Additive Manufacturing of Devices Used for Collection and Application of Cereal Rust Urediniospores.

Optimized inoculation procedures are an important consideration in achieving repeatable plant infection when working with biotrophic rust fungi. Several plant pathology laboratories specializing in rust research employ a system where the collection and application of fungal spores are accomplished using an exchangeable gelatin capsule. Urediniospores are collected from erumpent pustules on plant surfaces into a capsule fitted to a cyclone collector controlled by a vacuum pump. By adding light mineral oil to the same capsule, the spore suspension is then sprayed onto plants by means of a dedicated atomizer (inoculator) connected to an air pressure source. Although devices are not commercially available, modern day technologies provide an opportunity to efficiently design and manufacture collectors and inoculators. Using a process called Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as "3D printing," the bodies of a collector and inoculator were digitally designed and then laser-sintered in nylon. Depending on availability, copper or aluminum tubes were fitted to the bodies of both devices afterward to either facilitate directed collection of spores from rust pustules on plant surfaces or act as a siphon tube to deliver the spore suspension contained in the capsule. No statistical differences were found between AM and metal inoculators for spray delivery time or spore deposition per unit area. In replicated collection and inoculation tests of wheat seedlings with urediniospore bulks or single pustule collections of Puccinia triticina and P. graminis f. sp. tritici, the causal organisms of leaf rust and stem rust, consistent and satisfactory infection levels were achieved. Immersing used devices in acetone for 60 s followed by a 2 h heat treatment at 75°C produced no contaminant infection in follow-up tests.

Relações de causa e efeito entre condições ambientais, urediniósporos e severidade de ferrugem-asiática da soja / Relations of cause and effect among environmental conditions, airborne urediniospores and asian soybean rust severity

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer relações entre condições ambientais, o número de urediniósporos de Phakopsora pachyrhizi e a severidade da ferrugem-asiática-da-soja. Para quantificar urediniósporos de P. pachyrhizi, coletores foram instalados em campos de soja, em Itambé e Mandaguari, PR. Avaliações de severidade foram realizadas e dados climáticos foram coletados nos dois locais. As variáveis elaboradas foram: número de dias com umidade favorável (>60%), número de dias com temperatura favorável (18 a 32º C), preciptação acumulada e urediniósporos coletados. Uma variável baseada no controle químico também foi elaborada. Correlações entre as variáveis foram estimadas. A análise de trilha foi empregada para desdobrar as correlações. Cerca de 76% da variação das relações de causa e efeito entre as variáveis foi explicada pela análise de trilha. O número de dias para efetuar o controle químico teve efeito direto sob a severidade. O número de dias com temperatura favorável e as precipitações tiveram efeito indireto na severidade, atuando via manutenção de condições favoráveis de umidade.

The objective of this work was to study the relationships among environmental conditions, airborne urediniospores of P. pachyrhizi and the Asian soybean rust (ASR) severity. To quantify airbone urediniospores, collectors were installed in soybean fields in Itambé and Mandaguari, PR. Severity assessments were conducted and climatic data were collected in the two locations. The variables elaborated were: number of days with favorable humidity (<60%), number of days with favorable temperature (18-32ºC), rainfall accumulated and urediniospores collected. A variable based on the chemical control was also created. Correlations between variables were estimated. Path analysis was performed for correlations. Path analysis explained about 76% of the relations of cause and effect among the variables. Number of days to the chemical control had direct effect on severity. Number of days with favorable temperature and rainfall had indirect effect on severity. This two variables provided favorable humidity conditions for ASR development.

Manejo químico da ferrugem asiática da soja, baseado em diferentes métodos de monitoramento / Chemical management of the soybean asian rust based on different monitoring methods

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o momento ideal da aplicação dos fungicidas de ação preventiva, (Opera + Assist)* e (PrioriXtra + Nimbus)*, baseado na detecção inicial de primeiros esporos associado às condições ambientais, monitoramento climático e monitoramento convencional (após a detecção dos primeiros sintomas), verificando sua eficiência no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, onde foram instalados coletores de esporos na área para detecção dos primeiros esporos e também se fez anotação das condições climáticas obtidas em estação metereológica. As aplicações foram feitas a 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias após detecção dos primeiros esporos, seguindo o monitoramento climático e monitoramento convencional. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem da área foliar infectada, desfolha e produtividade de grãos. Observou-se uma menor porcentagem de infecção foliar, quando os produtos foram aplicados logo no início da detecção dos primeiros esporos (1, 7 e 14 dias após detecção) e seguindo o monitoramento climático e, apesar do produto (PrioriXtra +Nimbus)* ter apresentado menores porcentagens de infecção foliar e desfolha quando aplicado nos diferentes momentos, observou-se que na produtividade de grãos não houve diferença entre os produtos testados.

The objective of this study was to determine the ideal time for the application of the fungicides of preventive action (Opera + Assist)* and (PrioriXtra + Nimbus)*, based on the initial detection of early spores associated with environmental conditions, climate monitoring and conventional monitoring (after the detection of the first symptoms), verifying their effectiveness in the control of Asian soybean rust. The study was conducted at the Londrina State University Experimental Station, where spore collectors were installed in the area for early detection of spores and the climate conditions were monitored in a climate station. The applications were made at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after first detection of spores, according to the climate monitoring and conventional monitoring. Evaluations were made of the infected leaf area, defoliation and soybean yield. There was a lower percentage of leaf infection when the products were applied early in the detection of spores (1, 7 and 14 days after detection), and according to the climate monitoring. Moreover, despite that the product (Nimbus + PrioriXtra)* presented lower percentages of infected leaf and defoliation when applied at the different times, it was observed that in the final yield of the crop there was no difference between the products tested.