Amina: Shaking Boundaries of a Woman Inhabited by the Spirits (Senegal).

In this article, I present the individual ethnography of Amina, a Senegalese woman possessed by the spirits of her lineage. Amina's story shows the lacerations of a person who simultaneously inhabits two worlds: the traditional Lebou culture and the Western one. When her spirits manifest themselves, she is forced to choose between two different interpretations of her suffering: the traditional persecutory and the Western psychopathological. She chooses the former but refuses the healers imposed by the tradition and turns to a priest of her choice, who proves to be sensitive to her need to personally own the healing journey. Amina strategically manipulates the plasticity of the traditional belief system without abandoning it; she bends it to shake the boundaries of herself, and her group and lineage. She uses the disruptive potential of possession and the irruption of the invisible world in the visible to renegotiate her role and acquire a new status in her group. She uses the performative dispositive of possession to renegotiate and expand her spaces of agency and affirm her tenacious subjectivity of a permanently liminal person, one who inhabits, shakes and redraws the boundaries between different worlds of meaning.

El abrazo, de las bases a su expresión en la vida y el arte / The embrace of the people to their expression in life and art

Resumen: El confinamiento y aislamiento social durante la pandemia por COVID-19 limitaron el contacto físico estrecho, en especial los de cercanía, del que destacan los abrazos. El impacto social del vacío y aislamiento afectivo aún perdura. El abrazo es una respuesta innata afectiva del ser humano que se expresa en diferentes circunstancias. Tiene su origen en diferentes regiones cerebrales, que van de las límbicas a las corticales, en las que se entrelaza una compleja interacción entre aferencias, sistemas de señalización y neurotransmisores que condicionan una respuesta neurohormonal con impacto multisistémico. El abrazo va más allá de este complejo sustrato, representa la sublimación de lo meramente anatómico y fisiológico, a la manifestación afectiva del espíritu humano. El objetivo de este breve ensayo es poner a su consideración las bases neurocientíficas del abrazo y su expresión en la complejidad de la vida y el arte.

Abstract: Confinement and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic limited close physical contact, especially close ones, of which hugs stand out. The social impact of emptiness and affective isolation still endures. The hug is an innate affective response of the human being that is expressed in different circumstances. It originates from different brain regions, ranging from limbic to cortical, in which a complex interaction between afferents, signaling systems, and neurotransmitters is intertwined, conditioning a neurohormonal response with multisystem impact. The hug goes beyond this complex substrate, it represents the sublimation of the merely anatomical and physiological, to the affective manifestation of the human spirit. The objective of this brief essay is to put to your consideration the neuroscientific bases of the hug and its expression in the complexity of life and art.

Correlation of the presence of acrolein with higher alcohols, glycerol, and acidity in cachaças.

Acrolein is a toxic aldehyde that can be present in various beverages, such as cachaça and other distilled spirits from sugarcane. The objective of this work was to detect and quantify acrolein in samples of cachaça produced by different processes in all regions of Brazil and to evaluate the possible routes of formation of this contaminant from the correlation with other secondary compounds present in the beverage using principal component analysis. Approximately 27.0% of the samples analyzed were outside the limit established by Brazilian legislation for this contaminant, with an average acrolein concentration of 14.01 mg 100 mL-1 anhydrous alcohol (aa). In the other samples, the average concentration was 0.97 mg 100 mL-1 aa. After selecting the variables that most closely correlated with the presence of acrolein in beverages, a positive correlation was found with the presence of butan-2-ol, propan-1-ol and volatile acids, and a slight correlation with the presence of phenolic compounds. Therefore, the presence of acrolein in cachaça can be associated with contamination of the fermentation must by bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, as a result of the chemical degradation and enzymatic conversion of the glycerol produced during fermentation.

Production and characterization of a new distilled beverage from green coffee seed residue.

This study evaluated green coffee seed residue (GCSR) as an alternative substrate for producing distilled beverages. Two proportions of GCSR, 10% and 20% (w/v), were fermented and distilled in a copper alembic still. The spirits were characterized by GC-FID, HS-SPME GC-MS, and sensory analysis by trained panelists. Most of the 62 identified volatile compounds were affected by the GCSR concentration. Total terpenes, higher alcohols, and acetals showed the highest concentrations in the 10% GCSR spirit. Esters, acetates, and aldehydes were most abundant in the 20% GCSR. In the sensory analysis, the 10% GCSR spirit was characterized by floral, dairy, and almond aromas, while the 20% GCSR spirit was embodied coffee, vegetable, hazelnut, cooked cabbage, and nut descriptors. The results demonstrate the potential of GCSR as a substrate for producing coffee spirits with chemical and sensory qualities, with the 10% GCSR being the better option for fermentation.

Total nitrogen content and its influence on ethyl carbamate incidence in cachaça

Cachaça is a typical Brazilian spirit of significant economic and social relevance. The spirit may contain organic and inorganic contaminants that impair its quality, such as ethyl carbamate (EC), which is potentially carcinogenic. The study of factors that cause EC incidence is extremely important to produce cachaça with good physicochemical and sensory quality and for public health reasons. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze and quantify nitrogen (N) in sugarcane juice and correlate it with the EC levels, with copper (Cu) as precursor, in cachaça from stills, produced from the sugar of three different sugarcane varieties (RB857515, RB966928 and RB855453). We used the plantation systems without fertilization and with organic and conventional fertilization. The EC and Cu levels were below the legislation threshold and the N levels were correlated with EC formation in different planting systems.

Production and characterization of a new mango distilled beverage

The large scale of mango production allows for the application of immediate technologies to minimize post-harvest losses and add even more value to the fruit chain. As a consequence of feasible applications, the production of alcoholic beverages through fermentation and distillation has been elaborated, resulting in a supply of products with different characteristics. This study aimed to monitor the development of a distilled mango beverage and its profile for consumption. The mangoes were selected, pulped and subjected to physicochemical characterization and, subsequently, to fermentation and distillation processes where the kinetics were monitored, and the beverage obtained was compared to similar products found in the literature. During column distillation, the relationship between the temperature profile and the alcohol content was observed, allowing for careful selection of each fraction of the distillate and the establishment of a standard for future distillations. As regards the fraction of interest, good results were obtained in terms of composition with compounds such as methanol and acetaldehyde in minimal quantities, indicating a product that can be consumed without health risks. The small amount of studies following the same line of research confirms the potential mango pulp named Tommy Atkins for the formulation of alcoholic products.

Production and characterization of a new mango distilled beverage

The large scale of mango production allows for the application of immediate technologies to minimize post-harvest losses and add even more value to the fruit chain. As a consequence of feasible applications, the production of alcoholic beverages through fermentation and distillation has been elaborated, resulting in a supply of products with different characteristics. This study aimed to monitor the development of a distilled mango beverage and its profile for consumption. The mangoes were selected, pulped and subjected to physicochemical characterization and, subsequently, to fermentation and distillation processes where the kinetics were monitored, and the beverage obtained was compared to similar products found in the literature. During column distillation, the relationship between the temperature profile and the alcohol content was observed, allowing for careful selection of each fraction of the distillate and the establishment of a standard for future distillations. As regards the fraction of interest, good results were obtained in terms of composition with compounds such as methanol and acetaldehyde in minimal quantities, indicating a product that can be consumed without health risks. The small amount of studies following the same line of research confirms the potential mango pulp named Tommy Atkins for the formulation of alcoholic products.(AU)

Production and characterization of a new mango distilled beverage

ABSTRACT The large scale of mango production allows for the application of immediate technologies to minimize post-harvest losses and add even more value to the fruit chain. As a consequence of feasible applications, the production of alcoholic beverages through fermentation and distillation has been elaborated, resulting in a supply of products with different characteristics. This study aimed to monitor the development of a distilled mango beverage and its profile for consumption. The mangoes were selected, pulped and subjected to physicochemical characterization and, subsequently, to fermentation and distillation processes where the kinetics were monitored, and the beverage obtained was compared to similar products found in the literature. During column distillation, the relationship between the temperature profile and the alcohol content was observed, allowing for careful selection of each fraction of the distillate and the establishment of a standard for future distillations. As regards the fraction of interest, good results were obtained in terms of composition with compounds such as methanol and acetaldehyde in minimal quantities, indicating a product that can be consumed without health risks. The small amount of studies following the same line of research confirms the potential mango pulp named Tommy Atkins for the formulation of alcoholic products.

O sujeito anímico e o sujeito espiritual em Ideias II / The psychic subject and the spiritual subject in Ideas II / El sujeto anímico y el sujeto espiritual en Ideias II

Neste artigo pretendo evidenciar como a relação entre sujeito anímico e sujeito espiritual é fundamental para a compreensão da intersubjetividade e do mundo da vida (Lebenswelt). Em Ideias II, Husserl explica como, a partir do eu, sujeito e objeto são constituídos no mundo: natureza, alma e espírito. Estes três estratos do sendo são conhecidos a partir da atitude teorética e da atitude espiritual e, no processo, se dá a explicitação do eu. Numa atitude teorética, temos constituição da natureza, para o que o corpo (Körper/Leib) é fundamental. Em seguida, a constituição de objetos de natureza anímica, humana ou animal, incluindo a autopercepção. Assumindo a atitude espiritual, o outro é percebido (Urpräsenz), inicialmente, como corpo junto às coisas e, ao lado desta percepção, há uma apercepção (Appräsenz) dos horizontes co-dados. Há uma identidade entre o corpo alheio e o meu, é o momento da empatia (Einfühlung). O mundo constituído a partir de uma atitude naturalista ou teórica é uma redução do mundo circundante (Umwelt), mas o mundo cotidiano da atitude personalista ou espiritual lhe antecede, o mundo vital (Lebenswelt). É, portanto, através da atitude personalista ou espiritual, que se constitui uma comunidade de sujeitos espirituais.

In this article I intend to highlight how the relationship between psychic subject and spiritual subject is fundamental for the understanding of intersubjectivity and the life world (Lebenswelt). In Ideas II, Husserl explains how, from the self, subject and object are constituted in the world: nature, soul and spirit. These three strata of the being are known from the theoretical attitude and the spiritual attitude and, in the process, the self is explicit. In a theoretical attitude we have nature's constitution, for which the body (Körper / Leib) is fundamental. Then the constitution of objects of animic nature, human or animal, including self-perception. Assuming the spiritual attitude, the other is perceived (Urpräsenz) initially as a body together with things, and beside this perception there is an apprehension (Appräsenz) of co-given horizons. There is an identity between the body of others and mine, it is the moment of empathy (Einfühlung). The world constituted from a naturalistic or theoretical attitude is a reduction of the surrounding world (Umwelt), but the everyday world of the personalistic or spiritual attitude precedes it, the life-world (Lebenswelt). It is therefore through the personalistic or spiritual attitude that a community of spiritual subjects is constituted.

En este artículo pretendo destacar cómo la relación entre el sujeto anímico y el sujeto espiritual es fundamental para la comprensión de la intersubjetividad y el mundo de la vida (Lebenswelt). En Ideas II, Husserl explica cómo, desde el yo, el sujeto y el objeto están constituidos en el mundo: naturaleza, alma y espíritu. Estos tres estratos del ser se conocen por la actitud teórica y la actitud espiritual y, en el proceso, el yo es explícito. En una actitud teórica, tenemos la constitución de la naturaleza, para la cual el cuerpo (Körper / Leib) es fundamental. Luego la constitución de objetos de naturaleza anímica, humana o animal, incluida la auto percepción. Asumiendo la actitud espiritual, el otro se percibe (Urpräsenz) inicialmente como un cuerpo junto con las cosas, y además de esta percepción hay una apercepción (Appräsenz) de los horizontes compartidos. Existe una identidad entre el cuerpo de los demás y el mío, es el momento de la empatía (Einfühlung). El mundo constituido por una actitud naturalista o teórica es una reducción del mundo circundante (Umwelt), pero el mundo cotidiano de la actitud personalista o espiritual lo precede, el mundo de la vida (Lebenswelt). Por lo tanto, es a través de la actitud personalista o espiritual que se constituye una comunidad de sujetos espirituales.

Comparison reproducibility between the facebow and a new technique based on a spirit level device.

Objective: This study aimed to introduce a spirit level device for mounting maxillary casts to compare the reproducibility between the facebow and this new technique.Methods: The maxillary casts of 10 participants were mounted in three different situations: 1) with the facebow; 2) with the spirit level device, the participant in seated position; and 3) with the spirit level device with participant in standing position. Each procedure was performed by three different evaluators. The values obtained were calculated using the Technical Error of Measurement (TEM) and the inter-evaluator Coefficient of Variation (CV).Results: The mean values obtained were 4.3 mm, 2.2 mm, and 2.6 mm for absolute TEM; 8.7%, 5.4%, and 6.4% for relative TEM; and 7.3%, 4.5%, and 5.6% for CV.Conclusion: These results show that the facebow is less reproducible compared to the new device, demonstrating that the new technique can be satisfactorily used in clinical practice.

Lignin-derived phenolic compounds in cachaça aged in new barrels made from two oak species.

Aging cachaça in wooden barrels is essential to improve its quality. The level of maturation of distillates can be determined based on the contents of aging-marker phenolic compounds extracted from the lignin of the wooden barrel. This study aimed to characterize the aging process of cachaça by analyzing the mechanism of lignin degradation during its maturation in new barrels made from two oak species, European (Quercus petraea) and American (Quercus alba), for up to 60 months. Evaluation was based on the analyses of cinnamic aldehydes (sinapaldehyde and coniferaldehyde), benzoic aldehydes (syringaldehyde and vanillin), and benzoic acids (syringic and vanillic acids) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Oak species had a significant effect on all the studied phenolic compounds. Higher contents of all the identified phenolic compounds were found in cachaça aged in barrels made from American oak. The total contents of benzoic acids (vanillic and syringic acids) can be considered for predicting the level of maturation of cachaça aged in barrels made from both oak species. Based on the composition of maturation-related congeners, it is likely that for cachaça each year of aging in new oak barrels corresponds to approximately 5 years of aging for spirits in general commercialized worldwide.

Revisitando Dilthey: diálogos teóricos e metodológicos com a fenomenologia e a psicologia / Revisiting Dilthey: theoretical and methodological dialogues with phenomenology and psychology / Revisando Dilthey: diálogos teóricos y metodológicos con la fenomenología y la psicología

Wilhelm Dilthey foi um autor fundamental para que as ciências humanas tivessem sua autonomia de método e objeto em relação às ciências naturais, entretanto, o seu trabalho ainda é pouco conhecido pelos psicólogos no Brasil. Esse artigo tem como objetivo divulgar e discutir a obra diltheyana tendo como recorte as reverberações de suas proposições para a fenomenologia e a psicologia, enquanto ciências de rigor. A análise teórica, que não pretende ser uma revisão exaustiva da obra do autor, será centrada nos temas: mundo histórico, vivência e método compreensivo de pesquisa. Para finalizar, será realizado um exercício imaginativo de como seria a psicologia atualmente se a posição de Dilthey tivesse se tornado hegemônica no campo.

Wilhelm Dilthey was a fundamental author so that the human sciences had their autonomy of method and object in relation to the natural sciences, however, their work is still little known by psychologists in Brazil, so, this article aims to disclose and discuss the work of the author, having as a cut the reverberations of his propositions for phenomenology and psychology.. The theoretical analysis, which is not intended to be an exhaustive review of the author's work, will be centered on themes: historical world, experience and a comprehensive method of research. To conclude, an imaginative exercise of what psychology would be doing today if Dilthey's position had become hegemonic in the field.

Wilhelm Dilthey fue un autor fundamental para que las ciencias humanas tuvieran su autonomía de método y objeto en relación a las ciencias naturales, sin embargo, su trabajo todavía es poco conocido por los psicólogos en Brasil, destarte, este artículo tiene como objetivo divulgar y discutir la obra del autor, teniendo como recorte las reverberaciones de sus proposiciones para la fenomenología y la psicología, como ciencias de rigor. El análisis teórico, que no pretende ser una revisión exhaustiva de la obra del autor, se centrará en los temas: mundo histórico, vivencia y método comprensivo de investigación. Para finalizar, se realizará un ejercicio imaginativo de cómo sería la psicología actualmente si la posición de Dilthey se hubiera vuelto hegemónica en el campo.

Association between quality of life and positive coping strategies in breast cancer patients.

According to the World Health Organization, breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in the Hispanic female population, and it carries a great psychological impact. Acceptance and personal learning derived from the individual's life experiences and understanding of their emotional state has been suggested as an adaptive profile toward the patient's perception of the disease. This study aims to explore which psychological variables are related to breast cancer patients' perception of their quality of life. A cross-sectional, correlational, and non-probabilistic study was performed on 113 women diagnosed with stage 1-3 breast cancer in Mexico and Spain, based on self-reporting through the Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, and the EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire. Recruitment was conducted from March 2015 to April 2018. Through multiple regression analysis, the study found that fighting spirit and positive affect explained 34.2% of quality of life variance F (2, 110) = 30.14, p <.005 of participants. The results support the need to contemplate the importance of positive psychological variables for a multidisciplinary approach to women diagnosed with breast cancer.

Refracting Affects: Affect, Psychotherapy, and Spirit Dis-Possession.

The notion of affect has generated much confusion in anthropology given its focus on that which seems to escape our language. The evanescent features of affects have irritated many anthropologists who consider affect theory as an empirically weak or esoteric hermeneutics. In this article, I respond to these critiques by developing an anthropology of therapy that foregrounds the role of affects. My intent is to explore the possible contribution of affect theory to medical and psychological anthropology. I draw from my ethnography on couple's therapy in Argentina to suggest that we cannot understand therapeutic efficacy if we focus only on language and discourse. I ask what it means to regard affects as late modern spirits and take psychotherapy as a modern ritual of "affect dispossession." I propose to ask how affects, like spirits, can haunt our present rendering our lives barely livable. Focusing on a session of therapy in Buenos Aires, I describe how a therapist channels the spirit of impasse that colonizes the lives of her patients. Developing an enchanted hermeneutics, I engage with Eve Sedgwick's call for an other-than-paranoid social theory by engaging the imagination as an important organ of perception in the medical anthropology of affects.

O espírito da utopia vive / The spirit of utopia lives

Escrito como homenagem por ocasião do centenário da 1ª edição de O espírito da utopia (1918) de Ernst Bloch (1885-1977), o texto relembra o conteúdo da obra e o significado da utopia na modernidade; e ao fazer referência à Tese 9 sobre a História, de Walter Benjamin(1892-1940), alude aos clamores que, em nossos dias, testemunham a sobrevivência do espírito utópico.(AU)

Written as an homage at the occasion of the centenary of the first edition of The spirit of utopia (1918) of Ernst Bloch (1885-1977), the text remember the content of the work and the significance of utopia in the modern age; and by making reference to the Thesis 9 on History, of Walter Benjamin (1892-1940), alludes to the claims that, in our days, testify the survival ot the utopic spirit.(AU)

Cerebral localization of the mind and higher functions The beginnings.

The debates about the mind and its higher functions, and attempts to locate them in the body, have represented a subject of interest of innumerable sages since ancient times. The doubt concerning the part of the body that housed these functions, the heart (cardiocentric doctrine) or the brain (cephalocentric doctrine), drove the search. The Egyptians, millennia ago, held a cardiocentric view. A very long time later, ancient Greek scholars took up the theme anew, but remained undecided between the heart and the brain, a controversy that lasted for centuries. The cephalocentric view prevailed, and a new inquiry ensued about the location of these functions within the brain, the ventricles or the nervous tissue, which also continued for centuries. The latter localization, although initially inaccurate, gained traction. However, it represented only a beginning, as further studies in the centuries that followed revealed more precise definitions and localizations of the higher mental functions.

Os debates sobre a mente e suas funções superiores, e as tentativas de estabelecer suas localizações no corpo, foram objeto de interesse de inúmeros sábios desde os tempos mais remotos. A dúvida quanto à parte do corpo que abrigava tais funções, o coração (doutrina cardiocêntrica) ou o cérebro (doutrina cefalocêntrica), abriu as buscas. Os egípcios, há milênios, mantinham um ponto de vista cardiocêntrico. Muito tempo depois, antigos acadêmicos gregos retomaram o tema, mas permaneceram indecisos entre o coração e o cérebro, uma controvérsia que durou séculos. O ponto de vista cefalocêntrico predominou, e seguiu-se uma nova questão, quanto ao lugar dessas funções no cérebro, os ventrículos ou o tecido nervoso, que também durou séculos. Esta última localização, apesar de inicialmente equivocada, prosperou. Entretanto, esta representou apenas um começo, já que mais estudos, nos séculos seguintes, revelaram definições e localizações mais precisas para as funções mentais superiores.

Good Manufacturing Practices, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point plan proposal for distilleries of cachaça

Cachaça poses many quality (appearance, taste, consumer acceptability) and safety hazards (chemical, metal, and microbiological contaminations during the process). In this work, an effort is made for the quality and safety analysis of cachaça, by describing and outlining the potential hazards in every step of the process. This study revealed that the critical control points (CCPs) involved in Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to prevent cachaça safety hazards are the stages of sugarcane growing, sugarcane harvesting, fermentation, distillation, and aging process. The most significant factors for both CCPs and critical points (CPs) that should be controlled are determined. The implementation of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system in small distilleries of Cachaça has been very helpful to provide the required safety for domestic consumers and boost cachaça exportations. Therefore, the main objective of the cachaça industry is to achieve production consistency.

Good Manufacturing Practices, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point plan proposal for distilleries of cachaça

Cachaça poses many quality (appearance, taste, consumer acceptability) and safety hazards (chemical, metal, and microbiological contaminations during the process). In this work, an effort is made for the quality and safety analysis of cachaça, by describing and outlining the potential hazards in every step of the process. This study revealed that the critical control points (CCPs) involved in Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to prevent cachaça safety hazards are the stages of sugarcane growing, sugarcane harvesting, fermentation, distillation, and aging process. The most significant factors for both CCPs and critical points (CPs) that should be controlled are determined. The implementation of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system in small distilleries of Cachaça has been very helpful to provide the required safety for domestic consumers and boost cachaça exportations. Therefore, the main objective of the cachaça industry is to achieve production consistency.(AU)

Cerebral localization of the mind and higher functions: the beginnings / Localização cerebral da mente e das funções superiores: os primórdios

Abstract The debates about the mind and its higher functions, and attempts to locate them in the body, have represented a subject of interest of innumerable sages since ancient times. The doubt concerning the part of the body that housed these functions, the heart (cardiocentric doctrine) or the brain (cephalocentric doctrine), drove the search. The Egyptians, millennia ago, held a cardiocentric view. A very long time later, ancient Greek scholars took up the theme anew, but remained undecided between the heart and the brain, a controversy that lasted for centuries. The cephalocentric view prevailed, and a new inquiry ensued about the location of these functions within the brain, the ventricles or the nervous tissue, which also continued for centuries. The latter localization, although initially inaccurate, gained traction. However, it represented only a beginning, as further studies in the centuries that followed revealed more precise definitions and localizations of the higher mental functions.

Resumo Os debates sobre a mente e suas funções superiores, e as tentativas de estabelecer suas localizações no corpo, foram objeto de interesse de inúmeros sábios desde os tempos mais remotos. A dúvida quanto à parte do corpo que abrigava tais funções, o coração (doutrina cardiocêntrica) ou o cérebro (doutrina cefalocêntrica), abriu as buscas. Os egípcios, há milênios, mantinham um ponto de vista cardiocêntrico. Muito tempo depois, antigos acadêmicos gregos retomaram o tema, mas permaneceram indecisos entre o coração e o cérebro, uma controvérsia que durou séculos. O ponto de vista cefalocêntrico predominou, e seguiu-se uma nova questão, quanto ao lugar dessas funções no cérebro, os ventrículos ou o tecido nervoso, que também durou séculos. Esta última localização, apesar de inicialmente equivocada, prosperou. Entretanto, esta representou apenas um começo, já que mais estudos, nos séculos seguintes, revelaram definições e localizações mais precisas para as funções mentais superiores.

Análisis de algunos manuales escolares lasallistas / Analysis of some lasallian school manuals / Análise de alguns manuais escolares lassalistas

Resumen Resumen: La educación impartida por los lasallistas en Colombia tenía por objeto formar hombres, ilustrados, con conciencia religiosa, moral, responsable y cívica; por ello, catecismo, urbanidad, cortesía, unidad familiar y dominio de sí se favorecen a través de los manuales lasallistas producidos en Colombia entre los años 1943 y 1988 en el área de pedagogía. Introducción: Los manuales escolares son un tipo particular de obra escrita destinada a la enseñanza-aprendizaje. En la Contemporaneidad, son elementos cardinales de la cultura escolar. La investigación aborda una serie de manuales de pedagogía, historia y catecismos, estudiados desde un enfoque pedagógico. Objetivos: Desvelar el tipo de sujeto y el proyecto de sociedad a favorecerse a través de los manuales lasallistas producidos en Colombia entre los años 1943 y 1988 en el área de pedagogía. Materiales y métodos: Esta es una investigación con un enfoque cualitativo de tipo documental; se realizó siguiendo criterios del método hermenéutico. Se empleó la de triangulación datos (métodos y teorías). Materiales empleados: fichas de trabajo. Resultados: La pedagogía lasallista aplicada en Colombia desde 1905 forja hombres íntegros, honestos, con una tradición cristiana católica y moral sólida conservadora, pero adolece de un espíritu crítico, liberador y de propugnar por una justicia social, necesaria en época de grandes desigualdades sociales. Conclusiones: Importante para el pueblo colombiano el aporte de la pedagogía lasallista, pero cuestionable su ligazón con el sistema de gobierno conservador que impedía la formación de sujetos críticos, librepensadores y forjadores de una verdadera autonomía.

Abstract Summary: The education imparted by the Lasallians in Colombia was aimed at forming men enlightened with a religious moral, responsible and civic conscience. Therefore, catechism, urbanity, courtesy, family unity and self-control are favored through Lasallian manuals produced in Colombia between 1943 and 1988 in pedagogy. Introduction: School textbooks are a written work intended for teaching-learning. In Contemporaneity, they are cardinal elements of school culture. The research deals with a series of manuals of pedagogy, history and catechisms, studied from a pedagogical approach. Objectives: To reveal the type of subject and the project of society to be favored through the Lasallian manuals produced in Colombia between 1943 and 1988 in pedagogy. Materials and methods: This is an investigation with a qualitative approach of documentary type. It was carried out by following the criteria of the hermeneutical method. The triangulation data (methods and theories) was used. Materials used: worksheets. Results: The Lasallian pedagogy applied in Colombia since 1905 forges honest men with a conservative Catholic moral and a solid moral tradition, but it suffers from a critical, liberating spirit advocating for social justice, necessary in times of great social inequalities. Conclusion: The contribution of Lasallian pedagogy is important for the Colombian people, but its link with the conservative government system that prevented the formation of critical subjects, freethinkers and forgers of true autonomy is questionable.

Resumo Resumo: A educação ministrada pelos Lassalistas na Colômbia visa formar aos homens, esclarecidos, com consciência religiosa, moral, responsável e cívica; portanto, catecismo, urbanidade, cortesia, unidade familiar e domínio sobre si são favorecidos através dos manuais Lassalistas produzidos na Colômbia entre 1943 e 1988 na área da pedagogia. Introdução: Os manuais escolares são um tipo particular de trabalho escrito destinado ao ensino-aprendizagem. Na Contemporaneidade, são elementos cardinais da cultura escolar. A pesquisa aborda uma série de manuais de pedagogia, história e catecismos, estudados a partir de uma abordagem pedagógica. Objetivo: Revelar o tipo de sujeito e o projeto de sociedade a ser favorecida através dos manuais Lassalistas produzidos na Colômbia entre 1943 e 1988 na área da pedagogia. Métodos e materiais: Esta é uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa do tipo documental; realizou-se seguindo critérios do método hermenêutico. Utilizou-se a triangulação de dados (métodos e teorias). Materiais utilizados: fichas de trabalho. Resultados: A pedagogia Lassalista aplicada na Colômbia desde 1905 forma homens íntegros, honestos, com uma tradição cristã católica e moral sólida conservadora, mas sofre de espírito crítico, libertador e defensor da justiça social, necessária em tempos de grandes desigualdades sociais. Conclusão: Importante para o povo colombiano a contribuição da pedagogia Lassalista, mas questionável sua ligação com o sistema de governo conservador que impediu a formação de sujeitos críticos, livres pensadores e formadores de uma verdadeira autonomia.