A Decade of Evidence of Sorghum Potential in the Development of Novel Food Products: Insights from a Bibliometric Analysis.

Due to the increasing interest in sorghum for human nutrition, recent literature reviews highlight its nutrient and bioactive contents, potential health benefits and its 'gluten-free' feature. Moreover, a current view of research advances on sorghum-based food products is needed to help both food scientists and industry identify current trends and forward-looking approaches. Studies on homemade processing are still scarce. Thus, this review aimed to provide the latest information regarding the use of sorghum to develop ready-to-eat products or food ingredients based on studies published in the last decade (2012-2022), which then guided discussions on recent advances and prospects. The articles were identified by searching the Elsevier Scopus database. Sorghum has great potential as a functional and sustainable food that can be used in daily meals as a substitute for common cereals like wheat, rice and corn. The studies in the review show that it is possible to process sorghum in a wide variety of ways to obtain ready-to-eat products and ingredients for food products and preparations, such as popping, lamination, extrusion and wet cooking. The studies also show promising approaches to use sorghum in acceptable and nutrient-dense bakery and pasta products, highlighting their gluten-free versions. However, more efforts to make these novel food products available to consumers should be made.

Germinated Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) Flour Improved the Gut Function and Its Microbiota Composition in Rats Fed with High-Fat High-Fructose Diet.

Germinated millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is a source of phenolic compounds that has potential prebiotic action. This study aims at evaluating the action of germinated pearl millet on gut function and its microbiota composition in Wistar rats fed with a high-fat high-fructose (HFHF) diet. In the first stage, lasting eight weeks, the experiment consisted of two groups: AIN-93M (n = 10) and HFHF group (n = 20). In the second stage, which lasted ten weeks, the animals of the AIN-93M group (n = 10) were kept, while the HFHF group was dismembered into HFHF (HFHF diet, n = 10) and HFHF + millet (HFHF added 28.6% of germinated millet flour, n = 10) groups. After the 18th week, the urine of the animals was collected for the analysis of lactulose and mannitol intestinal permeability by urinary excretion. The histomorphometry was analyzed on the proximal colon and the fecal pH, concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and sequencing of microbiota were performed in cecum content. The Mothur v.1.44.3 software was used for data analysis of sequencing. Alpha diversity was estimated by Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indexes. Beta diversity was assessed by PCoA (Principal Coordinate Analysis). The functional predictive analysis was performed with PICRUSt2 software (version 2.1.2-b). Functional traits attributed to normalized OTU abundance were determined by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). In the results, germinated millet flour reduced Oscillibacter genus and Desulfobacterota phylum, while increasing the Eggerthellaceae family. Furthermore, germinated millet flour: increased beta diversity, cecum weight, and cecum/body weight ratio; improved gut histological parameters by increasing the depth and thickness of the crypt and the goblet cell count (p < 0.05); reduced (p < 0.05) the fecal pH and mannitol urinary excretion; increased (p < 0.05) the propionate short-chain fatty acid concentration. Thus, germinated millet has the potential to improve the composition of gut microbiota and the intestinal function of rats fed with an HFHF diet.

Use of the term whole grain on the label of processed and ultra-processed foods based on cereals and pseudocereals in Brazil.

There has been an increasing consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods, accompanied by growing concerns about the relationship between diet quality and health. Whole-grain foods, composed of cereals and pseudocereals, are recommended as part of a healthy diet, and food labeling is an important tool for consumers to identify the presence of whole grains in packaged foods. This study aimed to analyze the use of the term whole grain on the label of processed and ultra-processed foods based on cereals and pseudocereals (amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat) in Brazil. Data were collected by a census of all food labels in a Brazilian supermarket. Foods were classified into eight groups according to Brazilian legislation and according to the presence or absence of the term whole grain. The prevalence of foods displaying the term whole grain or related expressions on the front label was assessed, and differences between groups were analyzed using Pearson's chi-squared test. Comparisons were also made in relation to the position of whole-grain ingredients in the ingredients list, given that Brazilian food labeling regulations require that ingredients be listed in descending order of weight on packaged foods. The level of significance was defined as p < 0.05. The sample included 1,004 processed and ultra-processed foods based on cereals and pseudocereals, 156 (15.6%) of which displayed the term whole grain and/or similar expressions on the front label. Of these, 98 (9.8%) contained the term whole grain, 25 (2.5%) displayed analogous expressions, and 33 (3.3%) contained the term whole grain concomitantly with analogous terms, identified in foods of the groups Bakery goods, bread, cereals, and related products and Sugars, sugary foods, and snacks. Half of the food products displaying the term whole grain or related expressions on the front label did not have a whole-grain ingredient listed in the first position of the ingredients list. The frequency of whole grains was even lower when analyzing the second and third ingredients. These findings reveal the existence of inaccurate information regarding the term whole grain or analogous expressions on the front label of cereal- and pseudocereal-based packaged foods. It is expected that these results will contribute to stimulating the food industry and regulatory bodies to improve the use of the term whole grain and related expressions on packaged food labels, given that, up to the moment of data collection, there were no regulatory requirements for these statements. Furthermore, the findings might contribute to improving the clarity of information available on food labels, thereby preventing consumer deception at the time of purchase.

Association between carbohydrate quality index and dietary patterns, sleep quality, anxiety level, and depression symptoms: A cross-sectional study

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between carbohydrate quality and sleep quality, depression, anxiety, stress and anthropometric measurements. Methods: The carbohydrate quality was calculated using the total fiber intake, ratio of whole grains to total grains, the ratio of solid carbohydrates to total carbohydrates, and the glycemic index. Sleep status was determined using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and nutritional status was determined by taking a 1-day food consumption record and food consumption frequency. Results: It was found that 20% of the participants with the highest carbohydrate quality had the highest sleep quality and the lowest body mass index. Conclusion: Adults should be informed that the quality of carbohydrates that they consume, was associated with better sleep quality and some micronutrients (potassium, magnesium, vitamin A-D-K-C-B1-B6, Folate) but no significant correlation was found between anxiety, depression, and stress scores

Objetivos: Este estudio se realizó para determinar la relación entre la calidad de los carbohidratos y la calidad del sueño, la depresión, la ansiedad, el estrés y las medidas antropométricas. Métodos: La calidad de los carbohidratos se calculó utilizando la ingesta total de fibra, la proporción de granos integrales a granos totales, la proporción de carbohidratos sólidos a carbohidratos totales y el índice glucémico. El estado del sueño se determinó utilizando el índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburgh (PSQI) y el estado nutricional se determinó tomando un registro de consumo de alimentos de un día y la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Resultados: Se encontró que el 20% de los participantes con la mayor calidad de carbohidratos tenían la mejor calidad de sueño y el índice de masa corporal más bajo. Conclusión: Se debe informar a los adultos que la calidad de los carbohidratos que consumen, se asoció con una mejor calidad del sueño y algunos micronutrientes (potasio, magnesio, vitamina A-D-K-C-B1-B6, folato), pero no se encontró una correlación significativa entre las puntuaciones de ansiedad, depresión y estrés.

Total and whole grain intake in Latin America: findings from the multicenter cross-sectional Latin American Study of Health and Nutrition (ELANS).

PURPOSE: Understanding whole-grain intake and its associated factors is essential to tackle the double burden of malnutrition faced by Latin American countries. This study aimed to characterize total and whole grain intake in Latin American countries and to investigate foods contributing to these intake in the region. METHODS: Data were obtained from the multicenter cross-sectional survey Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS), including 9128 participants residing in urban areas of eight Latin American countries. Data collection was performed via two household visits using a standardized questionnaire and two 24 h dietary recalls. Usual dietary intake of total grain foods and foods containing whole grains was estimated. The association between the intake of grain food groups and sociodemographic variables was investigated using multiple linear regression models with random intercepts. RESULTS: Mean intake of total grain foods and foods containing whole grains was 318.6 g/d and 14.7 g/d, respectively. Total grain foods were less consumed by participants at older ages (-9.8 g/d), and females (-9.9 g/d), and more consumed by those in the lowest socioeconomic category (24.8 g/d). Foods containing whole grains were more consumed by participants at older ages (3.3 g/d), and females (4.0 g/d), while those in the lowest socioeconomic category consumed 2.9 g/d less. Major contributors to energy provided from foods containing whole grains were oatmeal, masa harina, whole-wheat bread, corn chips, and wheat crackers. CONCLUSION: The intake of grain foods represented a substantial part of the Latin American population's diet, but the intake of foods containing whole grains was extremely low in all assessed countries.

Grain processing, adaptability, and stability of red rice cultivars / Beneficiamento de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade de cultivares de arroz vermelho

Red rice is consumed in whole grain form due to its beneficial nutritional attributes and has become an option for crop diversification. Several factors during plant development can affect the crop'syield. This study evaluated the adaptability and stability of the post-harvest processing of red rice cultivars and compare them with those of white rice cultivars grown in the municipalities of Campos dos Goytacazes, Seropédica, and Pinheiral, RJ, between 2016 and 2018. Two white rice (BRS Esmeralda and IAC 201) and two red rice cultivars (ENA-AR1601 and Virginia) were distributed in the field under randomized block design with five repetitions. Yield, grain class, ingenuity, and whole grain yield were evaluated. The means of these parameters for cultivars in different locations and years were compared by Tukey's test (P < 0.05). The Eberhart and Russell regression model was used to estimate the adaptability and stability parameters. The grain classification of the cultivars ENA-AR1601 and Virginia was medium and long, respectively. The red rice cultivars ENA-AR 1601 and Virginia showed higher productive performance than the national average. The red rice cultivars and BRS Esmeralda showed highly predictable behavior based on the environmental stimulus. With average values of 62% in the two years evaluated, the red rice cultivars showed excellent processing yield.

O arroz vermelho é um tipo especial de arroz que devido a atributos benéficos a saúde é consumido na forma integral e tornou-se uma opção de diversificação de cultivo. Diversos fatores durante o desenvolvimento da planta podem afetar o rendimento de beneficiamento. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adaptabilidade, estabilidade e beneficiamento de grãos de cultivares de arroz vermelho e compará-la a de arroz branco produzidas nos municípios de Campos dos Goytacazes, Seropédica e Pinheiral, RJ, durante os anos agrícolas de 2016/2017 e 2017/2018. Os tratamentos foram duas cultivares de arroz branco (BRS Esmeralda e IAC 201) e duas de arroz vermelho (ENA-AR1601 e Virgínia), distribuídos no campo sob o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Foram avaliadas a produtividade, classe do grão, o rendimento de engenho e de grãos inteiros. As médias das cultivares em diferentes locais e anos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P< 0,05). Foi adotada a metodologia recomendada por Eberhart e Russell para estimativa dos parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade. A classificação dos grãos das cultivares ENA-AR1601 e Virgínia foi médio e longo, respectivamente. As cultivares de arroz vermelho ENA-AR 1601 e Virgínia apresentaram desempenho produtivo superior a média nacional. As cultivares de arroz vermelho e BRS Esmeralda apresentaram comportamento altamente previsível de acordo ao estímulo ambiental. Com valores médios de 62%, nos dois anos avaliados, as cultivares de arroz vermelho apresentaram excelente rendimento de beneficiamento.

Substituição de milho por polpa cítrica em dietas de grão inteiro no confinamento de cordeiros / Replacement of corn by citrus pulp in whole grain diets on finishing lamb

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis de substituição de milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada (0, 15 e 30%) em cordeiros confinados, sobre o consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar, ganho médio diário, rendimento de carcaça e custo diário com o arraçoamento. Foram utilizados 12 cordeiros do cruzamento das raças Ile de France e Suffolk, não castrados, com idade aproximada de 70 dias e peso vivo médio de 17,5 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, totalizando quatro animais por tratamento. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais com 2,20 m2 , com comedouros e bebedouros individualizados. As dietas foram formuladas para serem isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, com teor de proteína bruta (PB) de 12,88% e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) de 81,85%. O peso vivo final dos cordeiros que receberam dieta com 30% de substituição do milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada foram superiores (p <0,05 ) aos obtidos em cordeiros com dieta sem inclusão de polpa cítrica. Os cordeiros que receberam dieta com 30% de polpa cítrica apresentaram maiores consumo de matéria seca em kg e em % de peso vivo em relação aos alimentados com dieta sem a inclusão de polpa (p 0,05). O ganho médio diário não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. O custo com a alimentação (R$/dia) foi maior nos cordeiros que receberam a dieta com 30% de polpa cítrica em relação aos que receberam a dieta sem o coproduto. A substituição do milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada em 30% proporcionou melhor rendimento de carcaça em relação ao tratamento sem a inclusão do coproduto, o que gerou maior receita com a venda das carcaças.(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of substitution of grain corn for citrus pulp (0, 15 and 30%) in confined lambs on dry matter intake, feed conversion, average daily gain, carcass yield and daily cost of feeding. Twelve non-castrated Ile de France and Suffolk crossbred lambs, approximately 70 days old and average live weight of 17.5 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design, totaling four animals per treatment. The animals were housed in individual 2.20 m2 pens, with individual feeders and drinkers. The diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic, with crude protein (CP) content of 12.88% and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of 81.85%. The live weight of lambs fed 30% of corn grain replacement by pelletized citrus pulp was higher (p <0.05) than of lambs with diet without citrus pulp. Lambs fed a diet with 30% citrus pulp had higher dry matter intake (kg) and dry matter intake (% body weight) compared to diet without citrus pulp (p <0.05). The average daily gain was not influenced by the treatments. The cost of food (R$/day) was higher in lambs who received a diet with 30% citrus pulp compared to those who received a diet without citrus pulp. Replacing maize grain by 30% pelleted citrus pulp offers better carcass yield about treatment without inclusion of citrus pulp, which generated higher revenue from the sale of carcasses.(AU)

Substituição de milho por polpa cítrica em dietas de grão inteiro no confinamento de cordeiros / Replacement of corn by citrus pulp in whole grain diets on finishing lamb

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis de substituição de milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada (0, 15 e 30%) em cordeiros confinados, sobre o consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar, ganho médio diário, rendimento de carcaça e custo diário com o arraçoamento. Foram utilizados 12 cordeiros do cruzamento das raças Ile de France e Suffolk, não castrados, com idade aproximada de 70 dias e peso vivo médio de 17,5 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, totalizando quatro animais por tratamento. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais com 2,20 m2 , com comedouros e bebedouros individualizados. As dietas foram formuladas para serem isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, com teor de proteína bruta (PB) de 12,88% e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) de 81,85%. O peso vivo final dos cordeiros que receberam dieta com 30% de substituição do milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada foram superiores (p <0,05 ) aos obtidos em cordeiros com dieta sem inclusão de polpa cítrica. Os cordeiros que receberam dieta com 30% de polpa cítrica apresentaram maiores consumo de matéria seca em kg e em % de peso vivo em relação aos alimentados com dieta sem a inclusão de polpa (p 0,05). O ganho médio diário não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. O custo com a alimentação (R$/dia) foi maior nos cordeiros que receberam a dieta com 30% de polpa cítrica em relação aos que receberam a dieta sem o coproduto. A substituição do milho grão por polpa cítrica peletizada em 30% proporcionou melhor rendimento de carcaça em relação ao tratamento sem a inclusão do coproduto, o que gerou maior receita com a venda das carcaças.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of substitution of grain corn for citrus pulp (0, 15 and 30%) in confined lambs on dry matter intake, feed conversion, average daily gain, carcass yield and daily cost of feeding. Twelve non-castrated Ile de France and Suffolk crossbred lambs, approximately 70 days old and average live weight of 17.5 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design, totaling four animals per treatment. The animals were housed in individual 2.20 m2 pens, with individual feeders and drinkers. The diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic, with crude protein (CP) content of 12.88% and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of 81.85%. The live weight of lambs fed 30% of corn grain replacement by pelletized citrus pulp was higher (p <0.05) than of lambs with diet without citrus pulp. Lambs fed a diet with 30% citrus pulp had higher dry matter intake (kg) and dry matter intake (% body weight) compared to diet without citrus pulp (p <0.05). The average daily gain was not influenced by the treatments. The cost of food (R$/day) was higher in lambs who received a diet with 30% citrus pulp compared to those who received a diet without citrus pulp. Replacing maize grain by 30% pelleted citrus pulp offers better carcass yield about treatment without inclusion of citrus pulp, which generated higher revenue from the sale of carcasses.

Bioaccessibility and gut metabolism of phenolic compounds of breads added with green coffee infusion and enzymatically bioprocessed.

This study aimed at investigating two strategies to enhance the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds from whole-wheat breads: enzymatic bioprocessing and addition of green coffee infusion. Although both strategies had a significant effect on increasing the contents of total soluble phenolic compounds in breads, the addition of green coffee infusion was much more relevant (19.1-fold) than enzymatic bioprocessing (1.8-fold). The phenolic compounds present as soluble forms were completely released from all breads' matrix already at the oral phase of digestion. While gastric digestion did not promote the release of insoluble phenolic compounds, intestinal conditions led to a slight release. All bread samples showed maximum phenolic compounds bioaccessibility after 4 h of gut fermentation. Upon the end of in vitro digestion and gut fermentation, the difference between the strategies was that enzymatic bioprocessing accelerated ferulic acid release, while the addition of green coffee infusion increased 10.4-fold the overall phenolic compounds bioaccessibility.

Application of the ≤ 10:1 carbohydrate to fiber ratio to identify healthy grain foods and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors.

PURPOSE: Optimal metrics to assess healthfulness of carbohydrate-rich products are not well established. We investigated how the content per 10 g of carbohydrate of at least 1 g of fiber (≤ 10:1-ratio) related to nutritional quality in grain foods as well as cardiometabolic risk factors in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Data were from the cross-sectional population-based study 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo, including a probabilistic sample of urban residents in the city. Participants (n = 1188) aged 20 + years completed a 24-h dietary recall and a subsample of 603 participants had blood samples, anthropometrics, and blood pressure measurements collected, and answered a second 24-h recall. Energy and nutrient contents of grain foods meeting or not meeting the ≤ 10:1-ratio were evaluated using linear regression models. The association between consumption (percent energy, %E) of grain foods meeting the ≤ 10:1-ratio and cardiometabolic risk factors were investigated using linear regression models. RESULTS: Foods meeting the ≤ 10:1-ratio had less available carbohydrate (- 3.0 g/serving), total sugar (- 7.4 g/serving), added sugar (- 7.2 g/serving) and saturated fat (- 0.7 g/serving), and more dietary fiber (+ 3.5 g/serving), protein (+ 2.1 g/serving), potassium (+ 100.1 mg/serving), iron (+ 0.9 mg/serving), selenium (+ 4.2 µg/serving), magnesium (+ 38.7 mg/serving), and zinc (+ 1.1 mg/serving). Each increase in 1%E consumption of grain foods meeting the ≤ 10:1-ratio was associated with lower levels of blood triacylglycerol (- 10.7%), the triacylglycerol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (- 14.9%), fasting insulin (- 13.6%), and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (- 14.0%). CONCLUSION: The ≤ 10:1-ratio identified grain foods with higher nutritional quality and higher intakes of these foods were associated with cardiometabolic risk factors related to atherogenic dyslipidemia and insulin resistance.

Padrões comportamentais de bovinos confinados com grãos de milho, aveia branca ou arroz com casca / Behavioral patterns of feedlot bovines fed with corn grain, white oat or rice with hull

O estudo avaliou o comportamento ingestivo de bovinos terminados em confinamento com dieta de alto grão. Foram utilizados 45 animais do cruzamento das raças Charolês e Nelore, com peso e idade média inicial de 310 kg e 20 meses para os novilhos e 350 kg e 32 meses para as novilhas. Os animais foram distribuídos ao acaso nos tratamentos e bloqueados conforme a categoria. Foram utilizados 15 animais (8 novilhos e 7 novilhas) por tratamento, compostos por: Arroz (85% de arroz); Aveia (85% aveia) e Milho (85% milho), cada ingrediente acrescido de 15% de núcleo proteico, além de calcário calcítico e ureia. Os animais que receberam dieta à base de milho permaneceram mais tempo em ócio, menos tempo se alimentando e obtiveram maior número de refeições diárias, quando comparada aos outros tratamentos. Em relação ao tempo de ruminação, observa-se que os animais que consumiram dieta à base de aveia ruminaram mais tempo do que os demais que receberam os outros alimentos. O nível de FDN na dieta de bovinos confinados com dieta sem volumoso exerce influência sobre os tempos despendidos pelos animais em ruminação e ócio. No entanto, as dietas não alteram o tempo de alimentação.(AU)

The study evaluated the ingestive behavior of bovines finished in feedlot with high grain diet. Forty-five Charolais and Nelore crossbreds were used, with initial average weight and age of 310 kg and 20 months for the steers and 350 kg and 32 months for the heifers. The animals were randomly distributed in the treatments and blocked according the category. Fifteen animals (8 steers and 7 heifers) were used per treatment, composed by: Rice (85% of rice); Oat (85% oat) and Corn (85% corn), each ingredient plus 15% protein nucleus in addition to calcitic limestone and urea. The animals that received the diet based on corn remained more time in idle, less time on feeding and obtained a higher number of daily meals, when compared to the other treatments. Regarding the rumination time, it was observed that the animals that consumed the diet based on oat spent more time ruminating than the other treatments. The level of NDF in the diet of cattle confined with a non-roughage diet exerts an influence on the time spent by the animals in rumination and leisure, however, the diets do not alter feeding time.(AU)

Phenolic compounds and free sulfhydryl groups in whole grain wheat flour modified by xylanase.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the structural behavior of dough elaborated using whole grain wheat flour (WGWF) and xylanase is fundamental for the elaboration of products with high nutritional content, especially when the particle size of the flour is altered. In the present study, we investigated the effect of varying concentrations of xylanase on the formation of dough with different particle sizes of WGWF. RESULTS: Phenolic compounds, fibers and proteins are the components that undergo the most change and interfere with dough formation. A small particle size favors the extraction of phenolic compounds and dietary fibers, resulting in a high-quality dough. There was a protective effect of the stable phenolic compounds on the gluten network. An increase in fiber degradation and a decrease in phenolic compounds was noted as the xylanase concentration increased. Although xylanase increased free sulfhydryl (-SH) groups in gluten, there was no change in dough formation and dough stability with an increasing xylanase concentration. CONCLUSION: The WGWF with a smaller particle size does not contribute to the loss of quality in dough elaboration. The addition of intermediate amounts of xylanase (20 mg kg-1 ) in samples with a particle size of 158 µm can be used to improve dough characteristics. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Wheat storage proteins: changes on the glutenins after wheat infection with different isolates of Fusarium graminearum.

Wheat gluten proteins are decisive for the industrial properties of flour, so alterations resulting from grain infection with Fusarium graminearum produce changes in the glutenin content that affect the baking properties. This work analyzes the high-molecular-weight glutenin changes from wheat flour with different degrees of F. graminearum infection at field, since these proteins are determinant for the quality properties of flour. Wheat cultivars-on field trials-infected with F. graminearum isolates of diverse aggressiveness showed severity values between 9.1 and 42.58% and thousand kernel weight values between 28.12 and 32.33 g. Negative correlations between severity and protein content and positive correlations between yield and protein content were observed, employing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, the protein signal changes were in agreement for both methodological approaches. Also, the degree of disease observed and the protein changes on infected wheat cultivars varied in relation with the aggressiveness of the isolate responsible for the infection. The principal component analysis showed a close arrangement among protein values obtained by HPLC. For each cultivar, two principal components were obtained, which explained 80.85%, 88.48%, and 93.33% of the total variance (cultivars Sy200, AGP Fast, and Klein Tigre respectively). To our knowledge, the approaches employed for the analysis of protein changes according to the degree of disease, as well as the thorough statistical analysis, are novel for the study of Fusarium Head Blight.

Whole and ground grain sorghum and the free choice feeding system in broiler diets / Sorgo grão inteiro e moído e o sistema de livre escolha (free choice feeding) em dietas de frangos de corte

This experiment evaluates the zootechnical performance, yield of cuts, carcass composition, and intake of metabolizable energy, lysine, and methionine + cystine in male broilers from 21 to 42 days of age fed diets based on whole and ground grain sorghum and corn. A total of 112 birds of the Cobb 500 lineage were divided into 28 cages (four animals per cage) in a completely randomized design with four treatments and seven replications. Treatments consisted of diets based on ground corn and soybean meal (control, T1), ground sorghum and soybean meal (treatment 2, T2), whole grain sorghum and soybean meal (treatment 3, T3), and the diet T3 separated in feeders in the fractions (a) whole grain sorghum and (b) concentrate containing the other ingredients of the mixed feed (free choice feeding) (treatment 4, T4). The variables feed intake, body weight, feed conversion, viability, breast, drumstick and thigh yield , bromatological composition of breast and drumstick + thigh, and daily intakes of metabolizable energy, lysine and methionine + cystine were studied. The whole grain sorghum in diets is viable, contributes to reducing factory and logistics costs in the poultry industry, and promotes the same results of zootechnical performance, yields, and bromatological composition of cuts when compared to diets with ground corn and sorghum. Diets with whole grain sorghum in the free choice feeding system may be a viable alternative because birds sought to meet their daily needs for metabolizable energy and digestible amino acids even in short periods of adaptation to the diets, as demonstrated in the experiment.(AU)

Este experimento avalia o desempenho zootécnico, o rendimento de cortes, composição de carcaça e consumo de energia metabolizável, lisina e metionina + cistina em frangos de corte machos arraçoados, dos 21 aos 42 dias de idade, com diferentes dietas à base de sorgo grão inteiro, moído e milho. Foram utilizadas 112 aves da linhagem Cobb 500 divididas em 28 gaiolas, quatro por gaiola, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e sete repetições, sendo: testemunho (T1) contendo: ração à base de milho moído e farelo de soja; tratamento 2 (T2) ração à base de sorgo moído e farelo de soja; tratamento 3 (T3) ração à base de sorgo grão inteiro e farelo de soja e o tratamento 4 (T4) ração T3 separada em comedouros na fração (a): sorgo grão inteiro e na fração (b): concentrado contendo os demais ingredientes da ração misturados (sistema de livre escolha). Foram estudados, consumo de ração; peso vivo; conversão alimentar; viabilidade; rendimentos de peito; coxa e sobrecoxa; composição bromatológica de peito e coxa com sobrecoxa ; consumos diários de energia metabolizável, lisina e metionina + cistina. O uso dosorgo grão inteiro nas dietas é viável e contribui para reduzir os custos fabris e logísticos na indústria avícola e promove os mesmos resultados de desempenho zootécnico, rendimentos e composição bromatológica de corte, comparativamente com as dietas com milho e sorgo moídos. As dietas com sorgo grão inteiro em sistema de livre escolha pode ser uma alternativa viável, pois as aves procuraram suprir suas necessidades diárias de energia metabolizável e aminoácidos digestíveis mesmo em períodos curtos de adaptação as dietas, demonstrado no experimento.(AU)

Whole and ground grain sorghum and the free choice feeding system in broiler diets / Sorgo grão inteiro e moído e o sistema de livre escolha (free choice feeding) em dietas de frangos de corte

This experiment evaluates the zootechnical performance, yield of cuts, carcass composition, and intake of metabolizable energy, lysine, and methionine + cystine in male broilers from 21 to 42 days of age fed diets based on whole and ground grain sorghum and corn. A total of 112 birds of the Cobb 500 lineage were divided into 28 cages (four animals per cage) in a completely randomized design with four treatments and seven replications. Treatments consisted of diets based on ground corn and soybean meal (control, T1), ground sorghum and soybean meal (treatment 2, T2), whole grain sorghum and soybean meal (treatment 3, T3), and the diet T3 separated in feeders in the fractions (a) whole grain sorghum and (b) concentrate containing the other ingredients of the mixed feed (free choice feeding) (treatment 4, T4). The variables feed intake, body weight, feed conversion, viability, breast, drumstick and thigh yield , bromatological composition of breast and drumstick + thigh, and daily intakes of metabolizable energy, lysine and methionine + cystine were studied. The whole grain sorghum in diets is viable, contributes to reducing factory and logistics costs in the poultry industry, and promotes the same results of zootechnical performance, yields, and bromatological composition of cuts when compared to diets with ground corn and sorghum. Diets with whole grain sorghum in the free choice feeding system may be a viable alternative because birds sought to meet their daily needs for metabolizable energy and digestible amino acids even in short periods of adaptation to the diets, as demonstrated in the experiment.

Este experimento avalia o desempenho zootécnico, o rendimento de cortes, composição de carcaça e consumo de energia metabolizável, lisina e metionina + cistina em frangos de corte machos arraçoados, dos 21 aos 42 dias de idade, com diferentes dietas à base de sorgo grão inteiro, moído e milho. Foram utilizadas 112 aves da linhagem Cobb 500 divididas em 28 gaiolas, quatro por gaiola, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e sete repetições, sendo: testemunho (T1) contendo: ração à base de milho moído e farelo de soja; tratamento 2 (T2) ração à base de sorgo moído e farelo de soja; tratamento 3 (T3) ração à base de sorgo grão inteiro e farelo de soja e o tratamento 4 (T4) ração T3 separada em comedouros na fração (a): sorgo grão inteiro e na fração (b): concentrado contendo os demais ingredientes da ração misturados (sistema de livre escolha). Foram estudados, consumo de ração; peso vivo; conversão alimentar; viabilidade; rendimentos de peito; coxa e sobrecoxa; composição bromatológica de peito e coxa com sobrecoxa ; consumos diários de energia metabolizável, lisina e metionina + cistina. O uso dosorgo grão inteiro nas dietas é viável e contribui para reduzir os custos fabris e logísticos na indústria avícola e promove os mesmos resultados de desempenho zootécnico, rendimentos e composição bromatológica de corte, comparativamente com as dietas com milho e sorgo moídos. As dietas com sorgo grão inteiro em sistema de livre escolha pode ser uma alternativa viável, pois as aves procuraram suprir suas necessidades diárias de energia metabolizável e aminoácidos digestíveis mesmo em períodos curtos de adaptação as dietas, demonstrado no experimento.

Padrões comportamentais de bovinos confinados com grãos de milho, aveia branca ou arroz com casca / Behavioral patterns of feedlot bovines fed with corn grain, white oat or rice with hull

O estudo avaliou o comportamento ingestivo de bovinos terminados em confinamento com dieta de alto grão. Foram utilizados 45 animais do cruzamento das raças Charolês e Nelore, com peso e idade média inicial de 310 kg e 20 meses para os novilhos e 350 kg e 32 meses para as novilhas. Os animais foram distribuídos ao acaso nos tratamentos e bloqueados conforme a categoria. Foram utilizados 15 animais (8 novilhos e 7 novilhas) por tratamento, compostos por: Arroz (85% de arroz); Aveia (85% aveia) e Milho (85% milho), cada ingrediente acrescido de 15% de núcleo proteico, além de calcário calcítico e ureia. Os animais que receberam dieta à base de milho permaneceram mais tempo em ócio, menos tempo se alimentando e obtiveram maior número de refeições diárias, quando comparada aos outros tratamentos. Em relação ao tempo de ruminação, observa-se que os animais que consumiram dieta à base de aveia ruminaram mais tempo do que os demais que receberam os outros alimentos. O nível de FDN na dieta de bovinos confinados com dieta sem volumoso exerce influência sobre os tempos despendidos pelos animais em ruminação e ócio. No entanto, as dietas não alteram o tempo de alimentação.

The study evaluated the ingestive behavior of bovines finished in feedlot with high grain diet. Forty-five Charolais and Nelore crossbreds were used, with initial average weight and age of 310 kg and 20 months for the steers and 350 kg and 32 months for the heifers. The animals were randomly distributed in the treatments and blocked according the category. Fifteen animals (8 steers and 7 heifers) were used per treatment, composed by: Rice (85% of rice); Oat (85% oat) and Corn (85% corn), each ingredient plus 15% protein nucleus in addition to calcitic limestone and urea. The animals that received the diet based on corn remained more time in idle, less time on feeding and obtained a higher number of daily meals, when compared to the other treatments. Regarding the rumination time, it was observed that the animals that consumed the diet based on oat spent more time ruminating than the other treatments. The level of NDF in the diet of cattle confined with a non-roughage diet exerts an influence on the time spent by the animals in rumination and leisure, however, the diets do not alter feeding time.

Colonic and systemic effects of extruded whole-grain sorghum consumption in growing Wistar rats.

Colonic effects of extruded whole-grain sorghum diets were evaluated using a model of growing rats. In all, twenty-four male Wistar rats were fed control (C), extruded white sorghum (EWS) or red sorghum (ERS). Consumption of sorghum diets showed satiety properties, with reduction of caecal pH, and lower activity of ß-glucosidase and ß-glucuronidase enzymes. Decreased copper zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase and increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels were observed in colonic mucosa. The induction of antioxidant enzymes occurred through the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 protein and its subsequent translocation into the nucleus. ERS was able to decrease the proliferation of proximal mucosa of colon, demonstrating a possible effect against colorectal tumourigenesis. EWS increased proliferation and also apoptosis, ensuring the re-establishment of homoeostasis of the colonic mucosa. No antioxidant systemic effect (serum or hepatic level) was observed. It is likely that despite the extrusion the low bioavailability of the phenolic compounds of sorghum diets caused them to exert mainly acute effects at the colon level. Extruded whole-grain sorghum is a good functional ingredient that might be promising in dietary prevention of intestinal diseases.

Whole Grains in Amelioration of Metabolic Derangements.

Daily diet influences whole body metabolism, and intricately linked to the prevention or progression of metabolic diseases including obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Several epidemiological and large scale studies have shown that diets enriched with whole grains improves metabolic function and protect from the development of metabolic diseases. Direct impact of whole grain diet can be mediated on several levels of metabolic functions i.e. reduced glycemic index, improved fat oxidation potential, increased cholesterol clearance or decreased cholesterol biosynthesis and modulation of gut microbiome. In this article we reviewed several studies indicating the beneficial effects of whole grain diets on metabolic functions, as well as discussed the potential active phytochemicals present in these whole grain foods to contribute in modulation of metabolic function in our body.

Minerales, ácido fítico y γ-oryzanol en harinas integrales y salvados de tres variedades de arroz (oryza sativa l) cultivadas en venezuela / Minerals, phytic acid and γ-oryzanol in whole wheat flour and bran of three varieties of rice (oryza sativa l) grown in venezuela

El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar el contenido de algunos minerales, de ácido fítico y de γ-oryzanol en harinas integrales y salvados de tres cultivares (Cimarrón, Fonaiap 1 y Zeta 15) de arroz (Oryza sativa L) cosechados en Venezuela. Los minerales (Ca, Mg, Fe y Zn) fueron cuantificados por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, mientras que el fósforo (P) y el ácido fítico fueron estimados a través de un método colorimétrico. El γ-oryzanol se cuantificó por HPLC. En general, el contenido de minerales fue mayor en la harina y en el salvado de la variedad Zeta 15. El contenido de P (400,0 ± 5,00 mg/100 g) y Mg (60,0 ± 0,00 mg/100 g) fue menor en la harina de la variedad Cimarrón, mientras que en los salvados de las distintas variedades se observaron valores significativamente altos de P (1860 ± 2,00 - 2185 ± 0,58 mg/100 g) y Ca (66,7 ± 1,15 ­ 73,3 ± 1,53 mg/100 g). Las tres variedades evaluadas representan importantes fuentes de ácido fítico y γ-oryzanol; sin embargo, la variedad Cimarrón fue la que exhibió las menores concentraciones de estos compuestos bioactivos. Basado en los resultados obtenidos, las harinas integrales y los salvados representan una fuente importante de minerales, de ácido fítico y de γ-oryzanol. La concentración de todos los microcomponentes es significativamente superior en los salvados con respecto a las harinas, lo que los convierte en una atractiva alternativa para la obtención de compuestos con actividad biológica de interés para la salud humana(AU)

The objective of this study was to determine the content of some minerals, phytic acid and γ-oryzanol in whole-grain flour and bran in three cultivars (Cimarrón, Fonaiap 1 y Zeta 15) of rice (Oryza sativa L) in Venezuela. The minerals were (Ca, Mg, Fe y Zn) quantified by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry while that the phosphorus (P) and phytic acid were determined using a colorimetric method. The γ-oryzanol was quantified by HPLC. In general, the mineral contents were higher in flour than bran in the cultivar Zeta 15. The P (400,0 ± 5,00 mg/100 g) and Mg (60,0 ± 0,00 mg/100 g) contents were lower in flour of the cultivar Cimarrón, while that were observed higher values of P (1860 ± 2,00 - 2185 ± 0,58 mg/100 g) and Ca (66,7 ± 1,15 ­ 73,3 ± 1,53 mg/100 g) in the bran of different cultivars. The three cultivars evaluated are an important source of phytic acid and γ-oryzanol; however, the Cimarrón cultivar exhibited the lowest concentrations of these bioactive compounds. Based on these results, whole-grain flours and brans may offer a good source of minerals, phytic acid and γ-oryzanol. The concentrations of all micro compounds evaluated were higher in the brans than the flours, this become the bran an attractive alternative to obtain compounds with biological activity of interest for human health(AU)

Comparative study on the nutritional and antioxidant properties of two Mexican corn (Zea mays) based meals versus processed cereals / Estudio comparativo sobre las propiedades nutricionales y antioxidantes de dos alimentos mexicanos basados en maíz (Zea mays) en comparación con cereales procesados

The present study was conducted to analyze the chemical composition, total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity of two whole corn (Zea mays) based meals traditional from Mexico: “traditional pinole” and “seven grain pinole”; and compare it with information available from ready to eat cereal products based on refined corn and whole grain cereals. Proximate analyses (moisture, ash, fat, protein and fiber) were carried out according to the procedures of AOAC, sugars content was determined by HPLC method; calcium and iron were quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Total phenolic compounds were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method; the antiradical capacity was determined by DPPH colorimetric method and total antioxidant capacity was determined by FRAP method. Traditional and seven grain pinole presented higher energy content and nutrient density (protein and fat) than processed cereals. Calcium content was higher in processed cereals than pinole; seven grain pinole presented the highest conentration of iron. Polyphenolic concentration was higher in both kinds of pinole compared to processed cereals; traditional pinole presented the highest antioxidant activity measured by DPPH and FRAP methods. The results provide evidence about the important nutrient and antioxidant content of traditional and seven grain pinole compared to processed cereals based on corn and other grains. It is recommended their incorporation in to regular diet as a healthy food, with a good protein level, low sugar content and good antioxidant capacity.

En el presente estudio se analizó la composición química, el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales y la capacidad antioxidante de dos alimentos elaborados a base de granos enteros de maíz (Zea mays) típicos de México: "pinole tradicional" y "pinole de los siete granos"; y se comparó con la información nutricional ya disponible de dos cereales procesados. El análisis proximal se realizó de acuerdo a los procedimientos de la AOAC, el contenido de azúcares se determinó por HPLC; el calcio y hierro se cuantificaron utilizando espectroscopía de absorción atómica. Los compuestos fenólicos totales se determinaron espectrofotométricamente por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu; la capacidad antirradical se determinó por el método colorimétrico del DPPH, y la capacidad antioxidante total se determinó por el método FRAP. El pinole tradicional y el pinole de los siete granos presentaron una mayor densidad de nutrientes (proteína y grasa) y mayor contenido calórico en comparación con los cereales procesados. El contenido de calcio fue mayor en los cereales procesados; el pinole de los siete granos presentó la mayor concentración de hierro. La concentración de compuestos fenólicos fue mayor en ambos tipos de pinole comparado con los productos procesados; el pinole tradicional presentó la mas alta actividad antioxidante medida por los métodos de DPPH y FRAP. Los resultados muestran evidencia sobre el importante contenido de nutrientes y compuestos antioxidantes del pinole tradicional y pinole de los siete granos; se recomienda su consumo regular, por ser alimentos con un buen nivel de proteína, bajo contenido de azúcar y con una buena capacidad antioxidante.