A prática do autocuidado no tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo II por usuários de insulina / The practice of self-care in the treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus by insulin users

Este estudo objetivou avaliar o nível de aderência ao autocuidado no tratamento do DMII entre pacientes usuários de insulina atendidos em uma unidade de saúde da família em Palmas, Tocantins, em 2023. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem quantitativa com 24 portadores de DMII em uso de insulina que responderam a dois questionários, um com perguntas sociodemográficas e o outro sobre atividades de autocuidado relacionadas ao diabetes. Os resultados mostraram que os entrevistados demonstraram baixa adesão ao exercício e à atividade física, com uma média abaixo de 2, o que representou o pior resultado obtido no QAD. Em contrapartida, a adesão ao uso dos medicamentos orais e insulina foi satisfatória, com médias superiores a seis dias por semana. A maioria dos entrevistados apresentou melhor adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso, seja de forma isolada ou associada com cuidados específicos, como cuidado com os pés, ou baixa ingestão de doces. No entanto, a prática de exercício e a atividade física e a adesão às orientações alimentares foram as áreas de menor comprometimento. Diante disso, recomenda-se que os profissionais da saúde desenvolvam estratégias clínico-educativas direcionadas aos portadores de DMII, com o intuito de promover a saúde e incentivar o uso correto dos fármacos e a adesão aos autocuidados, objetivando prevenir complicações relacionadas a essa patologia, além de reforçar a importância do autocuidado para prevenir complicações associadas à doença.

This study aimed to evaluate the level of adherence to self-care in the treatment of DMII among insulin-using patients treated at a family health unit in Palmas, Tocantins, in 2023. This is a quantitative study with 24 DMII patients using insulin who answered two questionnaires, one with sociodemographic questions and the other about self-care activities related to diabetes. The results showed that the interviewees demonstrated low adherence to exercise and physical activity, with an average below 2, which represented the worst result obtained in the QAD. In contrast, adherence to the use of oral medications and insulin was satisfactory, with averages of more than six days per week. The majority of interviewees showed better adherence to medication treatment, whether alone or associated with specific care, such as foot care, or low intake of sweets. However, exercise and physical activity and adherence to dietary guidelines were the areas of least impairment. Therefore, it is recommended that health professionals develop clinical-educational strategies aimed at people with DMII, with the aim of promoting health and encouraging the correct use of drugs and adherence to self-care, aiming to prevent complications related to this pathology, and reinforces the importance of self-care to prevent complications associated with the disease.

Efectos del entrenamiento de la fuerza en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo II: revisión sistemática / Effects of resistance training in people with Type II diabetes mellitus: systematic review / Efeitos do treinamento de resistência em pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo II. revisão sistemática

El presente artículo busca analizar las evidencias aportadas del entrenamiento de la fuerza comprobando su influencia en la Diabetes Mellitus tipo II utilizando la literatura existente sobre este objeto de estudio. Se realizo una revisión sistemática siguiendo las directrices PRISMA donde el principal contexto fue el entrenamiento de la fuerza en pacientes con Mellitus II, siendo buscados en bases de datos Pubmed, Embase y Scopus donde fueron seleccionados 7 artículos. Los hallazgos señalan consistentemente que el entrenamiento de la fuerza bien programado incide gradualmente en algunos marcadores que identifican la diabetes Mellitus II al realizar intervenciones con sistemas de entrenamiento de la fuerza de forma positiva. Los autores recomiendan estudios con muestras mayores en lo posible de tipo control para verificar la incidencia del entrenamiento en las variables mencionadas en este estudio.

This Article Seeks analyzes the evidence provided by strength training, verifying its influence on Type II Diabetes Mellitus by using the existing literature on this subject of study. A systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines, where the main context was strength training in patients with Mellitus II. The search was carried out in Pubmed, Embase, and Scopus databases where 7 articles were selected. The findings consistently indicated that a well-structured strength training program gradually affected some markers that identify diabetes Mellitus II when performing interventions with strength training systems in a positive way. The authors recommend control-type studies with larger samples, if possible, to verify the incidence of training in the variables mentioned in this study.

Este artigo procura analisar as evidências fornecidas pelo treinamento de força, verificando sua influência no Diabetes Mellitus tipo II utilizando a literatura existente sobre este objeto de estudo. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA onde o principal contexto foi o treinamento de força em pacientes com Mellitus II, sendo pesquisada nas bases de dados Pubmed, Embase e Scopus onde foram selecionados 7 artigos. Os achados indicam consistentemente que o treinamento de força bem programado afeta gradualmente alguns marcadores que identificam o diabetes Mellitus II ao realizar intervenções com sistemas de treinamento de força de forma positiva. Os autores recomendam estudos do tipo controle com amostras maiores, se possível, para verificar a incidência de treinamento nas variáveis mencionadas neste estudo.

Modelo predictivo de riesgo para el diagnóstico temprano de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 / Predictive model of risk for the early diagnosis of type II diabetes mellitus i: en

Introducción: El diagnóstico temprano de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 permite al personal de salud implementar estrategias para evitar las complicaciones crónicas que pudieran derivarse. A tales efectos, en las últimas dos décadas se han desarrollado modelos predictivos que incluyen cada día más variables. Objetivo: Elaborar un modelo predictivo para el diagnóstico temprano de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 en una población holguinera. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte que incluyó a todos los pacientes atendidos en las consultas de endocrinología del área de salud Pedro Díaz Coello y del Hospital Militar Fermín Valdés Domínguez de la provincia de Holguín, para lo cual se tomaron 2 cohortes: una de análisis y otra de validación. Para el procesamiento estadístico se efectuó el análisis univariado y el multivariado; en tanto se determinó la asociación entre variables dependientes e independientes. Resultados: En la serie predominaron el sexo femenino, los pacientes sin antecedentes de diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial, así como los que presentaban hipotiroidismo, enfermedad periodontal y normopeso, entre otros; asimismo, el modelo resultó significativo estadísticamente (X2=31,1 y p=0,000) y explicó 80,9 % de la variable de salida, validada por las variables de análisis. La sensibilidad fue de 96,9 % y la especificidad de 86,6 %; mientras que el área bajo la curva tuvo un rango de 0,725 a 0,833. Conclusiones: El modelo predictivo elaborado es una herramienta muy útil para el diagnóstico de pacientes con riesgo de presentar diabetes mellitus de tipo 2.

Introduction: The early diagnosis of the type II diabetes mellitus allows the health staff to implement strategies in order to avoid the chronic complications that could be derived. To such effects, in the last two decades predictive models have been developed that include more variables every day. Objective: To elaborate a predictive model for the early diagnosis of type II diabetes mellitus in a population from Holguín. Methods: A cohort study was carried out that included all the patients assisted in the endocrinology services of Pedro Díaz Coello health area and Fermín Valdés Domínguez Military Hospital in Holguín province, for which 2 cohorts were taken: one of analysis and another of validation. For the statistical processing the univaried and multivaried analysis were carried out; as long as the association between dependent and independent variables was determined. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of the female sex, patients without history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, as well as those that presented hypothyroidism, periodontal disease and normal weight, among others; also, the pattern was statistically significant (X2=31.1 and p=0.000) and explained 80.9 % of the logout variable validated by the analysis variables. The sensibility was of 96.9 % and the specificity of 86.6 %; while the area under the curve had a range from 0.725 to 0.833. Conclusions: The predictive model elaborated is a very useful tool for the diagnosis of patients with risk of type II diabetes mellitus.

Intervención educativa en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo II / Educational intervention in patients with type II diabetes mellitus

RESUMEN Introducción: El autocuidado constituye un elemento primordial en el control de la actividad clínica de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo II. Objetivo: Realizar una intervención educativa para aumentar el nivel de conocimiento de los pacientes diabéticos sobre el autocuidado de la enfermedad. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación aplicada, cuasi experimental, donde el universo estuvo constituido por 115 pacientes con diagnóstico conformado de diabetes mellitus tipo II. La muestra quedó conformada por 90 pacientes; se determinaron el nivel de conocimiento y de control glucémico de los pacientes, sus características y las de la enfermedad. Se utilizó el cuestionario Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire para determinar el nivel de conocimiento sobre autocuidado. Se aplicó la prueba no paramétrica de McNemar para identificar cambios provocados por la intervención educativa implementada. Resultados: Promedio de edad de 53,87 años con predominio de pacientes femeninas (73,33 %). Al inicio de la investigación predominaron pacientes con sobrepeso (53,33 %), complicaciones de la diabetes (68,89 %), nivel de conocimiento entre regular y malo (60,0 %) y control glucémico entre admisible e inadecuado (72,22 %). Después de implementado la intervención educativa el 81,33 % presentó nivel de conocimiento entre bueno y excelente y 56,56 % de los pacientes presentó un control glucémico entre adecuado y normal. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la intervención educativa implementada provocó cambios significativos en el aumento del nivel de conocimiento de los pacientes sobre autocuidado de la diabetes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Self-care is an essential element in the control of clinical activity in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Objective: To carry out an educational intervention to increase the level of knowledge of diabetic patients about self-care of the disease. Methods: An applied, quasi-experimental research was carried out; where the universe consisted of 115 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of type II diabetes mellitus. The sample was made up of 90 patients; the level of knowledge and glycemic control of the patients, their characteristics and those of the disease were determined. The Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire was used to determine the level of knowledge about self-care. McNemar's non-parametric test was applied to identify changes caused by the educational intervention implemented. Results: Average age of 53.87 years with a predominance of females (73.33%). At the beginning of the investigation, overweight patients (53.33%), diabetes complications (68.89%), knowledge level between fair and bad (60.0%) and glycemic control between admissible and inadequate (72.22%) predominated. After implementing the educational intervention, 81.33% presented a level of knowledge between good and excellent and 56.56% of the patients presented a glycemic control between adequate and normal. Conclusions: It is concluded that the educational intervention implemented caused significant changes in the increase in the level of knowledge of patients about diabetes self-care.

Estudio Descriptivo: Frecuencia y factores de riesgo de la enfermedad arterial periférica en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus II del Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca / Descriptive Study: Frequency and risk factors of peripheral arterial disease in patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus of Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) es más frecuente en pacientes conDiabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) que en la población general, convirtiéndolos en un grupo de alto riesgo de morbimortalidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de EAP, mediante la medición del ITB y la frecuencia de sus factores de riesgo en los pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 del Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, con una muestra aleatoria simple de pacientes con diagnóstico de DM2 que acudieron a consulta externa del Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca-Ecuador, en el año 2017 (315 pacientes).Se aplicó una entrevista a los pacientes con datos sobre las características sociodemográficas y ciertos antecedentes médicos de importancia para el estudio; se determinó el ITB; se valoraron los exámenes complementarios de laboratorio realizados en los seis meses previos al estudio. Finalmente, se describieron frecuencias y porcentajes de cada una de las variables, se utilizó el programa IBM SPSS versión 22. RESULTADOS: Del total de pacientes se observó un promedio de edad de 62.9 años, con predominio del sexo femenino. Se determinó que la frecuencia de EAP en los pacientes con DM2 fue del 35.30%. LA EAP fue más frecuente en: el grupo de edad mayor a 50 años (38.8%), el sexo masculino (43.9%), en el grupo de pacientes con tiempo de evolución de la DM2 ≥ a 5 años (35.5%), en los pacientes con tabaquismo (38.4%), en los pacientes con niveles elevados de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c ≥7%) (40.6%), los pacientes con hipertrigliceridemia, en los pacientes con LDL elevado y en hombres con HDL por debajo de valores normales. CONCLUSIÓN: Podemos concluir que la frecuencia de enfermedad arterial periférica en los pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, en el Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, utilizando el índice tobillo brazo como método diagnóstico fue del 35.30%.(au)

BACKGROUND: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is more common in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) than in the general population, making them a high-risk group for morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of peripheral arterial disease, by measuring ankle-brachial index, and the frequency of its risks factors in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga. METHODOS: descriptive, cross-sectional study, with a simply randomized sample of patients diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, who attended the outpatient clinic of Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca - Ecuador, in 2017 ( 315 patients). An interview was applied to the patients, to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics and certain important medical history; ankle-brachial index was determined; complementary laboratory tests made six months prior to the study were evaluated. Finally, frequencies and percentages of each variable were described; we used IMB SPSS version 22 software. RESULTS: Of the total number of patients, the average age was 62.9 years, with a predominance of the female sex. The frequency of PAD in patients with DM2 was 35.30%. PAD was more frequent in: age group over 50 years (38.8%), male sex (43.9%), disease evolution time ≥ 5 years (35.5%), in smoking patients(38.4%), in patients with elevated glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c ≥7%)(40.6%),in patients with hypertriglyceridemia, in patients with elevated LDL and in men with low HDL values. CONCLUSION: we can conclude that the peripheral arterial disease frequency in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, at Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, using the ankle-brachial index as a diagnostic method was 35.50%.(au)

Complicaciones de la cirugía de revascularización coronaria en pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo II / Complications of the coronary revascularization surgery in patients with type II diabetes mellitus

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus y la cardiopatía isquémica están íntimamente relacionadas, puesto que los pacientes con la primera tienen más riesgo de presentar la segunda, así como mayor mortalidad cardiovascular. Objetivo: Identificar las complicaciones posoperatorias en pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo II. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de serie de casos de 203 pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo II, expuestos a cirugía de revascularización coronaria en el Cardiocentro del Hospital Provincial Docente Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2011 hasta igual periodo de 2020. Resultados: En la casuística resultaron más afectados el sexo masculino (56,1 %) y el grupo etario de 45 - 64 años (53,7 %), quienes tenían más de 10 años con la enfermedad endocrina y se le había detectado la cardiopatía isquémica en el último, con una forma de presentación aguda. Se encontraron varios factores de riesgo, tales como enfermedad coronaria difusa, niveles de glucemia elevada en el periodo perioperatorio y fracción ventricular izquierda baja. En la mayoría de las intervenciones quirúrgicas se empleó la técnica de corazón latiendo (81,8 %), y las complicaciones predominantes fueron arritmias supraventriculares, bajo gasto cardiaco e infecciones de la herida. Conclusiones: La cirugía de coronaria en pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo II es el método que logra una revascularización más completa, tanto anatómica como funcional, y la técnica de corazón latiendo alcanza reducir la mortalidad, aunque aún son frecuentes las complicaciones atribuibles a causas multifactoriales.

Introduction: The diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease are closely related, since patients with the former have more risk of presenting the latter, as well as higher cardiovascular mortality. Objective: To identify the postoperative complications in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Method: A serial cases descriptive study of 203 patients with type II diabetes mellitus, exposed to coronary revascularization surgery was carried out in the Heart Center of Saturnino Lora Teaching Provincial Hospital Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2011 to the same period in 2020. Results: In the case material the male sex (56.1 %) and the 45 - 64 age group (53.7 %) were more affected, who had more than 10 years with the endocrine disease and the ischemic heart disease had been detected in the latter, with an acute form of presentation. Several risk factors were found, such as diffuse coronary disease, glycemia high levels in the perioperative period and low left ventricular fraction. In most of the surgical interventions the heart beating technique was used (81.8 %), and the predominant complications were supraventricular arrhythmias, low heart output and infections of the wound. Conclusions: The surgery of coronary in patients with type II diabetes mellitus is the method that achieves a more complete revascularization, either anatomical as functional, and the heart beating technique reduces the mortality, although the complications attributable to multifactorial causes are still frequent.

Experiences and narratives of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the city of Salvador (Bahia) related to the difficulties in changing lifestyle behaviors / Experiências e narrativas de portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 na cidade de Salvador (Bahia) sobre dificuldades para a mudança dos estilos de vida

Abstract It is considerably difficult for type 2 diabetes patients to change lifestyle according to professional guidelines. This contributes to controlling the disease below what is desirable and could increase morbimortality and health system costs with complications that could have been avoided. It is important to know this phenomenon for better intervention, therefore, this qualitative study explores experiences and narratives of 10 diabetic patients in the city of Salvador (state of Bahia, Brazil), comparing them to the literature to analyze how health determinants may influence them. It is concluded that it is a multifactorial phenomenon and aspects such as conceptions about the disease and its control, use and access to health care, professional-patient relationship, social support and environment personalize each experience with the disease, which facilitates or not the motivation for change. Health professionals and public authorities should be sensitized to such aspects, and will find suggestions in this article that contribute to mitigating difficulties and facilitating a preventive lifestyle for patients.

Resumo A dificuldade para os portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 mudarem os estilos de vida conforme as orientações profissionais possui magnitude considerável. Tal fato contribui para manter o controle da doença aquém do desejável, e pode levar ao aumento da morbimortalidade e custos para o sistema de saúde, com complicações que poderiam ter sido evitadas. Este estudo qualitativo, diante da importância de se compreender este fenômeno para melhor intervenção, explora narrativas e experiências de 10 portadores de diabetes na cidade de Salvador, comparando-as com a literatura a fim de analisar como determinantes sociais lhe são influenciadores. Conclui-se que é um fenômeno multifatorial, e aspectos como concepções sobre a doença e seu controle, uso e acesso aos serviços de saúde, relacionamento profissional-paciente, suporte social, e ambiente, personalizam cada vivência com a doença, facilitando ou não a motivação para a mudança. Profissionais de saúde e poder público devem se sensibilizar para tais aspectos, e encontram no texto sugestões para contribuir na mitigação de dificuldades e facilitar um estilo de vida preventivo aos adoecidos.

Estilos de vida en pacientes con diabetes tipo ii que acuden al centro materno infantil "Enrique Ponce Luque", babahoyo, 2019 / The type ii diabetes patient's lifestyles that go to the maternal and infant center "Enrique Ponce Luque", Babahoyo, 2019

La Diabetes Mellitus es una enfermedad de gran importancia a nivel de Salud Pública en todo el mundo, por ser una de las enfermedades no transmisibles más frecuentes que representa una gran carga económica para los sistemas de salud y la economía mundial. Objetivo: Diagnosticar los estilos de vida en pacientes con Diabetes mellitus tipo II que acuden al Centro Materno Infantil Enrique Ponce Luque, Babahoyo 2019. Metodología: La investigación está en el paradigma cuantitativo, de modalidad de campo, de tipo descriptiva con un diseño transversal. Se aplicó como técnica una encuesta y el instrumento fue el cuestionario IMEVID. La población fue de 103 pacientes y la muestra 85 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo II que asistieron al Centro. Resultados: se evidenció un inadecuado manejo de la historia clínica y del registro de la información de salud, inadecuado procedimiento de evaluación del estado de salud y baja calidad de atención a los pacientes. Conclusión: De un total de 85 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo II se obtuvieron 32 pacientes que presentaron un estilo de vida desfavorable; 28 tuvieron un estilo de vida poco favorable y 25 presentaron un estilo de vida favorable con un 38%, 33%, 29% respectivamente. La finalidad de esta investigación es concientizar a la población de estudio para mejorar los estilos de vida y disminuir el desarrollo de esta patología(AU)

Diabetes Mellitus is a disease of great importance at the Public Health level throughout the world, because it is one of the most frequent non-communicable diseases and represents a great economic burden for health systems and the world economy. Objective: To diagnose the patient's lifestyles with type II Diabetes mellitus who attend the Maternal and Child Center Enrique Ponce Luque, Babahoyo 2019. Methodology: The research is in the quantitative paradigm, field modality, and descriptive type with a transversal design. A survey was applied as a technique and the instrument was the IMEVID questionnaire. The population was 103 patients and the sample was 85 patients with type II diabetes mellitus who attended the Center. Conclusion: From a total 85 type II diabetes mellitus patients, 32 patients were obtained who presented an unfavorable lifestyle; 28 had an unfavorable lifestyle and 25 had a favorable lifestyle with 38%, 33%, and 29% respectively. The purpose of this research is to raise awareness in the study population to improve lifestyles and reduce the development of this pathology(AU)

Association of hypertension and dyslipidaemia with increasing obesity in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The study was performed to estimate the association of hypertension and dyslipidaemia with increasing body weight and obesity in Type II diabetics of Lahore, Pakistan. An observational study was conducted by enrolling 2708 obese diabetics from four diabetes care centres of Lahore, Pakistan. Data was collected for a period of 7 months. Associations were estimated using chi-square, binary and multinomial logistic regression. Data suggested that blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, exhibited continual increase with increasing body weight and obesity class in diabetes patients with 41.8% increase in the prevalence of hypertension in obesity class III subjects (OR; 1.91, p=0.02). Likewise, triglycerides and total cholesterol exhibited continual increase in their mean values with increasing obesity, i-e., an overall increase in the prevalence of dyslipidaemia of 27.2% in obesity class 3 subjects (OR; 1.94, p=0.29). Taken together, this data suggested that hypertension is potentially associated with increasing obesity in diabetics, while dyslipidaemia demonstrated plausible association only with obesity class 3.

Caracterização de usuários com diabetes tipo 2 cadastrados em uma estratégia de saúde da família / Characterization of diabetics type 2 users registered in a family health strategyof an undergraduate nursing student

Introdução: O Diabetes Mellitus (DM) é um problema de saúde pública relacionado a inúmeras condições adversas. Objetivo: Caracterizar indivíduos diabéticos tipo II cadastrados em uma Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Métodos: Estudo observacional de caráter transversal realizado, em visitas domiciliares, através da avaliação dos pés, da qualidade de vida, de variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas, hábitos de vida e dos cálculos do Índice Tornozelo-Braço (ITB) e Risco Cardiovascular (RCV). Resultados: Amostra composta por 33 indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2, média etária de 62,94±11,43, a maioria acima do peso e com RCV aumentado. Não houve correlação entre ITB e RCV (p>0,05) e diferença para o valor do ITB em relação ao consumo de cigarros, bebida alcóolica e prática de atividade física (p>0,05). Conclusão: O acesso aos serviços da Atenção Básica facilita o controle do diabetes na população, mas atividades de promoção de saúde e prevenção secundária devem ser estimuladas.

Introduction: The Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a public health problem related to numerous adverse conditions. Objective: To characterize type II diabetic patients registered in a Family Health Strategy. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study carried out during home visits, through the assessment of the feet, quality of life, socio-demographic and clinical variables, lifestyle and calculations of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and Cardiovascular Risk (RCV). Results: The sample was composed of 33 individuals, aged 62,94±11,43, mostly overweight and with increased cardiovascular risk (CVR). There was no correlation between ABI and CVR (p> 0.05) and there was a difference between the ABI and cigarette consumption, alcohol consumption and physical activity (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The access to primary care services facilitates diabetes control in the population, however, health promotion activities and secondary prevention should be encouraged.

Experiencias en el tratamiento con Heberprot-P® en pacientes con pie diabético / Experiences in the treatment with Heberprot-P® in patients with diabetic foot

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de 65 pacientes con pie diabético tratados con Heberprot-P®, en la consulta para tales fines, del Policlínico Docente 30 de Noviembre de Santiago de Cuba, en el período 2015-2016, con vistas a exponer la experiencia obtenida durante los 2 años de su aplicación. En la casuística predominaron los pacientes de 60-69 años y el sexo masculino, además de la hipertensión arterial, la obesidad y el hábito de fumar como factores de riesgo de mayor incidencia, así como el pie diabético neuroinfeccioso de grado 2, según la clasificación de Mc Cook. Finalmente, con la aplicación de este medicamento se logró el cierre total de la lesión en la mayoría de los afectados (76,9 por ciento) y no ocurrieron efectos adversos

A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study of 65 patients with diabetic foot treated with Heberprot-P®, in the service for such aims, of 30 de Noviembre Teaching Polyclinic was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, during 2015-2016, aimed at exposing the experience obtained during the 2 years of its use. Patients aged 60-69 and the male sex prevailed in the case material, besides hypertension, obesity and nicotine addiction as risk factors of higher incidence, as well as grade II neuroinfectious diabetic foot, according to Mc Cook classification. Finally, the total closing of the injury was achieved in most of those affected with the use of this medicine (76.9 percent) and there were not adverse effects

Enfoque psicológico del estilo de vida de los adultos medios diabéticos tipo II / Psychologic approach of the lifestyle of average adults with type 2 diabetes

Introducción: la Diabetes Mellitus es considerada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud la pandemia de las enfermedades conductuales, por su estrecha y directa relación con los estilos de vida desarrollados durante la vida. Objetivo: determinar el vínculo entre el estilo de vida, algunos recursos personológicos relevantes y los estados emocionales en los enfermos de Diabetes Mellitus tipo II. Métodos: estudio de serie de casos en el consultorio 15 perteneciente al Área de salud III, Cienfuegos, 2013. Población: 20 pacientes en el rango de edad de 40-59. Instrumentos: entrevista, Guía para estilo de vida, Inventario de Ansiedad (IDARE) y Test de Zung. Procesamiento: SSPS. Presentación de los resultados: frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: más de la mitad eran mujeres, edad media 52 años, nivel medio de escolarización, trabajadores y con vínculo de pareja. Comorbilidad: Hipertensión arterial. Se halló convergencia entre la adherencia terapéutica y el autocuidado; ninguno tiene estilos de vida saludables, áreas más afectadas: condición física, hábitos alimentarios y relaciones sexuales. Los diabéticos con estilos de vida no saludables utilizan con menor frecuencia los recursos de: satisfacción consigo mismo, firmeza, perseverancia en la toma de decisiones y autocontrol de las emociones. Predominó la ansiedad alta y media como estado y como rasgo y moderada distimia depresiva. Conclusiones: se evidencia el intervínculo entre el estilo de vida no saludable con los estados emocionales negativos como estado y como rasgo con los recursos personológicos no dirigidos al manejo adecuado ante la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is considered by WHO as the pandemic of behavioral diseases due to its close and direct relationship with lifestyles. Objective: to determine the link between lifestyle, some relevant personological resources and emotional states in adult patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Methods: study of case series from Consulting Office 15, belonging to the Area of Health III, Cienfuegos, 2013. Population: 20 persons: all the patients in the age range of 40-59. Instruments: Interview, Guide for Lifestyle, Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Zung Test. Processing: SSPS. Presentation of results: absolute numbers and frequencies. Results: Sex: more than half are women; average age 52; average level of schooling, workers and couples. Comorbidity: Arterial hypertension. The longer the history of the illness, the higher the comorbidity. Convergence between therapy adherence and self-care was found; Lifestyle: none have healthy lifestyles. Most affected areas: physical fitness, eating habits and sex. Personological resources; Patients with unhealthy life styles used less frequently resources as satisfaction with themselves. With poor firmness and perseverance in decision making and in self-control of emotions. Emotions: predominance of middle and high anxiety as a condition and as a trait and moderate depressive dysthymia in patients with unhealthy life styles. Conclusions: There is evidence of a bond between unhealthy lifestyles and negative emotional states as a condition and as a trait; with personological resources which are not directed to the proper management of the disease(AU)

Enfoque psicológico del estilo de vida de los adultos medios diabéticos tipo II / Psychologic approach of the lifestyle of average adults with type 2 diabetes

Introducción: la Diabetes Mellitus es considerada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud la pandemia de las enfermedades conductuales, por su estrecha y directa relación con los estilos de vida desarrollados durante la vida. Objetivo: determinar el vínculo entre el estilo de vida, algunos recursos personológicos relevantes y los estados emocionales en los enfermos de Diabetes Mellitus tipo II. Métodos: estudio de serie de casos en el consultorio 15 perteneciente al Área de salud III, Cienfuegos, 2013. Población: 20 pacientes en el rango de edad de 40-59. Instrumentos: entrevista, Guía para estilo de vida, Inventario de Ansiedad (IDARE) y Test de Zung. Procesamiento: SSPS. Presentación de los resultados: frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: más de la mitad eran mujeres, edad media 52 años, nivel medio de escolarización, trabajadores y con vínculo de pareja. Comorbilidad: Hipertensión arterial. Se halló convergencia entre la adherencia terapéutica y el autocuidado; ninguno tiene estilos de vida saludables, áreas más afectadas: condición física, hábitos alimentarios y relaciones sexuales. Los diabéticos con estilos de vida no saludables utilizan con menor frecuencia los recursos de: satisfacción consigo mismo, firmeza, perseverancia en la toma de decisiones y autocontrol de las emociones. Predominó la ansiedad alta y media como estado y como rasgo y moderada distimia depresiva. Conclusiones: se evidencia el intervínculo entre el estilo de vida no saludable con los estados emocionales negativos como estado y como rasgo con los recursos personológicos no dirigidos al manejo adecuado ante la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is considered by WHO as the pandemic of behavioral diseases due to its close and direct relationship with lifestyles. Objective: to determine the link between lifestyle, some relevant personological resources and emotional states in adult patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Methods: study of case series from Consulting Office 15, belonging to the Area of ​​Health III, Cienfuegos, 2013. Population: 20 persons: all the patients in the age range of 40-59. Instruments: Interview, Guide for Lifestyle, Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Zung Test. Processing: SSPS. Presentation of results: absolute numbers and frequencies. Results: Sex: more than half are women; average age 52; average level of schooling, workers and couples. Comorbidity: Arterial hypertension. The longer the history of the illness, the higher the comorbidity. Convergence between therapy adherence and self-care was found; Lifestyle: none have healthy lifestyles. Most affected areas: physical fitness, eating habits and sex. Personological resources; Patients with unhealthy life styles used less frequently resources as satisfaction with themselves. With poor firmness and perseverance in decision making and in self-control of emotions. Emotions: predominance of middle and high anxiety as a condition and as a trait and moderate depressive dysthymia in patients with unhealthy life styles. Conclusions: There is evidence of a bond between unhealthy lifestyles and negative emotional states as a condition and as a trait; with personological resources which are not directed to the proper management of the disease(AU)

Cambio de conducta para insulinoterapia en personas que viven con diabetes tipo 2, Yucatán, México / Evaluation of the behavior stage and decisional balance of change of conduct for insulin therapy in diabetic patients at the health center of Ekmul, Yucatán in 2015

Resumen Introducción La Diabetes tipo 2 es la enfermedad endocrina más frecuente y una de las principales causas de morbi-mortalidad en nuestros días. Es una enfermedad compleja que requiere de un tratamiento integral, que implica cambios en el estilo de vida del paciente. Para el abordaje de este fenómeno se toma el modelo transteorético desarrollado por James O. Prochaska, el cual propone que las personas hagan cambios en etapas y que se muevan, en forma secuencial, a través de estadios mientras experimentan diferentes procesos de cambio. Objetivo Determinar el estadio y balance decisional de cambio de conducta en personas que viven con diabetes y criterios para insulinoterapia, que acuden a control al Centro de Salud de Ekmul, Yucatán, con base en el modelo transteorético y con enfoque cualitativo. Materiales y Métodos Se seleccionó cinco pacientes que contaban con criterios para insulinoterapia, pero renuentes. Se utilizaron como instrumentos los cuestionarios de datos generales y de etapas de cambio, un árbol de problemas y un diagrama causa-efecto. Resultados Cinco pacientes realizaron las actividades planteadas, identificándose tres (60%) en el estadio de precontemplación y dos (40%) en contemplación. Con el gráfico causa-efecto se obtuvieron en total 16 aseveraciones con respecto al uso de la insulina, 10 (62.5%) en contra y seis (37.5%) a favor. Conclusiones El balance decisional dentro de las etapas identificadas otorga un mayor peso a las desventajas del uso de insulina generando una oposición a un cambio conductual a corto plazo. La desinformación de la fisiología elemental de la enfermedad ocasiona que se adjudiquen falsos conceptos al uso de la insulina, lo que además es propiciado por los factores psicológicos, como el temor a lo desconocido, y sociales, como el estigma ya generado por los falsos conceptos. Esto forma un círculo vicioso que impide el inicio oportuno de la terapia con insulina.

Abstract Introduction Type II diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality of our days. It is a complex disease which requires an integral approach. Objective To determine the behavioral stage and the decisional balance of change of conduct in patients with type II diabetes who fulfill the insulin therapy criteria by using the transtheoretical model with a qualitative focus at Ekmul, Health Center in Yucatan Materials and Methods Eight patients, with dual oral hypoglycemic drug therapy, at a maximum dose and with no glycemic control, were chosen with a convenience sampling. In order to obtain Personal information and to know the stages of change we used questionnaires along with a cause-effect diagram and a problem tree. Results Five women completed the proposed activities, three (60%) of them where identified in the pre-contemplation stage and two in the contemplation stage. A total of 16 answers from the cause-effect diagram, related to insulin usage, showed that ten (62.5%) is against it and six (37.5%) in favor of it. Conclusions The decisional balance within the identified stages gives greater weight to the disadvantages of insulin therapy which generates resistance to short-term behavioral change. The misinformation of the elemental physiology of the disease causes false concepts of the insulin usage which is reinforced by psychological factors, such as the fear of the unknown and the social stigma. These contribute to form a vicious circle that prevents the timely initiation of insulin therapy.

Guatteria gaumeri, Malmea depressa o Yumel, una revisión sobre su historia, sus propiedades y su uso en la homeopatía / Guatteria gaumeri, Malmea depressa or yumel, a review of its history, its properties and its use in homeopathy

El elemuy, Guatteria gaumeri o Malmea depressa es un árbol que habita en México y Centroamérica, y que debido a las propiedades medicinales de su corteza y su raíz ha sido aprovechado desde la época prehispánica para atender afecciones renales, diabetes mellitus tipo II e hipercolesterolemia, entre otras enfermedades. A principios del siglo XX llamó la atención del médico homeópata mexicano Manuel A. Lizama, quien probó su uso durante una década y registró sus observaciones en el Prontuario de materia médica, publicado en 1913. Desde entonces se han realizado diversas investigaciones dentro y fuera del ámbito homeopático que han confirmado y precisado cuál es la acción medicamentosa de la alfa-asarona y otros componentes del elemuy, pero también han sugerido nuevos atributos que sería conveniente comprobar o descartar a través de estudios científicos. El presente texto hace un recorrido por algunos de los artículos representativos que se han generado sobre la Guatteria gaumeri o Malmea depressa, con la finali ad de que médicos, estudiantes e investigadores actualicen o mejoren sus conocimientos...

The Elemuy, Guatteria gaumeri or Malmea depressa is a tree that grows in Mexico and Central America, and because of the medicinal properties of his bark and roots, it has been used since pre-hispanic times to treat kidney disease, type II diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia, among other diseases. In the early twentieth century it drew the attention of Dr. Manuel A. López a Mexican homeopath, who proved it´s use for a decade and recorded his observations at the Prontuario de Materia Medica, published in 1913. Since then there have been performed several research works into, and out of the homeopathic field that have confirmed and specified the pharmacological action of the alpha-asarone among other components of the Elemuy, but also, new pharmacological properties have been suggested that it would be important to test through scientific works. This text takes us through some representative articles that have been generated on the Guatteria gaumeri or Malmea depressa, in order that doctors, students and researchers update or improve their knowledge about this theme...

Guatteria gaumeri, Malmea depressa o Yumel, una revisión sobre su historia, sus propiedades y su uso en la homeopatía / Guatteria gaumeri, Malmea depressa or yumel, a review of its history, its properties and its use in homeopathy

El elemuy, Guatteria gaumeri o Malmea depressa es un árbol que habita en México y Centroamérica, y que debido a las propiedades medicinales de su corteza y su raíz ha sido aprovechado desde la época prehispánica para atender afecciones renales, diabetes mellitus tipo II e hipercolesterolemia, entre otras enfermedades. A principios del siglo XX llamó la atención del médico homeópata mexicano Manuel A. Lizama, quien probó su uso durante una década y registró sus observaciones en el Prontuario de materia médica, publicado en 1913. Desde entonces se han realizado diversas investigaciones dentro y fuera del ámbito homeopático que han confirmado y precisado cuál es la acción medicamentosa de la alfa-asarona y otros componentes del elemuy, pero también han sugerido nuevos atributos que sería conveniente comprobar o descartar a través de estudios científicos. El presente texto hace un recorrido por algunos de los artículos representativos que se han generado sobre la Guatteria gaumeri o Malmea depressa, con la finali ad de que médicos, estudiantes e investigadores actualicen o mejoren sus conocimientos. (AU)

The Elemuy, Guatteria gaumeri or Malmea depressa is a tree that grows in Mexico and Central America, and because of the medicinal properties of his bark and roots, it has been used since pre-hispanic times to treat kidney disease, type II diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia, among other diseases. In the early twentieth century it drew the attention of Dr. Manuel A. López a Mexican homeopath, who proved it´s use for a decade and recorded his observations at the Prontuario de Materia Medica, published in 1913. Since then there have been performed several research works into, and out of the homeopathic field that have confirmed and specified the pharmacological action of the alpha-asarone among other components of the Elemuy, but also, new pharmacological properties have been suggested that it would be important to test through scientific works. This text takes us through some representative articles that have been generated on the Guatteria gaumeri or Malmea depressa, in order that doctors, students and researchers update or improve their knowledge about this theme. (AU)

UCP1 -3826 A>G polymorphism affects weight, fat mass, and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in grade III obese patients.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether or not the UCP1 -3826 A>G polymorphism is associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders in grade III obese patients. METHODS: 150 obese patients (body mass index ≥35 kg/m(2)) who were candidates for bariatric surgery were studied. Weight (kg), body mass index (kg/m(2)); fat free mass (kg), fat mass (kg), energy intake (kcal), level of physical activity, plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triacylglycerols, and the prevalence of comorbidities associated with obesity were collected from medical records. Polymorphism rs1800592 genotyping was performed through allelic discrimination method in real time polymerase chain reaction using the TaqMan predesigned SNP Genotyping Assays kits. The t test was done to determine if genotypes of each polymorphism are associated with anthropometric and body composition variables. Linear regression models were used for age, sex, height, physical activity, and energy intake in weight and body composition variations (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Among these 150 individuals (47.2 ± 10.5 y, 80% women) the distribution of AA, AG, and GG was 41.3%, 45.3%, and 13.4%, respectively. Weight and body fat were lower in individuals who were carriers of a mutated allele G. It was observed that mutated homozygotes (GG) had a lower frequency of type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with those of wild allele (AA+AG). CONCLUSIONS: UCP1 -3826 A>G polymorphism is associated with weight, body fat mass, and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese individuals candidates for bariatric surgery.

[Diabetic foot risk in patients with type II diabetes mellitus in a family medicine unit]. / Riesgo de pie diabético en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo2 en una unidad de medicina de familia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of diabetic foot in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM) seen in a Family Medicine Unit. METHODS: The study included type II DM patients with a disease duration ≥ 5 years seen in a Family Medicine Unit, Tijuana, Mexico, during September-December 2011. Neuropathy was assessed with the Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom questionnaire, and pressure sensation using a 10-g Semmes-Weinstein monofilament. A patient had a high risk of diabetic foot if there was sensitivity loss, foot deformities, and non-palpable pedal pulses. RESULTS: We studied 205 patients with an average (± SD) age and DM duration of 59 ± 10 years and 10.7 ± 6.7 years, respectively. Ninety one patients (44%) had a high risk of developing diabetic foot, and it was associated with; an education of less than 6 years (OR 2.3; 95%CI: 1-1-4.1), DM disease duration ≥ 10 years (OR 5.1; 95%CI: 2.8-9.4), female gender (OR 2.0; 95%CI: 1.1-3.6), monthly familiar income <236 euros (OR 2.0; 95%CI: 1.1-3.8), and a glycosylated hemoglobin ≥ 7.0% (OR 2.8; 95%CI: 1.5-5.0). CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary that all DM patients seen in a family medicine clinic have a yearly screening for the early detection of diabetic neuropathy, since they have a high risk of diabetic foot.

Educación, actividad física y obesidad en adultos con diabetes tipo 2 desde la perspectiva del autocuidado de Orem / Education, Physical Activity and Obesity among Adults with Type II Diabetes from the Standpoint of Orem's Self-care Theory / Educação, atividade física e obesidade em adultos com diabete tipo 2 a partir da perspectiva do autocuidado de Orem

Objetivos: describir la relación de la actividad física (pasos/día)/ejercicio con la obesidad (índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura y grasa corporal) en adultos con diabetes tipo 2. Se planteó además: 1) determinar la relación de la educación/comprensión en diabetes con la actividad física/ejercicio, y 2) establecer diferencias de actividad física/ejercicio y obesidad/sobrepeso de acuerdo con variables sociodemográficas. Materiales y métodos: diseño descriptivo correlacional, muestra aleatoria de 124 pacientes de 17 centros comunitarios de Tampico, Tamaulipas, México. Las mediciones incluyeron: podómetro New-Life Style 2000, cuestionarios de autocuidado y Perfil de Cuidado en Diabetes, IMC, CC y grasa corporal. Los datos se analizaron con medidas de tendencia central, correlación de Spearman, prueba U de Mann-Whitney y Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: el promedio de pasos/día mostró relación inversa con el IMC (r s = - 0,282, p < 0,01) y la CC (r s = - 0,300, p < 0,01). La comprensión en diabetes tuvo relación positiva con el ejercicio (r s = 0,179, p = 0,04). Las mujeres fueron quienes tuvieron mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: los hallazgos tienen implicaciones importantes para el ejercicio práctico de la profesión de enfermería que juega un papel esencial en el fomento de la actividad física y otros comportamientos básicos de autocuidado a través de la educación. La educación basada en teoría se hace necesaria para el avance en el conocimiento de la disciplina.

Objectives: Describe the relationship between physical activity (steps/day)/exercise and obesity (body mass index, waist circumference and body fat) in adults with type II diabetes. The study also was intended to: 1) determine the relationship between education/ understanding of diabetes and physical activity / exercise, and 2) to identify differences in physical activity / exercise and overweight / obesity according to a set of socio-demographic variables. Materials and methods: The study was descriptive and correlational in design, with a random sample of 124 patients from 17 community centers in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The measurements include: the New Lifestyles 2000 pedometer, plus questionnaires on self-care and the Diabetes Care Profile, BMI, WC and body fat. The data were analyzed with measures of central tendency, the Spearman correlation, the Mann- Whitney U testand the Kruskal Wallis test. Results: The average number of steps / day showed an inverse relationship to the BMI (r s = - 0.282, p < 0.01) and WC (r s = - 0.300, p < 0.01). Understanding diabetes had a positive relationship to exercise (r s = 0.179, p = 0.04). Those with a higher percentage of body fat were women (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings have important implications for professional nursing practice, which plays a crucial role in promoting physical activity and other self-care behavior through education. Theory-based education is necessary for the advancement of knowledge in the discipline.

Objetivos: descrever a relação da atividade física (passos/dia)/exercício com a obesidade (índice de massa corporal, circunferência de cintura e gordura corporal) em adultos com diabete tipo 2. Além disso, propôs-se: 1) determinar a relação da educação/compreensão em diabete com a atividade física/exercício, e 2) estabelecer diferenças de atividade física/exercício e obesidade/excesso de peso de acordo com variáveis sociodemográficas. Materiais e métodos: desenho descritivo correlacional, amostra aleatória de 124 pacientes de 17 centros comunitários de Tampico, Tamaulipas, México. As medições incluíram: pedômetro New-Life Style 2000, questionários de autocuidado e Perfil de Cuidado em Diabete, IMC, CC e gordura corporal. Os dados foram analisados com medidas de tendência central, correlação de Spearman, prova U de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: a média de passos/dia mostrou relação inversa com o IMC (r s = - 0,282, p < 0,01) e a CC (r s = - 0,300, p < 0,01). A compreensão em diabete teve relação positiva com o exercício (r s = 0,179, p = 0,04). As mulheres foram as que tiveram maior porcentagem de gordura corporal (p < 0,05). Conclusões: as descobertas têm implicações importantes para o exercício prático da profissão de enfermagem que desenvolve papel essencial no fomento da atividade física e outros comportamentos básicos de autocuidado por meio da educação. A educação baseada em teoria se faz necessária para o avanço no conhecimento da disciplina.

Thielavins A, J and K: α-Glucosidase inhibitors from MEXU 27095, an endophytic fungus from Hintonia latiflora.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the bio-active organic extract obtained from solid-media culture of MEXU 27095, an endophytic fungus isolated from the Mexican medicinal plant Hintonia latiflora (Rubiaceae), led to separation of three tridepsides which were identified as thielavins A, J and K. All three compounds inhibited Saccharomyces cerevisieae α-glucosidase (αGHY) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 23.8, 15.8, and 22.1µM, respectively. Their inhibitory action was higher than that of acarbose (IC50=545µM), used as a positive control. Kinetic analysis established that the three compounds acted as non-competitive inhibitors with ki values of 27.8, 66.2 and 55.4µM, respectively (α=1.0, 1.2, 0.7, respectively); acarbose behaved as competitive inhibitor with a ki value of 156.1µM. Thielavin J inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus (αGHBs) with an IC50 of 30.5µM, being less active than acarbose (IC50=0. 015µM); in this case, compound (2) (ki=20.0µM and α=2.9) and acarbose (ki=0.008µM and α=1.9) behaved as non-competitive inhibitors. Docking analysis predicted that all three thielavins and acarbose bind to homologated αGHBs and to αGHY (PDB: 3A4A) in a pocket close to the catalytic site for maltose and isomaltose, respectively. The α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of thielavin K (3) were corroborated in vivo since it induced a noted antihyperglycemic action during an oral sucrose tolerance test (3.1, 10.0 and 31.6mg/kg) in normal and nicotinamide-streptozotocin diabetic mice. In addition, at a dose of 10mg/kg, it provoked a moderate hypoglycemic activity in diabetic mice.