COVID-19 and zoonoses in Brazil: Environmental scan of one health preparedness and response.

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic reinforced the central role of the One Health (OH) approach, as a multisectoral and multidisciplinary perspective, to tackle health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. This study assessed Brazilian preparedness and response to COVID-19 and zoonoses with a focus on the OH approach and equity dimensions. We conducted an environmental scan using a protocol developed as part of a multi-country study. The article selection process resulted in 45 documents: 79 files and 112 references on OH; 41 files and 81 references on equity. The OH and equity aspects are poorly represented in the official documents regarding the COVID-19 response, either at the federal and state levels. Brazil has a governance infrastructure that allows for the response to infectious diseases, including zoonoses, as well as the fight against antimicrobial resistance through the OH approach. However, the response to the pandemic did not fully utilize the resources of the Brazilian state, due to the lack of central coordination and articulation among the sectors involved. Brazil is considered an area of high risk for emergence of zoonoses mainly due to climate change, large-scale deforestation and urbanization, high wildlife biodiversity, wide dry frontier, and poor control of wild animals' traffic. Therefore, encouraging existing mechanisms for collaboration across sectors and disciplines, with the inclusion of vulnerable populations, is required for making a multisectoral OH approach successful in the country.

Estudio de caso. Sector de la sanidad animal frente al huracán «Irma¼ en Cuba.

This case study outlines the actions of Cuba's Veterinary Service, as part of the country's disaster risk reduction and management system, in response to Hurricane Irma. The phenomenon affected ten of Cuba's 15 provinces and caused significant damage in 53 of its municipalities (29.6%). During the response effort, the pre-established measures for the various phases (warning, alert and emergency) were deployed according to the disaster reduction plans for each level. In all provinces, animals were protected by moving them to safer locations, allowing for pre-established sanitary measures and technical assistance. Nonetheless, damage was incurred, mainly to the roofs of some animal housing. The following deaths were recorded: 210,150 poultry, 2,752 cattle (of which 73.8% were calves) and 866 pigs (of which 68% were young animals). In addition, 7% of the inventory of hives was damaged and 3.3% of hives were lost. Damage to infrastructure included: 466 poultry houses, 1,422 cattle houses, 431 pig houses, 1,200 wind pumps and 13 of the country's 17 feed concentrate plants. As no major damage was reported to the Veterinary Service's facilities (laboratories and offices), its viability was guaranteed at all times. Rapid damage assessment enabled priorities for rehabilitation and recovery actions to be set, with the result that, just three months after the hurricane had struck, 67% of the poultry houses and 33% of the pig houses had been restored. This article focuses on preparedness, response and lessons learned.

Dans cette étude de cas, les auteurs retracent les activités menées lors du passage de l'ouragan Irma par les Services vétérinaires cubains, en tant que composante du système d'atténuation et de gestion du risque de catastrophe. Le phénomène a touché dix des quinze provinces du pays, entraînant des destructions importantes dans 56 communes (29,6 %). Lors de la réponse, les moyens prévus dans les plans de réduction des catastrophes pour les différentes phases (information, alerte et intervention d'urgence) ont été déployés à chaque niveau. Dans chaque province, la protection des animaux a été assurée en les évacuant vers des lieux plus sûrs, en appliquant les mesures sanitaires prévues et en mettant en place une assistance technique. L'ouragan a néanmoins occasionné des dégâts, en particulier la destruction de la couverture de nombreuses installations d'élevage. Les pertes enregistrées dans les cheptels se sont réparties comme suit : 210 150 volailles, 2 752 bovins (dont 73,8 % de veaux) et 866 porcs (dont 68 % de porcelets). En ce qui concerne les ruches, 7 % d'entre elles ont subi des dommages et 3,3 % ont été détruites. En termes d'infrastructures, des dégâts ont été enregistrés sur 466 bâtiments avicoles, 1 422 bâtiments d'élevage bovin, 431 bâtiments d'élevage porcin, 1 200 pompes éoliennes et 13 des 17 usines de production de concentrés pour l'alimentation animale. Les installations des Services vétérinaires (laboratoires et bureaux) n'ont subi aucun dommage grave, de sorte que ces Services sont restés opérationnels en permanence. L'évaluation rapide des dégâts a permis d'établir les priorités concernant les mesures de reconstruction et de redressement. Trois mois seulement après le passage de l'ouragan, 67 % des bâtiments avicoles et 33 % des bâtiments d'élevage porcin étaient réparés. Les auteurs soulignent les mesures de préparation et de réponse ainsi que les leçons apprises.

Este artículo esboza las acciones del Servicio Veterinario como parte del sistema cubano de reducción y gestión del riesgo de desastres ante el huracán «Irma¼, en forma de estudio de caso. El fenómeno afectó a 10 de las 15 provincias del país y ocasionó daños importantes en 53 de sus municipios (29,6%). Durante la respuesta, se desplegaron las medidas preestablecidas para las diferentes fases (informativa, de alerta y de emergencia) en los planes de reducción de desastres correspondientes a cada nivel. En todas las provincias se protegieron animales trasladándolos a lugares más seguros, garantizando las medidas sanitarias preestablecidas y la asistencia técnica. No obstante, se produjeron daños, fundamentalmente en techos de algunas instalaciones de crianza. Se registró la muerte de: 210 150 aves de corral, 2 752 bovinos (un 73,8% eran terneros) y 866 porcinos (un 68% eran crías). También sufrió daño el 7% del inventario de colmenas, y se perdió un 3,3% de las colmenas. Los daños en infraestructuras comprendieron: 466 naves de producción avícola; 1 422 naves de producción bovina, 431 naves de producción porcina; 1 200 molinos a viento y 13 de 17 fábricas de alimento concentrado. No se reportaron daños de importancia en las instalaciones del Servicio Veterinario (laboratorios y oficinas), por lo que su viabilidad estuvo garantizada en todo momento. La rápida evaluación de los daños posibilitó establecer prioridades respecto a las acciones de rehabilitación y recuperación, y tan solo tres meses después del impacto del huracán, el 67% de las naves de producción avícola y el 33% de las de producción porcina estaban recuperadas. Se destacan los preparativos, la respuesta y las lecciones aprendidas.

Disease-free zones: bilateral recognition procedure in South America. / Zonas libres de enfermedades: proceso de reconocimiento bilateral en América del Sur.

According to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), zoning is a risk management strategy for achieving the progressive control and eradication of animal diseases, and for providing guarantees for international trade. The implementation and effectiveness of zoning relies on the quality of Veterinary Services. Eradicating a disease and securing trading partners' recognition of this disease-free status demands resources, and promotes economic and fruitful development. It also guarantees the sanitary safety of trade, provided that OIE standards are applied and the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) is complied with. The OIE international standards and the SPS Agreement lay down provisions for the effective implementation of zoning and the recognition of disease-free zones. Although animal-disease-free statuses place such zones in a favourable position with regard to exporting their products to the international market, they can create internal restrictions between regions of the same country with differing statuses. As a general rule, each importing country implements its own evaluation procedure, independent of OIE official recognition. While this usually provides for information evaluation and an on-site inspection mission, there is no harmonisation between countries regarding the methodology or the information required for risk assessment. Recognition of a disease-free zone does not imply automatic permission to export any product from that zone. Firstly, it is necessary to request that the market be opened for each product in question, guaranteeing the conditions demanded by the target market (risk analysis and animal health certification). To benefit from external markets, there are ways of speeding up bilateral recognition of disease-free zones, such as bilateral veterinary agreements or free trade agreements that establish clear areas and procedures to be implemented by trading partner countries. The ongoing exchange of information among countries builds trust among their Veterinary Services and authorities, which leads to expedited recognition procedures. The work of the OIE (Pathway for the Evaluation of Performance of Veterinary Services [PVS Pathway], OIE Observatory) and the WTO Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Committee) (enforcement mechanisms) should be strengthened to assist countries in implementing zoning.

D'après l'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE), le « zonage ¼ est une stratégie de gestion du risque permettant d'avancer sur la voie du contrôle progressif des maladies animales et de leur éradication tout en fournissant des garanties dans le cadre des échanges internationaux. Sa mise en oeuvre et son efficacité sont tributaires de la qualité des Services vétérinaires. Si l'éradication réussie d'une maladie et la reconnaissance du statut indemne par les partenaires commerciaux mobilisent des ressources, elles constituent également une incitation majeure au développement productif et économique. En outre, elles garantissent la sécurité sanitaire des échanges internationaux, à condition d'appliquer les normes de l'OIE et de respecter les dispositions de l'Accord sur l'application des sanitaires et phytosanitaires (Accord SPS) de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). L'OIE et l'Accord SPS établissent des dispositions pour la mise en oeuvre effective du « zonage ¼ et la reconnaissance des zones indemnes de maladies. Ce statut sanitaire place les zones qui en bénéficient en position favorable pour exporter leurs produits vers les marchés internationaux, mais il peut aussi entraîner des restrictions au niveau national par rapport aux zones du pays dotées d'un statut différent. Il est d'usage que chaque pays applique ses propres procédures indépendamment de la reconnaissance par l'OIE. Cela passe généralement par une évaluation de l'information fournie et par une mission d'inspection in situ, mais ni la méthodologie ni les informations requises pour mener à bien l'évaluation du risque n'ont fait l'objet d'une harmonisation de la part des pays. La reconnaissance d'une zone indemne ne vaut pas autorisation automatique d'exporter tout produit à partir de cette zone, car il faut encore, pour chaque produit, solliciter l'ouverture du marché et présenter des garanties démontrant que les conditions imposées par le marché de destination sont satisfaites (analyse du risque et certification sanitaire). Des méthodes existent pour bénéficier des marchés extérieurs en accélérant les reconnaissances bilatérales des zones indemnes de maladies ; il s'agit notamment des accords vétérinaires bilatéraux ou des accords de libre-échange, qui définissent clairement les cadres d'application et les procédures à mettre en place par les pays partenaires commerciaux. L'échange permanent d'informations entre les pays partenaires favorise la confiance entre leurs Services et Autorités vétérinaires respectifs, ce qui facilite d'autant ces procédures. Il convient de renforcer les travaux de l'OIE (Processus d'évaluation des performances des Services vétérinaires [Processus PVS], Observatoire des normes de l'OMC) et du Comité SPS de l'OMC (mécanismes d'évaluation de la conformité) afin d'aider les pays à mettre en oeuvre le « zonage ¼.

Según la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE), la «zonificación¼ es una estrategia de gestión del riesgo para avanzar en el control progresivo y la erradicación de enfermedades animales y para dar garantías al comercio internacional. Su implementación y eficacia dependen de la calidad de los Servicios Veterinarios. Erradicar una enfermedad y lograr el reconocimiento de tal situación por parte de socios comerciales implica recursos e incentiva el desarrollo productivo y económico. También garantiza la seguridad sanitaria del comercio siempre que se apliquen las normas de la OIE y se respete el Acuerdo sobre la Aplicación de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) (Acuerdo MSF). Las normas internacionales de la OIE y el Acuerdo MSF establecen disposiciones para una implementación efectiva de la «zonificación¼ y el reconocimiento de zonas libres de enfermedades. Este estatus sanitario posiciona favorablemente a dichas zonas para exportar sus productos al mercado internacional, pero puede generar restricciones internas respecto a regiones del mismo país con estatus diferentes. Lo habitual es que cada país aplique un proceso propio, independientemente del reconocimiento de la OIE. En general, contemplan una evaluación de la información y una misión de inspección in situ, pero no existe una armonización entre países ni respecto a la metodología ni respecto a la información requerida para la evaluación de riesgos. Este reconocimiento no implica el permiso automático para exportar cualquier producto desde esa zona, sino que se debe solicitar la apertura del mercado para cada producto en cuestión garantizando las condiciones exigidas por el mercado de destino (análisis del riesgo y certificación sanitaria). Para beneficiarse de los mercados externos, existen formas de agilizar los reconocimientos bilaterales de las zonas libres de enfermedades, como los acuerdos bilaterales veterinarios o los Acuerdos de Libre Comercio, mediante los cuales se establecen ámbitos y procedimientos claros a implementar por parte de los países socios comerciales. El intercambio de información permanente entre los países genera confianza entre sus Servicios y Autoridades Veterinarias, lo cual redunda en la agilización de estos procesos. Se debe reforzar el trabajo de la OIE (Proceso de Prestaciones de los Servicios Veterinarios [Proceso PVS], Observatorio de la OIE) y del Comité MSF de la OMC (mecanismos de observancia) para ayudar a los países a implementar la «zonificación¼.

Contribuciones de las ciencias veterinarias a la Colombia rural / Contributions of veterinary sciences to rural Colombia / Contribuições das ciências veterinárias para a Colômbia rural

Resumen La estructura de la educación superior es disciplinar. Por eso el análisis del aporte de un campo del conocimiento a un sector o ámbito social es pertinente. Es el caso de este trabajo, el cual busca comprender la contribución de las ciencias veterinarias (CV) a la ruralidad colombiana y retroalimentar a los educadores e investigadores. Se evaluó el aporte a la generación del conocimiento y la visibilidad de las relaciones de las CV con la ruralidad en el contexto nacional. Se identificaron 91 grupos de investigación orientados por las CV, de los cuales 90, con 1553 integrantes, evidenciaron contribución a la ruralidad colombiana. Estos grupos están concentrados en las capitales de las regiones culturales Andina oriental y noroccidente-central. Se registraron 2219 publicaciones rurales entre 2006 y 2016. El artículo fue el recurso más utilizado (91 %) en medios nacionales y en español. Las principales temáticas fueron: producción (48,2 %), salud animal (19,1 %), ambiental (13,2 %) y epidemiología (7,5 %). Por otra parte, la actividad en internet expuso el limitado interés público por la veterinaria rural, aunque se observaron tendencias ascendentes para los resultados "veterinaria" y "veterinaria, rural", lo que refleja una débil relación de la práctica de las CV con la ruralidad colombiana. Esto se refuerza al no haberse encontrado vínculos y acciones del sector público agropecuario para el fortalecimiento de la educación y prestación de los servicios veterinarios. Los resultados evidenciaron la contribución de las CV en Colombia y aportan información útil para la planeación de estrategias rurales futuras.

Abstract Higher education has a disciplinary structure. For this reason, it is relevant to analyze the contribution of a field of knowledge to a sector or social field. This is the purpose of this work, which seeks to understand the contribution ofveterinary sciences (VS) to Colombian rurality and to provide feedback for educators and researchers. The study evaluated contribution to knowledge generation and the visibility of the relations between VS and rurality in the national context. 91 VS-oriented research groups were identified, 90 of which, with 1553 members, showed contribution to Colombian rurality. These groups are concentrated in the capitals of the Andean and north-west central cultural regions. 2219 rural publications were registered between 2006 and 2016. The article was the most frequently used resource (91%) in national and Spanish media. The main themes were: production (48.2%), animal health (19.1%), environment (13.2%), and epidemiology (7.5%). On the other hand, internet activity exposed the limited public interest in rural veterinary medicine, although upward trends were observed for "veterinary" and "veterinary, rural" results, which reflects a weak relationship between VS practice and Colombian rurality. This is reinforced by the lack of links and actions taken by the public agricultural sector to strengthen the education and provision ofveterinary services. The results evidence the contribution of VS in Colombia and provide useful information for the planning of future rural strategies.

Resumo A estrutura da educação superior é disciplinar. Por isso a análise da contribuição de um campo do conhecimento a um setor ou entorno social é pertinente. É o caso deste trabalho, que busca compreender a contribuição das ciências veterinárias (CV) para a ruralidade colombiana e retroalimentar os educadores e pesquisadores. Avaliou-se a contribuição à geração do conhecimento e a visibilidade das relações das CV com a ruralidade no contexto nacional. Foram identificados 91 grupos de pesquisa orientados pelas CV, dos quais 90, com 1553 integrantes, evidenciaram contribuição para a ruralidade colombiana. Estes grupos estão concentrados nas capitais das regiões culturais Andina oriental e norte ocidente-central. Registraram-se 2219 publicações rurais entre 2006 e 2016. O artigo foi o recurso mais utilizado (91 %) em meios nacionais e em espanhol. As principais temáticas foram: produção (48,2 %), saúde animal (19,1 %), ambiental (13,2 %) e epidemiologia (7,5 %). Por outra parte, a atividade em internet expôs o limitado interesse público pela veterinária rural, embora fossem observadas tendências ascendentes para os resultados "veterinária" e "veterinária, rural", o que reflete uma deficiente relação da prática das CV com a ruralidade colombiana. Isto se reforça com o fato de não haver encontrado vínculos e ações do setor público agropecuário para o fortalecimento da educação e prestação dos serviços veterinários. Os resultados evidenciaram a contribuição das CV na Colômbia e proporcionam informação útil para o planejamento de estratégias rurais futuras.

The application of epidemiology in national veterinary services: Challenges and threats in Brazil.

The application of epidemiology in national veterinary services must take place at the interface between science and politics. Animal health policy development and implementation require attention to macro-epidemiology, the study of economic, social and policy inputs that affect the distribution and impact of animal or human disease at the national level. The world has changed fast over the last three decades including the delivery of veterinary services, their remit and the challenges addressed by public and animal health policies. Rethinking the role of public services and how to make public programs more efficient has been at the heart of the political discussion. The WTO through its SPS Agreement has changed the way in which national veterinary services operate and how trade decisions are made. Most low and middle income countries are still struggling to keep up with the new international scene. Some of these countries, such as Brazil, have very important livestock industries and are key to the global food systems. Over the last two decades, Brazil became a leading player in exports of livestock products, including poultry, and this created a strong pressure on the national veterinary services to respond to trade demands, leading to focus animal health policies on the export-driven sector. During the same period, Brazil has gone a long way in the direction of integrating epidemiology with veterinary services. Epidemiology groups grew at main universities and have been working with government to provide support to animal health policy. The scope and quality of the applied epidemiological work improved and focused on complex data analysis and development of technologies and tools to solve specific disease problems. Many public veterinary officers were trained in modern epidemiological methods. However, there are important institutional bottlenecks that limit the impact of epidemiology in evidence-based decision making. More complex challenges require high levels of expertise in veterinary epidemiology, as well as institutional models that provide an appropriate environment for building and sustaining capacity in national veterinary services. Integrating epidemiology with animal health policy is a great opportunity if epidemiologists can understand the real issues, including the socio-economic dimensions of disease management, and focus on innovation and production of knowledge. It may be a trap if epidemiologists are restricted to answering specific decision-making questions and policy makers perceive their role exclusively as data analysts or providers of technological solutions. Fostering solutions for complex issues is key to successful integration with policy making.