedentary activities daily (493.3-509.4 min/day), which accounted for 73% of their awake times. The duration of self-reported sedentary behavior was lower than the time measured objectively, and the average weekday sitting time was 300-380 min/day. With or without adjustment for confounding factors (e.g., age and number of vaginal deliveries), the daily proportion of sedentary time and average duration of sedentary bouts were positively associated with the prevalence of urgency UI. Notably, sedentary patients with UI were more likely to have lower urinary tract symptoms, including bothersome incontinence, to use incontinence products, and to have nocturia episodes, than their age-matched counterparts who were less sedentary. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a potential relationship between sedentary behavior and UI in older women, but the causality of the relationship remains unclear. To further inform the clinical role of sedentary behavior in the context of UI, a greater number of rigorous studies with a prospective study design is urgently needed.

Sedentary lifestyle, physical activity, and gastrointestinal diseases: evidence from mendelian randomization analysis.

BACKGROUND: The causal associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior with the risk of gastrointestinal disease are unclear. We performed a Mendelian randomization analysis to examine these associations. METHODS: Genetic instruments associated with leisure screen time (LST, an indicator of a sedentary lifestyle) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) at the genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8) level were selected from a genome-wide association study. Summary statistics for gastrointestinal diseases were obtained from the UK Biobank study, the FinnGen study, and large consortia. Multivariable MR analyses were conducted for genetically determined LST with adjustment for MVPA and vice versa. We also performed multivariable MR with adjustment for genetically proxied smoking, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, type 2 diabetes, and fasting insulin for both exposures. FINDINGS: Genetically proxied longer LST was associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal reflux, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, chronic gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome, diverticular disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and acute appendicitis. Most associations remained after adjustment for genetic liability to MVPA. Genetic liability to MVPA was associated with decreased risk of gastroesophageal reflux, gastric ulcer, chronic gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, acute and chronic pancreatitis. The associations attenuated albeit directionally remained after adjusting for genetically predicted LST. Multivariable MR analysis found that BMI and type 2 diabetes mediated the associations of LST and MVPA with several gastrointestinal diseases. INTERPRETATION: The study suggests that a sedentary lifestyle may play a causal role in the development of many gastrointestinal diseases. FUNDING: Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Zhejiang Province (LR22H260001), Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2021JJ30999), Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (Hjärt-Lungfonden, 20210351), Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, 2019-00977), Swedish Cancer Society (Cancerfonden), the Wellcome Trust (225790/7/22/Z), United Kingdom Research and Innovation Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00002/7) and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (NHIR203312).

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SCREENS AND MOVEMENT, SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR, PHYSICAL (IN)ACTIVITY AND HEALTH HABITS / CONEXIONES EPIDEMIOLÓGICAS ENTRE PANTALLAS Y MOVIMIENTO, COMPORTAMIENTO SEDENTARIO, (IN)ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y HÁBITOS DE SALUD / CONEXÕES EPIDEMIOLÓGICAS ENTRE TELAS E MOVIMENTO, COMPORTAMENTO SEDENTÁRIO, (IN)ATIVIDADE FÍSICA E HÁBITOS DE SAÚDE

This study analyzed physical activity patterns, sedentary behaviors and exposure to screens in students from four school units in Rio de Janeiro. The objective was to provide insights for the development of health promotion strategies through physical activities and sports (AFES). Using the IPAQ questionnaire, data were collected from 1668 students, with an average age of approximately 13.8 years from all grades of primary and secondary education. Statistical tests were used for analysis. The results indicated that students walked, on average, more than 10 minutes per day on 4 days (male) and 3 days (female), with 75 minutes (male) and 69 minutes (female) of daily walking, respectively. The average of moderate activities was 91 minutes per day, while vigorous activities totaled, on average, 126 minutes (male) and 71 minutes (female). Significant sex differences were observed in daily walking, moderate and vigorous activities, and weekly inactivity time. Variations were also identified between school units, indicating differences in the application of AFES. The positive and significant correlation between the total number of days and the time of vigorous activities (ρ = 0.65; p ≤ 0.05) highlights the importance of different strategies. With regard to inactivity and exposure to screens, the average time during the week was 574 minutes, while on weekends it was 510 minutes. These results contribute to direct health promotion policies, emphasizing the need for personalized approaches for students in Rio de Janeiro.

Este estudio analizó patrones de actividad física, conductas sedentarias y exposición a pantallas en estudiantes de cuatro unidades escolares de Río de Janeiro. El objetivo fue proporcionar conocimientos para el desarrollo de estrategias de promoción de la salud a través de actividades físicas y deportivas (AFES). Utilizando el cuestionario IPAQ, se recogieron datos de 1668 estudiantes, con una edad promedio de aproximadamente 13,8 años, de todos los grados de educación primaria y secundaria. Se utilizaron pruebas estadísticas para el análisis. Los resultados indicaron que los estudiantes caminaron, en promedio, más de 10 minutos por día durante 4 días (hombres) y 3 días (mujeres), con 75 minutos (hombres) y 69 minutos (mujeres) de caminata diaria, respectivamente. El promedio de actividades moderadas fue de 91 minutos por día, mientras que las actividades vigorosas sumaron, en promedio, 126 minutos (hombres) y 71 minutos (mujeres). Se observaron diferencias de sexo significativas en la caminata diaria, las actividades moderadas y vigorosas y el tiempo de inactividad semanal. También se identificaron variaciones entre unidades escolares, lo que indica diferencias en la aplicación de AFES. La correlación positiva y significativa entre el número total de días y el tiempo de actividades vigorosas (ρ = 0,65; p ≤ 0,05) resalta la importancia de diferentes estrategias. En cuanto a la inactividad y exposición a pantallas, el tiempo medio entre semana fue de 574 minutos, mientras que los fines de semana fue de 510 minutos. Estos resultados contribuyen a políticas directas de promoción de la salud, enfatizando la necesidad de enfoques personalizados para los estudiantes de Río de Janeiro.

Este estudo analisou os padrões de atividade física, comportamentos sedentários e exposição a telas em estudantes de quatro unidades escolares no Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo foi fornecer insights para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de promoção da saúde através de atividades físicas e esportes (AFES). Utilizando o questionário IPAQ, foram coletados dados de 1668 estudantes, com idade média de aproximadamente 13.8 anos de todas as séries do ensino fundamental e médio. Testes estatísticos foram empregados para análise. Os resultados indicaram que os estudantes caminharam, em média, mais de 10 minutos por dia em 4 dias (masculino) e 3 dias (feminino), com 75 minutos (masculino) e 69 minutos (feminino) de caminhada diária, respectivamente. A média de atividades moderadas foi de 91 minutos por dia, enquanto as atividades vigorosas totalizaram, em média, 126 minutos (masculino) e 71 minutos (feminino). Diferenças significativas entre sexos foram observadas na caminhada diária, atividades moderadas e vigorosas, além do tempo de inatividade semanal. Variações também foram identificadas entre as unidades escolares, indicando diferenças na aplicação das AFES. A correlação positiva e significativa entre o total de dias e o tempo de atividades vigorosas (ρ = 0.65; p ≤ 0.05) destaca a importância de estratégias diferenciadas. No que diz respeito à inatividade e exposição a telas, a média de tempo durante a semana foi de 574 minutos, enquanto nos finais de semana foi de 510 minutos. Esses resultados contribuem para direcionar políticas de promoção da saúde, enfatizando a necessidade de abordagens personalizadas para estudantes no Rio de Janeiro.

Epidemiological Connections between Screens and Movement: Navigating Sedentary Behavior, Physical (In)Activity and Health Habits in Schoolchildren in Rio de Janeiro / Conexiones epidemiológicas entre pantallas y movimiento: Navegando por el comportamiento sedentario, la (in)actividad física y los hábitos de salud en escolares de Río de Janeiro / Conexões Epidemiológicas entre Telas e Movimento: Navegando por Comportamento Sedentário, (In)Atividade Física e Hábitos de Saúde em Escolares do Rio de Janeiro

The study investigated physical activity habits, sedentary behaviors and exposure to screens in students from four school units in Rio de Janeiro, from a private educational institution, considering WHO guidelines. The research arises in response to the existing gap in understanding these patterns, given the lack of specific studies on schoolchildren in the region. Amid global concern about sedentary lifestyle, understanding specific patterns among students becomes crucial to developing effective strategies. The observational and exploratory study used the IPAQ questionnaire to collect data on physical activity and sports (AFES), as well as sedentary behaviors in 1668 students from four private school units. Statistical analysis, including Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis, sought to understand differences between sexes and school units. The results revealed an average of 4 days of walking of more than 10 minutes for males and 3 days for females. The average number of days performing moderate activities was 3, with males dedicating, on average, 100 minutes, and females 84 minutes. As for vigorous activities, both sexes had an average of 3 days, with males reporting 126 minutes and females 71 minutes. The total time of weekly physical activity was 260 minutes on average, with small variations between genders.With regard to inactivity and exposure to screens, the average time during the week was 574 minutes, while on weekends it was 510 minutes. Significant differences between sexes were evident in daily walking, moderate and vigorous activities, and sitting time during the week. Furthermore, there were variations between school units. The positive and significant correlation between the total number of days and the time of vigorous activities highlights the importance of differentiated strategies. These results provide valuable insights to guide health promotion policies, highlighting the need for personalized and contextualized approaches for this specific population.

El estudio investigó hábitos de actividad física, conductas sedentarias y exposición a pantallas en estudiantes de cuatro unidades escolares de Río de Janeiro, de una institución educativa privada, considerando directrices de la OMS. La investigación surge como respuesta al vacío existente en la comprensión de estos patrones, ante la falta de estudios específicos en escolares de la región. En medio de la preocupación mundial por el estilo de vida sedentario, comprender patrones específicos entre los estudiantes se vuelve crucial para desarrollar estrategias efectivas. El estudio observacional y exploratorio utilizó el cuestionario IPAQ para recolectar datos sobre actividad física y deporte (AFES), así como sobre conductas sedentarias en 1668 estudiantes de cuatro unidades escolares privadas. Los análisis estadísticos, incluidos Mann-Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis, buscaron comprender las diferencias entre sexos y unidades escolares. Los resultados revelaron una media de 4 días de caminata de más de 10 minutos para los hombres y de 3 días para las mujeres. La media de días realizando actividades moderadas fue de 3, dedicando los hombres una media de 100 minutos y las mujeres 84 minutos. En cuanto a las actividades vigorosas, ambos sexos tuvieron un promedio de 3 días, siendo los hombres 126 minutos y las mujeres 71 minutos. El tiempo total de actividad física semanal fue de 260 minutos en promedio, con pequeñas variaciones entre géneros. En cuanto a la inactividad y exposición a pantallas, el tiempo medio entre semana fue de 574 minutos, mientras que los fines de semana fue de 510 minutos. Se evidenciaron diferencias significativas entre sexos en la caminata diaria, las actividades moderadas y vigorosas y el tiempo sentado durante la semana. Además, hubo variaciones entre las unidades escolares. La correlación positiva y significativa entre el número total de días y el tiempo de actividades vigorosas resalta laimportancia de las estrategias diferenciadas. Estos resultados proporcionan información valiosa para orientar las políticas de promoción de la salud, destacando la necesidad de enfoques personalizados y contextualizados para esta población específica.

O estudo investigou os hábitos de atividade física, comportamentos sedentários e exposição a telas em estudantes de quatro unidades escolares no Rio de Janeiro, de uma instituição de ensino privada, considerando as diretrizes da OMS. A pesquisa surge em resposta à lacuna existente na compreensão desses padrões, dada a falta de estudos específicos sobre escolares na região. Em meio à preocupação global com o sedentarismo, a compreensão dos padrões específicos entre estudantes torna-se crucial para desenvolver estratégias eficazes. O estudo, observacional e exploratório, utilizou o questionário IPAQ para coletar dados sobre atividade física e esportivas (AFES), bem como comportamentos sedentários em 1668 estudantes de quatro unidades escolares privadas. A análise estatística, incluindo Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, buscou entender as diferenças entre sexos e unidades escolares. Os resultados revelaram uma média de 4 dias de caminhada de mais de 10 minutos para o sexo masculino e 3 dias para o feminino. A média de dias realizando atividades moderadas foi de 3, com o sexo masculino dedicando, em média, 100 minutos, e o feminino 84 minutos. Quanto às atividades vigorosas, ambos os sexos tiveram média de 3 dias, com o sexo masculino relatando 126 minutos e o feminino 71 minutos. O tempo total de atividade física semanal foi de 260 minutos em média, com pequenas variações entre sexos. No que diz respeito à inatividade e exposição a telas, a média de tempo durante a semana foi de 574 minutos, enquanto nos finais de semana foi de 510 minutos. As diferenças significativas entre sexos foram evidenciadas na caminhada diária, atividades moderadas e vigorosas, e tempo sentado durante a semana. Além disso, houve variações entre as unidades escolares. A correlação positiva e significativa entre o total de dias e o tempo de atividades vigorosas destaca a importância de estratégias diferenciadas. Esses resultados proporcionam insights valiosos para orientar políticas de promoção da saúde, destacando a necessidade de abordagens personalizadas e contextualizadas para essa população específica. 

Trends in Physical Activity and Motor Development in Young People-Decline or Improvement? A Review.

This paper aims to analyse studies and research conducted in EU and non-EU member states to identify and compare trends in physical activity and motor skills. Thus, a comparative overview of the state of the art in the two pre-pandemic decades that can facilitate an understanding of the different territorial realities and training needs to be conducted, considering the different cultural situations. A scoping review was conducted by analysing a series of studies published between 1990 and 2022, including only those studies that collected data in the pre-pandemic period. The search was carried out on databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The following keywords were used for the acquisition of relevant studies: children, decline, motor skills, physical activity, and young people. From the literature review emerged clearly in all the longitudinal surveys a negative trend of body mass index (BMI), which was increasing in all the countries analysed, and cardiorespiratory fitness, which, in close relation to the increase in overweight levels, was in decline. If an unambiguous trend could be declared for the variables just mentioned, it was not possible to declare the same trend for the other variables analysed, which showed discordant results between the different countries.

High-intensity combination exercise has the highest effect on increasing serum irisin and interleukin 6 levels in women with obesity.

OBJECTIVES: Lifestyle, overnutrition, socioeconomic status, environmental conditions, and genetics are factors that cause obesity. Lifestyle modification with a nonpharmacological approach based on physical exercise is the starting point in overcoming obesity. However, physical exercise with the appropriate and effective intensity for obese subjects is still debated. Therefore, this study aims to prove the effect of intensity differences with aerobic-resistance combination exercise on increasing irisin and IL-6 levels in obese women. METHODS: A total of 32 obese women were selected as subjects and administered the interventions of low-intensity combination exercise (Q2), moderate-intensity combination exercise (Q3), and high-intensity combination exercise (Q4). ELISA was used to measure irisin and IL-6 levels in all samples. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA and Turkey's-Honest Significant Difference (HSD) post hoc test. RESULTS: The mean Δ IL-6 levels in the control groups (Q1), Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.27 ± 2.54, 2.07 ± 2.55, 5.99 ± 6.25, and 7.98 ± 2.82 pg/mL with (p=0.015). The mean Δ irisin levels were 0.06 ± 0.81 ng/mL in Q1, 0.59 ± 0.67 ng/mL in Q2, 1.99 ± 1.65 ng/mL in Q3, 4.63 ± 3.57 ng/mL in Q4 with (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study proved that all three types of combined exercise intensity increased myokine levels, such as irisin and IL-6. However, high-intensity combination exercise provided the most optimal improvement in myokine levels in obese women. Future studies are needed to design long-term exercise programs specifically for obese adolescent women using the findings from this study.

Physical Activity in Work and Leisure Time during Pregnancy, and Its Influence on Maternal Health and Perinatal Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity during pregnancy has been shown to be linked to an increased risk of complications. However, during pregnancy, doubts arise about what type, intensity and frequency of physical activity are most recommended. OBJECTIVE: Our main objective was to know the level of physical activity (PA) and sedentary lifestyle in a representative sample of pregnant women in Málaga, one of the most populated cities in Spain. Also, we aimed to find out the effects of PA on obstetric and perinatal outcomes and on the mental health of pregnant women, differentiated according to PA intensity and domain. METHODS: Five hundred and forty full-term pregnant women who had their obstetric checks in the maternity ward of the Regional University Hospital of Málaga were recruited through consecutive sampling. Participants answered a questionnaire that included the WHO Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and some other sociodemographic and health-related questions. Subsequently, information about perinatal outcomes was obtained after birth. RESULTS: Only 50.8% of women followed the WHO recommendations on activity. We found a high proportion of obese pregnant women and a direct effect of a sedentary lifestyle on the rate of cesarean sections and vulvovaginal tears in spontaneous births, as well as on the mental health of future mothers. Women's age, the number of children, BMI at the beginning of pregnancy and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) explained anxiety scores, and age, LTPA, BMI at the end of pregnancy and intense work-related physical activity (WTPA) predicted depression scores. CONCLUSIONS: LTPA improves obstetric outcomes, helping to reduce the rate of cesarean sections and vulvovaginal tears, as well as reducing prenatal anxiety and depression.

Predicting life expectancy in the united states: The importance of healthy living behaviors and residential geography.

According to the World Health Organization, 30 countries currently have a life expectancy of ≥80 years: the United States (U.S.) is not among this group of countries. The current analysis assesses the ability of key lifestyle behaviors and characteristics to predict a life expectancy of ≥80 years. Only 577 (19%) of the 3066 U.S. Counties assessed had a life expectancy ≥80 years. These counties had significantly higher life expectancy (81 ± 3 vs. 76 ± 2 years) and lower percent of the population who are physically inactive (20.7 ± 3.9 vs. 27.0 ± 4.7%), actively smoke (15.9 ± 3.1 vs. 21.1 ± 3.6%), obese (31.7 ± 4.7 vs. 37.3 ± 3.9%) and have limited access to healthy food (7.1 ± 6.8 vs. 8.4 ± 6.6%) (all p < 0.001). Binary logistic regression revealed percent adults who currently smoke, percent obese, percent physically inactive, and percent with limited access to healthy food were all significant univariate predictors of

The prevalence of sedentary behavior among university students in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: A considerable body of research has demonstrated that reducing sitting time benefits health. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the prevalence of sedentary behavior (SB) and its patterns. METHODS: A total of 6975 university students (49.1% female) were chosen randomly to participate in a face-to-face interview. The original English version of the sedentary behavior questionnaire (SBQ) was previously translated into Arabic. Then, the validated Arabic version of the SBQ was used to assess SB. The Arabic SBQ included 9 types of SB (watching television, playing computer/video games, sitting while listening to music, sitting and talking on the phone, doing paperwork or office work, sitting and reading, playing a musical instrument, doing arts and crafts, and sitting and driving/riding in a car, bus or train) on weekdays and weekends. RESULTS: SBQ indicated that the total time of SB was considerably high (478.75 ± 256.60 and 535.86 ± 316.53 (min/day) during weekdays and weekends, respectively). On average, participants spent the most time during the day doing office/paperwork (item number 4) during weekdays (112.47 ± 111.11 min/day) and weekends (122.05 ± 113.49 min/day), followed by sitting time in transportation (item number 9) during weekdays (78.95 ± 83.25 min/day) and weekends (92.84 ± 100.19 min/day). The average total sitting time of the SBQ was 495.09 ± 247.38 (min/day) and 58.4% of the participants reported a high amount of sitting time (≥ 7 hours/day). Independent t-test showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between males and females in all types of SB except with doing office/paperwork (item number 4). The results also showed that male students have a longer daily sitting time (521.73 ± 236.53 min/day) than females (467.38 ± 255.28 min/day). Finally, 64.1% of the males reported a high amount of sitting time (≥ 7 hours/day) compared to females (52.3%). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the total mean length of SB in minutes per day for male and female university students was considerably high. About 58% of the population appeared to spend ≥7 h/day sedentary. Male university students are likelier to sit longer than female students. Our findings also indicated that SB and physical activity interventions are needed to raise awareness of the importance of adopting an active lifestyle and reducing sitting time.

Street food snacking habits, physical activity, and electronicmedia exposure in relation to obesity in elementary schoolstudents / Hábitos de merienda callejera, actividad física y exposición a medios electrónicos en relación con la obesidad en estudiantes de primaria

Introduction: Obesity is caused by an imbalance betweenincoming energy due to the consumption of more caloriesthan energy expended. Excessive fat accumulation has seri-ous and long-term health effects. This can be supported bylifestyles such as consumption of roadside snacks that arehigh in sugar, salt, and fat, but low in micronutrients and fiber.This study aims to determine the characteristics of respon-dents and analyze the relationship of street food snackinghabits, physical activity, and exposure to electronic mediawith the incidence of obesity in elementary school students atSD Adabiah Kota Padang in 2023.Methods: Research with cross sectional design. The pop-ulation in this study were students of SD Adabiah Padanggrades 1-5 with a total sample of 141 students, selected byproportional random sampling technique. Data on street foodsnacking habits and exposure to electronic media were ob-tained using a questionnaire, physical activity measured byPAQ-C (Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children), and obe-sity measured by IMT/U. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test.Results: The number of respondents with obese nutritionalstatus (19.9%), frequent street food snacking habits (62.4%),less physical activity (65.2%), and high exposure to electronicmedia (53.9%). Statistical test results showed that there wasno significant relationship between street food snacking habits(p-value=0.281), physical activity (p-value=0.443), and expo-sure to electronic media (p-value=0.701) with the incidence ofobesity in elementary school students.Conclusion: The results showed no association betweenstreet food snacking habits, physical activity, and exposure toelectronic media with the incidence of obesity in elementaryschool students.(AU)

The Potential Influence of Firearm Violence on Physical Inactivity in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Despite broad recognition of the physical inactivity pandemic, little to no progress has been made in the past decade in mitigating the problem. The current analysis builds upon previous research into the drivers of physical inactivity to assess the potential interactions with firearm violence in the United States. METHODS: We merged county-level data on firearm fatality rates, physical inactivity prevalence, the Social Vulnerability Index, and the American nations regional cultures schematic. RESULTS: Counties with a physical inactivity prevalence currently above the federal government's 2030 goal (ie, ≥21.8%) had a significantly higher firearm fatality rate per 100,000 population. This finding was consistent for both the overall rate and race-based subgroups. The overall White, Hispanic, and Black firearm fatality rates were also significantly higher in the American nations group comprising Greater Appalachia, Deep South, El Norte, New France, and First Nation. Stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that the Social Vulnerability Index, American nations dichotomous grouping, and firearm fatality rate were all retained (P < .001) in predicting physical inactivity prevalence as a continuous variable. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the United States faces myriad health and societal challenges. Unhealthy lifestyles and gun violence are two of the leaders. The current analysis in conjunction with previous findings demonstrates that solving these challenges by interacting, create complexity to finding solutions that has not been thoroughly considered.

Associations of Dietary and Lifestyle Components with Atrial Fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiac arrhythmia that still remains a significant health concern, especially due to its consequences, including stroke and heart failure. This review explores the intricate interplay between AF, lifestyle choices, and dietary habits. It is particularly focused on findings from diverse studies about non-pharmacological methods of managing AF. Moreover, its purpose is to elucidate the implementation of lifestyle changes such as physical activity or proper diet choices in the integrated treatment strategy of patients with AF.