Uso de redes sociales y consumo de alimentos en adultos jovenes que asisten a gimnasios de la ciudad de Guayaquil / Use of social networks and food consumption of young adults who attendgyms in the city of Guayaquil

Introducción: La capacidad de las redes sociales para in-fluir en las audiencias de adultos jóvenes también ha desper-tado el interés de los profesionales de la salud pública comouna plataforma potencial para la promoción de la salud.Objetivo: Determinar uso de las redes sociales y consumode alimentos de adultos jóvenes que asisten a gimnasios dela ciudad de Guayaquil. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal de tipo des-criptivo. Se trabajó con una muestra 509 adultos jóvenes de18 a 26 años que asisten a diferentes gimnasios de la ciudadde Guayaquil en Ecuador durante los meses de julio a di-ciembre del 2021. Se recolectó la información por medio deluso de un cuestionario online estructurado y creado enGoogle forms previamente validado. Para la identificación delos hábitos alimentarios se utilizó el cuestionario semicuanti-tativo de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Resultados: El 91,8% de los investigados usan casi siem-pre las redes sociales (p0,018), el tiempo promedio dedicadoal uso de las redes sociales es de 1 a 2 horas por día (37,7%; p0,048) y la red social que más utilizan es Facebook (42,4%;p<0,0001). Con respecto a la alimentación los jóvenes siguenpáginas que brindan información sobre dietas (62,1%;p<0,0001) teniendo la intención de prepararlas en algún mo-mento (80,7%), la información es brindada por nutricionistas(63,5%; p0,015). De acuerdo con la frecuencia de consumode alimentos (Tabla III) los investigados refieren una ingestainsuficiente de lácteos y derivados (84,1%; p<0,0001), ver-duras y hortalizas (71,5%), frutas (78,2%; p<0,0001), cere-ales y derivados (55,2%). Conclusiones: Las redes sociales pueden influir en formapositiva o negativa en la conducta alimentaria de los adoles-centes y adultos jóvenes, por lo cual es necesaria la educa-ción alimentaria de expertos en nutrición para prevenir quelas publicaciones engañosas puedan repercutir en el estadode salud del individuo.(AU)

Introduction: The ability of social media to influenceyoung adult audiences has also piqued the interest of pub-lic health professionals as a potential platform for healthpromotion. Objective: To determine the use of social networks andfood consumption of young adults who attend gyms in thecity of Guayaquil. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptivestudy. We worked with a sample of 509 young adults from 18to 26 years old who attend different gyms in the city ofGuayaquil in Ecuador during the months of July to December2021. The information was collected through the use of astructured online questionnaire created in Google forms pre-viously validated. For the identification of eating habits, thesemi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used.Results: 91.8% of those surveyed almost always use so-cial networks (p0.018), the average time spent using socialnetworks is 1 to 2 hours per day (37.7%; p0.048) and thesocial network they use the most is Facebook (42.4%;p<0.0001). Regarding food, young people follow pages thatprovide information on diets (62.1%; p<0.0001) with the in-tention of preparing them at some point (80.7%), the infor-mation is provided by nutritionists (63, 5%; p0.015).According to the frequency of food consumption (Table III),those surveyed report an insufficient intake of dairy prod-ucts and derivatives (84.1%; p<0.0001), greens and veg-etables (71.5%), fruits (78.2%; p<0.0001), cereals and de-rivatives (55.2%).Conclusions: Social networks can positively or negativelyinfluence the eating behavior of adolescents and youngadults, which is why food education from nutrition experts isnecessary to prevent misleading publications from havingrepercussions on the individual’s health status.(AU)

Prácticas de autocuidado al momento de comprar víveres y frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19 de familias de la ciudad de La Paz y El Alto, 2021 / Self-care practices when buying grocery and frequency of food consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic of families in the city of La Paz and El Alto, 2021

OBJETIVO: determinar las prácticas de autocuidado al momento de comprar víveres y frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19 de familias de la ciudad de La Paz y El Alto, 2021. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo observacional serie de casos, 179 adultos de la ciudad de El Alto y 237 de la ciudad de La Paz. Se utilizó una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y para describir las prácticas de autocuidado al momento de comprar víveres se tomó como criterio las recomendaciones para la compra de víveres según la OMS ante el COVID-19. RESULTADOS: el 42.5% tienen un consumo menos de 2 porciones de verduras y frutas, el 38.5% de la ciudad de El Alto y el 36.7% de la ciudad de La Paz tienen una frecuencia diaria de consumo de verduras y frutas. El 24.6% manifiestan rara vez haber consumido palta, el 35.8% consume pescado de 1 a 3 veces al mes. El 35.2% declaran evitar aglomeraciones cuando va al mercado o tiendas para la compra de alimentos. El 66% lleva desinfectante y uso de mascarilla para ir al mercado o tienda. El 60.9% siempre se lava las manos y realiza desinfección de alimentos cuando regresa del mercado o tienda. CONCLUSIONES: A medida que avanza la edad la cantidad de fruta, verduras, frutos secos, prebióticos y probióticos se consume menos. Algunas medidas de bioseguridad al momento de comprar alimentos no se cumplen.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the self-care practices when buying groceries and the frequency of food consumption in times of the COVID-19 pandemic of families in the city of La Paz and El Alto, 2021. MATERIALS AND METHOD: a descriptive observational case series study was carried out, 179 adults from the city of El Alto and 237 from the city of La Paz. A food consumption frequency survey was used and to describe self-care practices when buying groceries, the recommendations for the purchase of groceries according to the WHO against COVID-19 were taken as criteria. RESULTS: 42.5% have a consumption less than 2 servings of vegetables and fruits, 38.5% of the city of El Alto and 36.7% of the city of La Paz have a daily frequency of consumption of vegetables and fruits. 24.6% say they have rarely consumed avocado, 35.8% consume fish 1 to 3 times a month. 35.2% state that they avoid crowds when they go to the market or stores to buy food. 66% carry disinfectant and wear a mask to go to the market or store. 60.9% always wash their hands and disinfect food when they return from the market or store. CONCLUSIONS: as age advances, the amount of fruit, vegetables, nuts, prebiotics and probiotics is consumed less. Some biosecurity measures when buying food are not followed.

[Changes in the eating behavior of highly educated adults during the different stages of home confinement by COVID-19 in Iberoamerica]. / Cambios en el comportamiento alimentario de personas adultas con elevado nivel académico durante las diferentes etapas del confinamiento domiciliario por COVID-19 en Iberoamérica.

Introduction: Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments of affected countries to implement preventive measures including quarantine or house confinement. This situation has generally been seen to have affected the dietary patterns of the population. Objective: to evaluate changes in dietary habits and food acquisition during the different stages of home confinement caused by COVID-19 in the highly educated adult population in different Latin American countries. Methods: an observational and cross-sectional study was carried out in which 9,572 people from 58 different countries and with university studies participated. The instrument used for data collection was a survey designed by the International Ibero-American University of Mexico (UNINI-México) to study food habits during home confinement due to COVID-19 as part of the HALCON-COVID-19 study. Results: most of the respondents indicated having maintained their weight during quarantine (57.3 %), although they reported having reduced their physical activity (23.9 %) and eliminated the consumption of ultra-processed foods (53.4 %), alcoholic beverages (43.3 %), chocolates and sweets (41.1 %), while including vegetables (37.7 %), fruits (37 %) and eggs (30.6 %) in their diet. Conclusions: people who usually do not eat healthily have been even more affected in the way they eat during confinement, reducing their physical activity and increasing their body weight, while those with healthier lifestyles have not changed their habits or even maintained their healthy lifestyles during the pandemic.

Introducción: Introducción: la pandemia por COVID-19 ha obligado a los gobiernos de los países afectados a aplicar medidas preventivas que incluyen la cuarentena o el confinamiento domiciliario. Se ha visto que, en general, esta situación ha afectado los patrones alimentarios de la población. Objetivo: evaluar los cambios en los hábitos alimentarios y en la adquisición de los alimentos durante las diferentes etapas del confinamiento domiciliario ocasionado por COVID-19 en la población adulta de alto nivel educativo en diferentes países de Iberoamérica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional y transversal en el que participaron 9.572 personas de 58 países diferentes con estudios universitarios. El instrumento utilizado para la recolección de datos fue una encuesta diseñada por la Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana de México (UNINI-México) para estudiar los hábitos alimentarios durante el confinamiento domiciliario por COVID-19 como parte del estudio HALCON-COVID-19. Resultados: la mayoría de los encuestados indicaron haber mantenido su peso durante la cuarentena (57,3 %), aunque reportaron haber reducido su actividad física (23,9 %)y repecto al consumo de alimentos, reportaron haber disminuido el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados (53,4 %), de bebidas alcohólicas (43,3 %) y de chocolates y golosinas (41,1 %), mientras que aumentaron en su dieta el consumo de vegetales (37,7 %), frutas (37 %) y huevos (30,6 %). Conclusiones: las personas que no comían de forma saludable previamente, han empeorado la calidad de su dieta durante el periodo de confinamiento además de haber reducido su actividad física, sin embargo, aquellos que tenían un estilo de vida más sano lo han mantenido durante este el periodo.

Cambios en el comportamiento alimentario de personas adultas con elevado nivel académico durante las diferentes etapas del confinamiento domiciliario por COVID-19 en Iberoamérica / Changes in the eating behavior of highly educated adults during the different stages of home confinement by COVID-19 in Iberoamerica

Introducción: la pandemia por COVID-19 ha obligado a los gobiernos de los países afectados a aplicar medidas preventivas que incluyen la cuarentena o el confinamiento domiciliario. Se ha visto que, en general, esta situación ha afectado los patrones alimentarios de la población. Objetivo: evaluar los cambios en los hábitos alimentarios y en la adquisición de los alimentos durante las diferentes etapas del confinamiento domiciliario ocasionado por COVID-19 en la población adulta de alto nivel educativo en diferentes países de Iberoamérica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional y transversal en el que participaron 9.572 personas de 58 países diferentes con estudios universitarios. El instrumento utilizado para la recolección de datos fue una encuesta diseñada por la Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana de México (UNINI-México) para estudiar los hábitos alimentarios durante el confinamiento domiciliario por COVID-19 como parte del estudio HALCON-COVID-19. Resultados: la mayoría de los encuestados indicaron haber mantenido su peso durante la cuarentena (57,3 %), aunque reportaron haber reducido su actividad física (23,9 %) y repecto al consumo de alimentos, reportaron haber disminuido el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados (53,4 %), de bebidas alcohólicas (43,3 %) y de chocolates y golosinas (41,1 %), mientras que aumentaron en su dieta el consumo de vegetales (37,7 %), frutas (37 %) y huevos (30,6 %). Conclusiones: las personas que no comían de forma saludable previamente, han empeorado la calidad de su dieta durante el periodo de confinamiento además de haber reducido su actividad física, sin embargo, aquellos que tenían un estilo de vida más sano lo han mantenido durante este el periodo. (AU)

Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments of affected countries to implement preventive measures including quarantine or house confinement. This situation has generally been seen to have affected the dietary patterns of the population. Objective: to evaluate changes in dietary habits and food acquisition during the different stages of home confinement caused by COVID-19 in the highly educated adult population in different Latin American countries. Methods: an observational and cross-sectional study was carried out in which 9,572 people from 58 different countries and with university studies participated. The instrument used for data collection was a survey designed by the International Ibero-American University of Mexico (UNINI-Mexico) to study food habits during home confinement due to COVID-19 as part of the HALCON-COVID-19 study. Results: most of the respondents indicated having maintained their weight during quarantine (57.3 %), although they reported having reduced their physical activity (23.9 %) and eliminated the consumption of ultra-processed foods (53.4 %), alcoholic beverages (43.3 %), chocolates and sweets (41.1 %), while including vegetables (37.7 %), fruits (37 %) and eggs (30.6 %) in their diet. Conclusions: people who usually do not eat healthily have been even more affected in the way they eat during confinement, reducing their physical activity and increasing their body weight, while those with healthier lifestyles have not changed their habits or even maintained their healthy lifestyles during the pandemic. (AU)

Factores agroalimentarios asociados con la prevalencia de anemia infantil en comunidades altoandinas de Huancavelica, Perú / Gri-food factors associated with the prevalence of child anemia in high-andean communities of Huancavelica, Peru

Fundamentos: La anemia es uno de los grandes problemas de salud pública en el Perú, evidenciándose unanotable prevalencia en población infantil de comunidades altoandinas. El estudio tuvo como objetivodeterminar la relación entre el consumo, producción alimentaria y el estado nutricional de niños menores decinco años en las familias andinas de Huancavelica, Perú; y conocer los hábitos y frecuencia de consumo dealimentos en términos de la Seguridad Alimentaria Nutricional. Métodos: Estudio transversal de tipo descriptivo - relacional, donde participaron 55 familias con niñosmenores de 5 años; se evaluaron componentes de seguridad alimentaria nutricional. Se realizaron pruebas deChi cuadrado y R de Spearman. Resultados: La alta prevalencia de anemia infantil, siendo un 38% anemia leve, 34% anemia moderada y 9%anemia severa. Los alimentos consumidos se componen principalmente de carbohidratos, en promedio elconsumo de pescado y alimentos ricos en hierro es deficiente y el nivel educativo en alimentación de lasmadres es muy escaso. Conclusiones: La alta prevalencia de anemia infantil en las comunidades de Tres de Octubre y Bellavista -Huancavelica, está asociada con el nivel educativo de la madre, el consumo de pescado y vísceras, la tenenciade biohuertos y la crianza de animales. (AU)

Background: Anemia is one of the major public health problems in Peru, showing a notable prevalencein the child population of high Andean communities. The objective of the study was to determine therelationship between food consumption, food production and nutritional status of children under five yearsof age in Andean families in Huancavelica, Peru. It also aimed to know the habits and frequency of foodconsumption and terms of nutritional food security. Methods: Cross-sectional study of descriptive-relational type, with the participation of 55 families withchildren under 5 years old; components of nutritional food security were evaluated. Chi-square andSpearman's R tests was realized. Results: The high prevalence of childhood anemia in the study communities expresses 38% for mild anemia,34% moderate anemia and 9% severe anemia. Food consumption is mainly carbohydrates, on average theconsumption of fish and iron-rich foods is deficient and the mothers' level of education in nutrition is verylow. Conclusions: The high prevalence of childhood anemia in the communities of Tres de Octubre and Bellavista -Huancavelica is associated with the mother's level of education, the consumption of fish and offal, thepossession of bio-gardens and the animal production. (AU)

Consumo de alimentos, estado nutricional antropométrico, actividad física y motivaciones de vegetarianismo en adultos venezolanos / Food consumption, anthropometric nutritional status, physical activity and motivations for vegetarianism in Venezuelan adults

Introducción: las dietas vegetarianas o que evitan las carnes animales incluyen a las dietas ovolactovegetarianas, veganas, entre otras variantes basadas en plantas. Objetivo: caracterizar el consumo de alimentos, estado nutricional antropométrico, nivel de actividad física y las motivaciones en una muestra de adultos vegetarianos provenientes de los estados Distrito Capital, Yaracuy y Carabobo de Venezuela. Materiales y métodos: fueron evaluados 51 adultos, 23,5% veganos y 76,5% ovolactovegetarianos, con edades entre 18 y 65 años. Se realizó un recordatorio de ingesta de alimentos en 24 horas, se tomaron indicadores de dimensión (IMC y circunferencia de cintura) y composición corporal (área muscular y porcentaje de grasa), se aplicó el instrumento IPAQ largo de actividad física y se preguntó por la principal motivación para seguir estas dietas. Resultados: la dieta resultó deficitaria en calorías (60,8%), baja en carbohidratos (72,5%) y grasas (58,8%), y elevada en proteínas (43,1%) y fibra dietética (70,6%). El estado nutricional antropométrico de los individuos resultó en un peso adecuado (62,7%), muscularidad (51%) y grasa (68,6%) promedio, y riesgo bajo según circunferencia de cintura (86,3%). El nivel de actividad física que prevaleció fue representado por las categorías moderada e intensa con 39,2% cada una. La mayoría decidió seguir la dieta vegetariana por razones de salud 72,5%. Conclusiones: la mayoría del grupo de estudio, a pesar de tener una dieta desequilibrada (baja en carbohidratos y grasas, pero alta en proteínas y fibra), presentó el estado nutricional antropométrico y niveles de actividad física en rangos aceptables(UA)

Introduction: vegetarian diets are diets that avoid animal meat, it includes ovolactovegetarian and vegan diets, among other plant-based variants. Objective: to characterize food consumption, anthropometric nutritional assessment, physical activity level and motivations in a sample of vegetarian adults from the Capital District, Yaracuy and Carabobo states of Venezuela. Materials and methods: 51 adults were evaluated, 23.5% vegan and 76.5% ovo-lacto vegetarian, aged between 18 and 65 years. A 24-hour dietary recall was carried out, indicators of dimension (BMI and waist circumference) and body composition (muscle area and percentage of fat) were taken, the long IPAQ instrument of physical activity was applied and it was asked about the main motivation to follow these diets. Results: the diet was deficient in calories (60.8%), low in carbohydrates (72.5%) and fats (58.8%), and high in proteins (43.1%) and dietary fiber (70.6 %). The anthropometric nutritional assessment of the individuals resulted in an adequate weight (62.7%), average muscularity (51%) and fat (68.6%), and low risk according to waist circumference (86.3%). The level of physical activity that prevailed were the moderate and intense categories with 39.2% each. The majority decided to follow the vegetarian diet for health reasons 72.5%. Conclusions: the majority of the study group, despite having an unbalanced diet (low in carbohydrates and fats, but high in proteins and fiber), presented an anthropometric nutritional status and levels of physical activity within acceptable ranges(AU)

Associação entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e a composição corporal de adolescentes / Association between ultraprocessed food consumption and body composition of adolescents / Asociación entre el consume de alimentos ultraprocesados y la composición corporal de los adolescentes

O processo de transição nutricional vem elevando o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados na população. Esses alimentos apresentam alta densidade energética e baixas propriedades nutricionais, afetando o estado nutricional e a composição corporal, inclusive dos adolescentes. Este trabalho visa avaliar a associação entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e a composição corporal de adolescentes. Este é um estudo transversal, realizado com adolescentes matriculados em uma instituição filantrópica de ensino. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos e de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Foi realizada uma análise de associação entre o consumo regular de alimentos ultraprocessados e o excesso de peso, por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, com nível de significância de 5%. Para as análises estatísticas, foi utilizado o programa IBM SPSS versão 22.0. Cerca de um terço da amostra apresentava excesso de peso (índice de massa corporal: 27,2%; pregas cutâneas: 33,9%; bioimpedância: 29,6%). O consumo regular de alimentos ultraprocessados esteve presente em 64,2% da amostra e foi associado ao excesso de peso avaliado pela bioimpedância (p = 0,016) e pelas pregas cutâneas (p = 0,008). Os indivíduos que apresentaram maior prevalência de excesso de peso não consumiam regularmente alimentos ultraprocessados. Destaca-se a necessidade de realização de outros estudos, principalmente longitudinais, para avaliar e compreender a associação entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e a composição corporal dos adolescentes.

The nutritional transition has been increasing the consumption of ultraprocessed foods in the population. These foods have high energy and low nutritional properties, affecting the nutritional status and body composition, including of adolescents. This study aims to evaluate the association between ultraprocessed food consumption and body composition in adolescents. This is a cross sectional study carried out with adolescents enrolled in a philanthropic education institution. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and ultraprocessed food consumption data were collected. An analysis of association between regular ultraprocessed food consumption and overweight was performed using Pearson's Chi-square test, with a significance level of 5%. The program IBM SPSS version 22.0 was used for statistical analyzes. About one-third of the sample was overweight (body mass index: 27.2%; skin folds: 33.9%; bioimpedance: 29.6%). Regular ultraprocessed food consumption was found in 64.2% of the sample and was associated with overweight assessed by bioimpedance (p = 0.016) and skin folds (p = 0.008). The individuals who had higher prevalence of overweight did not consume ultraprocessed food regularly. Carrying out other studies, especially longitudinal studies, to evaluate and understand how the association between ultraprocessed food intake and body composition occurs in adolescents is necessary.

El proceso de transición nutricional ha incrementado el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en la población. Estos alimentos tienen alta densidad energética y bajas propriedades nutricionales, afectando el estado nutricional y la composición corporal, incluso de los adolescentes. Este trabajo pretende evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y la composición corporal de adolescentes. Este es un estudio transversal realizado con adolescentes matriculados en una institución educativa filantrópica. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, antropométricos y de consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados. El análisis de la asociación entre el consumo regular de los ultraprocesados y el exceso de peso se realizó mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, con nivel de significancia del 5%. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa IBM SPSS, versión 22.0. Casi un tercio de la muestra tenía exceso de peso (índice de masa corporal: 27,2%; pliegues cutáneos: 33,9%; bioimpedancia: 29,6%). El consumo habitual de alimentos ultraprocesados estuvo presente en el 64,2% de la muestra y se asoció con el exceso de peso evaluado por bioimpedancia (p=0,016) y pliegues cutáneos (p=0,008). Las personas que tenían una mayor prevalencia de exceso de peso no consumían regularmente alimentos ultraprocesados. Se necesitan más estudios, principalmente longitudinales, para evaluar y comprender la asociación entre el consumo de los ultraprocesados y la composición corporal en adolescentes.

Consumo infantil de alimentos: ¿relación con el estado nutricional materno? / Food consumption of infants: Is there a relationship with maternal nutritional status? / Consumo alimentar infantil: relação com o estado nutricional materno?

Introducción: La figura materna tiene una fuerte influencia en la salud del niño, el estado nutricional y la formación de los hábitos alimentarios del niño, ya que es la principal cuidadora de su hijo. Objetivo: determinar el estado nutricional de las madres y su asociación con el consumo de alimentos de los niños. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con 163 binomios madre-hijo menores de 24 meses atendidos en Unidades de Salud de la Familia. Se utilizó un cuestionario para recolectar las variables sociodemográficas y antropométricas de madres e infantes. El estado nutricional de los lactantes se clasificó por el índice de masa corporal por indicador de edad y el diagnóstico del estado nutricional de las madres por el índice de masa corporal. La práctica de alimentación del lactante se analizó utilizando formas de marcadores de consumo de alimentos propuesto por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Resultados: Se observó que el 51,53% de las madres tenían sobrepeso y el 30,06% de los niños tenían sobrepeso, según IMC/Edad. En cuanto al consumo de alimentos infantiles, hubo una marcada presencia de alimentos ultraprocesados. El estado nutricional materno inadecuado se asoció con el consumo de snacks envasados ​​el día anterior a la encuesta (p = 0,002). Conclusión: El perfil materno tiene una gran influencia en el consumo de alimentos del lactante, por lo que es necesario implementar actividades de educación en salud para asesorar a las familias, reforzando la importancia de introducir adecuadamente los alimentos complementarios.

Introduction: As the primary caregiver of her child, the mother figure has a strong influence on the child's health, nutritional status, and formation of eating habits. Objective: To determine the nutritional status of mothers and its association with children's food consumption. Objective: To determine the nutritional status of mothers and its association with children's food consumption. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 163 mother-child pairs at <24 months of age attended in Family Health Units. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic and anthropometric variables of mothers and infants. The nutritional status of the infants was determined using the body mass index by age; the diagnosis of the nutritional status of the mothers was determined by body mass index. Infant feeding practice was evaluated using the Food Intake Markers proposed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Results: 51.53% of the mothers were overweight, and 30.06% of the children were overweight, according to BMI/age. In terms of children's food consumption, there was a marked presence of ultra-processed foods. Inadequate maternal nutritional status was associated with consuming packaged snacks the day before the survey (p = 0.002). Conclusion: The maternal profile significantly influences infant food consumption; therefore, it is necessary to implement health education activities to advise families and reinforce the importance of adequately introducing complementary foods.

Introdução: A figura materna exerce forte influência na saúde da criança, no estado nutricional e na formação dos hábitos alimentares da criança, visto que ela é a principal cuidadora de seu filho. Objetivo: determinar o estado nutricional de mães e sua associação com o consumo alimentar de crianças. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 163 duplas mãe-filho menores de 24 meses atendidas em Unidades de Saúde da Família. Um questionário foi utilizado para coletar as variáveis ​​sociodemográficas e antropométricas de mães e bebês. O estado nutricional dos lactentes foi classificado pelo índice de massa corporal por indicador de idade e o estado nutricional das mães diagnosticadas pelo índice de massa corporal. A prática de alimentação infantil foi analisada por meio de formulários de marcadores de consumo alimentar propostos pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Resultados: Observou-se que 51,53% das mães estavam acima do peso e 30,06% das crianças estavam acima do peso, segundo IMC/Idade. Em relação ao consumo de alimentos infantis, houve presença marcante de alimentos ultraprocessados. O estado nutricional materno inadequado foi associado ao consumo de salgadinhos embalados no dia anterior à pesquisa (p = 0,002). Conclusão: O perfil materno tem grande influência no consumo alimentar do lactente, por isso é necessário implementar ações de educação em saúde para orientar as famílias, reforçando a importância da introdução adequada dos alimentos complementares.

Association between ultra-processed food consumption and nutrient intake among low-risk pregnant women / Associação entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e a ingestão de nutrientes em gestantes de risco habitual

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the ultra-processed foods (UPF) consumption in pregnant women's diets associated with nutrient intake. Methods: a cross-sectional study using socioeconomic, anthropometric and food consumption data from low-risk pregnant women. Consumption of energy, macro and micronutrient were obtained through two 24-hour recalls (R24h). The UPF were identified using the NOVA classification, and the percentage of energy from this food was classified in quartiles and associated with nutrient intake. So, the ANCOVA test adjusted for age and per capita income were adopted. Results: a total of 60 pregnant women with a mean of age of 28.44 (CI95%=27.20-29.69) years old were evaluated. The average percentage of UPF in the diet was 20.68 (CI95%=17.88-23.47). Pregnant women in the highest quartile of UPF consumption had lower protein intake (13.48g vs. 18.84g; p=0.031) and lower zinc intake (4.52mg vs. 6.18mg; p=0.045) when compared to those in the lowest quartile. Conclusions: the results showed a negative relationship between the participation of UPF in pregnant women's diets and the intake of protein and zinc, important nutrients for the gestational period. Such findings reinforce the importance of promoting healthy eating habits during pregnancy to ensure an adequate supply of nutrients in this phase.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) e sua associação com a ingestão de nutrientes entre gestantes de risco habitual. Métodos: estudo transversal com dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos e de consumo alimentar de gestantes de risco habitual. O consumo de energia, macro e micronutrientes foi obtido através de dois Recordatórios 24 horas (R24h). Os AUP foram identificados através da classificação NOVA, e o percentual de calorias proveniente destes alimentos foi classificado em quartis e associado à ingestão de nutrientes. Para tal, adotou-se o teste ANCOVA ajustado segundo a idade e a renda per capita. Resultados: foram avaliadas 60 gestantes com média de idade de 28,44 (IC95%=27,20-29,69) anos. O percentual médio de AUP na dieta foi de 20,68 (IC95%=17,88-23,47). Gestantes no maior quartil de consumo de AUP apresentaram menor ingestão de proteína (13,48g vs. 18,84g; p=0,031) e zinco (4,52mg vs. 6,18mg; p=0,045) quando comparadas ao menor quartil. Conclusão: os resultados evidenciaram uma relação desfavorável entre a participação de AUP na dieta e a ingestão de proteínas e zinco, nutrientes importantes para o período gestacional. Tais achados reforçam a importância da promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis durante a gestação para garantir o aporte adequado de nutrientes nessa fase.

Evaluación de parámetros antropométricos y dietéticos de niños internados en un hospital público / Evaluation of athropometric and dietary parameters of children admitted in a public hospital

Introducción: La correcta alimentación durante la niñezsigue siendo un reto importante dentro del equipo sanitario, puesto que una ingesta insuficiente de alimentos puede provocar desequilibrios nutricionales irreversibles en la salud y prolongarse a edades adultas. Objetivo: Evaluar los parámetros antropométricos y dietéticos de niños internados en un Hospital Público. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal. Incluyó a 262 niños y niñas entre las edadescomprendidas de 1 a 14 años, del área de pediatría del Hospital Abel Gilbert Pontón de la ciudad de Guayaquil Ecuador durante los años 2018 – 2019. Para la recolección dela información se utilizó el cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y recordatorio de 24 horas. Finalmente setomó medidas antropométricas del peso y talla. Resultados: La muestra de investigación estuvo constituida por 151 varones y 111 mujeres que representaron el57,6% y 42,4% respectivamente. La edad media fue de 6,3años, con valores mínimos y máximo de 1,0 y 14,4 respectivamente. El mayor porcentaje de investigados presentaron un estado nutricional normal de acuerdo a los índices peso/edad (81,7%), talla/edad (87,8%) e IMC/edad (76,7%). Con respecto a la ingesta de alimentos se observó un déficit en elconsumo de calorías, macronutrientes y micronutrientes durante la estancia hospitalaria. Los hábitos alimentarios de losinvestigados reflejaron un consumo insuficiente de carnes yderivados (63,7%). En relación con los lácteos (42,4%), verduras (50%) y frutas (58,4%) se encontraron normales. Porúltimo, los cereales (87,8%), comidas rápidas (45,4%), snack(88,2%) y bebidas gaseosas (85,5%) se ingieren en excesodentro de la dieta habitual cuando los niños/as se encuentranen casa.(AU)

Introduction: Proper nutrition during childhood continuesto be an important challenge within the health team, since insufficient food intake can cause irreversible nutritional imbalances in health and continue into adulthood. Objective: To evaluate the anthropometric and dietary parameters of children hospitalized in a Public Hospital. Materials and methods: A descriptive and cross studywas carried out. It included 262 boys and girls between theages of 1 to 14 years, from the pediatric area of the AbelGilbert Pontón Hospital in the city of Guayaquil-Ecuador during the years 2018 - 2019. For the collection of information,the food consumption frequency questionnaire and 24 hourrecall were used. Finally, anthropometric measurements ofweight and height were taken. Results: The research sample consisted of 151 men and111 women who represented 57.6% and 42.4% respectively.The mean age was 6.3 years, with minimum and maximumvalues of 1 and 14.4, respectively. The highest percentage ofthose investigated presented a normal nutritional status according to the indexes weight/age (81.7%), height/age (87.8)and BMI/age (76.7%). Regarding food intake, a deficit in theconsumption of calories, macronutrients and micronutrientswas observed during the hospital stay. The eating habits ofthose investigated reflected an insufficient consumption ofmeat and derivatives (63.7%). In relation to dairy products(42.4%), vegetables (50%) and fruits (58.4%) were normal. Lastly, cereals (87.8%), fast foods (45.4%), snacks (88.2%)and soft drinks (85.5%) are eaten in excess within the usualdiet when children find at home. Conclusions: The anthropometric and dietary evaluationis essential at the time of hospital admission,since it allowsidentifying patients who are at nutritional risk and thus beingable to implement a treatment that adapts to their nutritionalneeds.(AU)

Hábitos alimentarios de ingresantes a la carrera de Licenciatura en Nutrición de una Universidad Argentina / Eating habits of newcomers to the Bachelor's degree in Nutrition at an Argentine University

Fundamentos: Los hábitos alimentarios se suelen adquirir mientras se desarrolla la persona y estáninfluenciados por la enseñanza que percibe la persona de su contexto familiar, social y cultural. Situacionesestresantes, como el ingreso a la universidad generan una serie de cambios desfavorables en los estilos devida, incluyendo la alimentación. Debido a ello se evaluó el estado nutricional y consumo de alimentosobesogénicos de los alumnos ingresantes a la Licenciatura en Nutrición de la Universidad Nacional Del ChacoAustral en 2018.Métodos: Se determinó el Índice de Masa Corporal y se utilizó una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo a 108estudiantes, de edad promedio de 22 años, empleando un muestreo por conveniencia.Resultados: Más del 50% de los encuestados presentaba normopeso, el 19% de las mujeres y 24,1 % de losvarones tenía sobrepeso, el 5,1% de las mujeres y 13,8 % de los hombres obesidad tipo I y obesidad II el 1,3 %y el 6,9% de las mujeres y hombres respectivamente. El consumo semanal de alimentos obesogénicos deambos sexos fue elevado, observándose diferencias (p<0,05) según fuesen dulces o salados.Conclusiones: Estos resultados muestran la necesidad de informar a esta población sobre una alimentaciónsaludable y variada con costos accesibles. (AU)

Background: Eating habits are usually acquired while the person is developing and are influenced by theteaching that the person perceives of his family, social and cultural context. Stressful situations, such asentering university, generate a series of unfavorable changes in lifestyles, including diet. Nutritional statusand consumption of obesogenic food freshmen students were assessed to the Bachelor in Nutrition from theNational University Chaco Austral in 2018.Methods: The Body Mass Index was determined and a survey of consumption frequency was used to 108students, average age 22, using a convenience sample.Results: It was found that over 50% of respondents had normal weight, 19 % of students and 24,1 % ofstudents were overweight, obese type I introduced him 5,1 % of women and 13,8 % of men and obesity II 1,3% of women and 6,9 % of men. Weekly consumption of both sexes fattening foods was raised, observingdifferences (p <0.05), depending sweet or savory.Conclusions: These results show the need to inform the public about healthy eating and varied withaffordable costs. (AU)

Efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la compra y consumo de alimentos en universitarios / Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on food purchase and consumption in college students

Fundamentos: El mundo vive una pandemia en los últimos 100 años la cual causo cambios bruscos demovilidad y en los hábitos de vida. El objetivo fue identificar los efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en lacompra y consumo de alimentos en estudiantes universitarios.Métodos: Estudio de tipo prospectivo, transversal y descriptivo en 335 estudiantes universitarios. Elinstrumento de evaluación compuesto por datos generales, escasez de alimentos y aumento de precio,cambios de hábitos y alimentación saludable, contó con 11 preguntas en total. Se hizo un análisis conestadística descriptiva y la Chi cuadrado de Pearson con nivel de significancia estadística de p<0,05.Resultados: La modalidad de compra más utilizada antes y durante el confinamiento fue la presencial(53,73%), mostrando una relación significativa entre el consumo de alimentos de bajo valor biológico(chatarra o comida basura) bajo factores de ansiedad, depresión y/o aburrimiento, y una relación entre laalimentación de los estudiantes y el interés por una alimentación saludable con valores de Chi- Cuadrado dePearson de 26,09 y 72,81 respectivamente.Conclusiones: No hubo cambios en la modalidad de adquirir los alimentos, se observaron modificaciones enel consumo de alimentos chatarra y el interés por mantener una alimentación más saludable durante elconfinamiento por la COVID-19. (AU)

Background: The world has experienced a pandemic in the last 100 years which has caused abrupt changesin mobility and lifestyle habits. Objective: To identify the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the purchaseand consumption of food in university students.Methods: Prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study of 335 university students. The evaluationinstrument consisted of general data, food shortages and price increase, changes in habits and healthy eating,with 11 questions in total. An analysis was made with descriptive statistics and Pearson's Chi-square withstatistical significance level of p<0.05.Results: The most used modality of purchase before and during the confinement was face-to-face (53.73%),showed a significant relationship between the consumption of food of low biological value (junk) underfactors of anxiety, depression, boredom and a relationship between students' eating and interest in healthyeating with Pearson's Chi-square values of 26.09 and 72.81 respectively.Conclusions: There were no changes in the modality of acquiring their food, modifications are observed inthe consumption of junk food and interest in maintaining a healthier diet during the confinement by COVID19. (AU)

Herramientas para identificar consumo y desperdicio de la dieta hospitalaria. Revisión Sistemática

RESUMEN Introducción: Uno de los factores que influyen en la desnutrición hospitalaria es la incapacidad del paciente para alimentarse correctamente. Un bajo consumo de la dieta hospitalaria aumenta el riesgo a sufrir complicaciones de salud, además genera impacto económico y ambiental, producto del aumento de desperdicio de alimentos. Generar estrategias encaminadas a mitigar este problema debe ser prioridad para el sector salud. Objetivo: Identificar herramientas técnicas utilizadas para medir el consumo y/o desperdicio de alimentos en la dieta hospitalaria. Materiales y métodos: Búsqueda sistemática de estudios publicados en las bases de datos de EMBASE y MEDLINE a través de la plataforma Pubmed, en febrero del 2019, temporalidad 20 años. Se buscaron por términos controlados sobre dieta hospitalaria, desperdicio de alimentos y la satisfacción del paciente. Resultados: Se encontraron 410 artículos en inglés, español y portugués. Se seleccionaron 21 artículos para análisis de texto completo por cumplimiento de criterios de selección. Conclusiones: Las herramientas encontradas para la medición del desperdicio de alimentos se basaron principalmente en el pesaje, y la medición visual ya sea directa o por imágenes; otras aproximaciones incluyeron cuestionarios y métodos de múltiples componentes, la mayoría sin hacer discriminación del componente alimenticio desperdiciado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: One of the factors that influences hospital malnutrition is the inability of the patient to eat properly. A low consumption of the hospital diet increases the risk of suffering health complications, in addition to generating an economic and environmental impact, as a result of the increase in food waste. Generating strategies aimed at mitigating this problem should be a priority for the health sector. Objective: Identify technical tools used to measure food consumption and / or waste in the hospital diet. Materials and methods: Systematic search for studies published in the EMBASE and MEDLINE databases through the Pubmed platform was conducted in February 2019, searching articles published in the last 20 years. We searched for controlled terms on hospital diet, food waste, and patient satisfaction. Results: 410 articles were found in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Twenty-one articles were selected for full-text analysis by meeting the selection criteria. Conclusions: The tools found for the measurement of food consumption were based mainly on weighing, and visual measurement either direct or by images; other approaches included questionnaires and multi-component methods, most of the tools did not discriminate the food component wasted.

Socioeconomic inequalities in the consumption of minimally processed and ultra-processed foods in Brazilian adolescents / Desigualdades socioeconômicas no consumo de alimentos minimamente processados e ultraprocessados em adolescentes no Brasil

Abstract In this study, we evaluated socioeconomic inequalities in the consumption of in natura/minimally processed and ultra-processed foods among adolescents. We used data from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE), 2015. According to the self-reported consumption of beans, vegetables and fruits, a score of in natura/minimally processed foods was generated (0-21 points). Sodas, sweets, instant noodles, and ultra-processed meat were used for the score of ultra-processed foods (0-21 points). Equality indicators were gender, maternal education, and socioeconomic level. Absolute difference, ratios, concentration index and slope index of inequality were calculated. Adolescents (n=101,689, 51% girls, 14.2 years) reported a mean score of 9.97 and 11.46 for ultra-processed foods and in natura/minimally processed foods, respectively. Absolute and relative differences between adolescents with the highest and lowest socioeconomic level, there were differences of 2.64 points and 33% for consumption of in natura/minimally processed foods; and 1.48 points and 15% for ultra-processed foods. Adolescents from higher socioeconomic level ate more in natura/minimally processed foods and ultra-processed foods.

Resumo Nesse estudo, avaliamos as desigualdades socioeconômicas no consumo de alimentos in natura/minimamente processados e ultraprocessados entre adolescentes. Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), 2015. De acordo com o consumo autorrelatado de feijão, hortaliças e frutas, foi gerado um escore de alimentos in natura/minimamente processados (0-21 pontos). Refrigerantes, doces, macarrão instantâneo e carnes ultraprocessadas prontos para o consumo foram utilizados para a pontuação dos alimentos ultraprocessados (0-21 pontos). Os indicadores de equidade foram gênero, educação materna e nível socioeconômico. Foram calculados a diferença absoluta, razões, índice de concentração e índice de inclinação de desigualdade. Os adolescentes (n=101.689, 51% meninas, 14,2 anos) relataram escore médio de 9,97 e 11,46 para alimentos ultraprocessados e in natura/minimamente processados, respectivamente. As diferenças absolutas entre os adolescentes de alto e baixo nível socioeconômico foram mais altos e mais baixos, houve diferenças de 2,64 pontos e 33% para o consumo de alimentos in natura/minimamente processados; e 1,48 pontos e 15% para alimentos ultraprocessados. Adolescentes de níveis socioeconômicos mais elevados comeram mais alimentos in natura/minimamente processados e alimentos ultraprocessados comparado aos seus pares.

Espaço geográfico urbano e consumo de frutas e hortaliças: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 / Urban geographic space and fruit and vegetable consumption: 2013 National Health Survey

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a associação entre o espaço geográfico urbano e o consumo regular de frutas e hortaliças no Brasil. Estudo de base populacional, transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013), considerando 60.202 adultos ≥18 anos. As variáveis dependentes foram o consumo regular de frutas (CRF) e o consumo regular de hortaliças (CRH). O espaço geográfico urbano foi a variável independente, dividida em: capital, região metropolitana (RM) e interior. Foi calculado o Odds Ratio ajustado pelas variáveis sociodemográficas. Entre as mulheres o CRF foi menor na RM (OR= 0,83; IC95%: 0,73-0,94) e no interior (OR= 0,68; IC95%: 0,61-0,76), o mesmo aconteceu entre os homens (RM: OR= 0,84; IC95%: 0,75-0,93; Interior: OR= 0,78; IC95%: 0,71-0,85). Na maioria das subcategorias o mesmo foi observado na comparação interior x capital. Não houve associação do CRH com o espaço geográfico urbano de maneira geral, e quando estratificado nos subgrupos foram observados resultados contraditórios, pois em alguns subgrupos o CRH foi maior nas capitais e em outros menor. Aspectos locais de produção e distribuição desses alimentos devem ser considerados no planejamento de políticas públicas que busquem a promoção de seu consumo.

Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze the association between the urban geographic space and the regular consumption of fruit and vegetables in Brazil. It involved a population-based and cross-sectional study using data from the 2013 National Health Survey, considering 60,202 adults ≥18 years old. The dependent variables were regular fruit consumption (RFC) and regular vegetable consumption (RVC). The independent variable was the urban geographic space divided into three categories: capital, metropolitan region (MR) and interior. The Odds Ratio was calculated, adjusted by sociodemographic variables. Among women, the RFC was lower in MR (OR= 0.83; 95%CI: 0.73-0.94) and in the interior (OR= 0.68; 95%CI: 0.61-0.76), the same in men (RM: OR= 0.84; 95%CI: 0.75-0.93; Interior: OR= 0.78; 95%CI: 0.71-0.85). In most subcategories, the same was observed in the interior and the capital. There was no association with RVC and the urban geographic space in general, and when stratified in the subgroups even contradictory results were observed, because in some subgroups the RVC was higher in the capitals and lower elsewhere. Local aspects of production and distribution of these food products are considered when planning public policies that seek to promote consumption in the population.

Hábitos alimentarios de ingresantes a la carrera de Licenciatura en Nutrición de una Universidad Argentina / Eating habits of newcomers to the Bachelor's degree in Nutrition at an Argentine University

Fundamentos: Los hábitos alimentarios se suelen adquirir mientras se desarrolla la persona, y estáninfluenciados por la enseñanza que percibe la persona de su contexto familiar, social y cultural. Situacionesestresantes, como el ingreso a la universidad generan una serie de cambios desfavorables en los estilos devida, incluyendo la alimentación. Se evaluó el estado nutricional y consumo de alimentos obesogénicos de losalumnos ingresantes a la carrera de Licenciatura en Nutrición de la Universidad Nacional Del Chaco Austral enel año 2018.Métodos: Se determinó el Índice de Masa Corporal y se utilizó una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo a 108estudiantes, de edad media de 22 años, empleando un muestreo por conveniencia.Resultados: Se encontró que más del 50 % de los encuestados presentaba normopeso, el 19% de lasestudiantes y 24,1% de los estudiantes tenía sobrepeso, el 5,1% de las mujeres y 13,8% de los hombresobesidad tipo I y el 1,3% de las mujeres y el 6,9% de los hombres obesidad II. El consumo semanal dealimentos obesogénicos de ambos sexos fue elevado, observándose diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entrelos alimentos dulces y salados.Conclusiones: resulta necesario informar a esta población sobre una alimentación saludable y variada concostes económicos accesibles. (AU)

Background: Eating habits are usually acquired while the person is developing, and are influenced by theteaching that the person perceives of his family, social and cultural context. Stressful situations, such asentering university, generate a series of unfavorable changes in lifestyles, including diet.Nutritional status andconsumption of obesogenic food freshmen students were assessed to the Bachelor in Nutrition from theNational University Chaco Austral in 2018.Methods: The Body Mass Index was determined and a survey of consumption frequency was used to 108students, average age 22, using a convenience sample.Results: It was found that over 50% of respondents had normal weight, 19 % of students and 24,1 % ofstudents were overweight, obese type I introduced him 5,1 % of women and 13,8 % of men and obesity II 1,3% of women and 6,9 % of men. Weekly consumption of both sexes fattening foods was raised, observingdifferences (p <0.05), depending sweet or savory.Conclusions: These results show the need to inform the public about healthy eating and varied with affordable costs. (AU)

Marcadores do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados em crianças de 06 a 23 meses no brasil, 2015 a 2018 / Markers of ultra-processed food consumption by Brazilian children aged 06 to 23months between the years of 2015 and 2018 / Marcadores de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessadosen niños de 06 a 23meses en Brasil, 2015 a 2018

Introdução:Os dois primeiros anos de vida da criança são de grande importância para a formação dos seus hábitos alimentares, predispondo ao desenvolvimento adequado e favorecendo a saúde a curto e longo prazo. Assim, a introdução de uma alimentação complementar adequada constitui-se como um fator fundamental para favorecer as escolhas alimentares apropriadas no futuro.Objetivo:Analisar os marcadores do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados em crianças de 06 a 23meses no Brasil entre 2015 e 2018.Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de caráter descritivo. A coleta de dados foi proveniente de base de dados secundários do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional, cuja população-alvo foram crianças com faixa etária entre 06 e 23meses de idade, abrangendo ambos os sexos e sem distinção de raça/cor. A análise de dados ocorreupor meiode estatística descritiva. Resultados:A região Sul se destacou com as maiores médias de consumo de biscoito recheado, doces ou guloseimas (34%), macarrão instantâneo, salgadinhos de pacote ou biscoitos salgados (21%) ehambúrguer e/ou embutidos (15%). Enquanto que a regiãoNorte apresentou a maior média de consumo de bebidas adoçadas (39%) e a região Nordeste se destacou com as menores médias de consumo desses alimentos. No Brasil, notou-se um consumo maior que 50% de alimentos ultraprocessados em quase todos os anos analisados no presente estudo e em quase todas as regiões e a classe mais consumida foi bebidas adoçadas.Conclusões:Conclui-se que há uma introdução precoce de alimentos ultraprocessados na alimentação de crianças na faixa etária estudada (AU).

Introduction:The first two years of a child's life are of great importance for the formation of their eating habits, predisposing the appropriate development and favoring health in the short and long term. Thus, the introduction of an adequate complementary feeding constitutes a fundamental factor for the person to favor appropriate food in the future. Objective:The authors seek to analyze the ultra-processed food consumption numbers in children aged 06 to 23months in Brazil between 2015 and 2018.Methodology:This paper is a descriptive ecological study. Data collection was taken from secondary databases of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System and its target population was children aged between 06 and 23months of age, covering both sexes and without distinction of race or color. Data analysis was done through descriptive statistics.Results:The South region stood out with the highest average consumption of sandwich cookies, sweets or treats (34%), instant noodles, packaged snacks or savory cookies (21%) and hamburgers and/or sausages (15%). While. the North region had the highest average consumption of sugary drinks (39%) and the Northeast region stood out with the lowest average consumption of these foods. In Brazil, consumption of more than 50% of ultra-processed foods was observed in almost all years analyzed by the authors, and in almost all regions and the most consumed class was sweetened drinks. Conclusions: The authors observed that there is an early introduction of ultra-processed foods in the diet of children in the studied age group (AU).

Introducción:Los dos primeros años de vida de unniño son de gran importancia para la formación de sus hábitos alimentarios, predisponiéndolo a unadecuado desarrollo y favorecendo la salud a corto y largo plazo. Así, la correcta introducción de la alimentación complementaria es un factor fundamental para favorecer la elección de alimentos en el futuro. Objetivo: Analizar los marcadores de consumo de alimentos ultra procesado en niños de 06 a 23meses en Brasil entre 2015 y 2018. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio ecológico de carácter descriptivo de base de datos secundaria de la Alimentación y Sistema de Vigilancia Nutricional cuya población objetivo fueron los niños de entre 06 y 23meses de edad, abarcando ambos sexos y sin distinción de raza/color. Ocurrieron mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: La región Sur se destacó con el promedio más alto consumo de galletas rellenas, dulces o golosinas (34%), fideos instatáneos, botanas envasadas o galletas saladas (21%) y hamburguesas y/o embutidos (15%). Mientras, la región Norte tuvo el mayor consumo promedio de bebidas endulzadas (39%) y la región Nordeste se destacó con el menor consumo promedio de estos alimentos. Todos los años analizados en este estudio y en casi todas las regiones y la clase más consumida fue la de bebidas endulzadas.Conclusiones: Se concluye que existe una introducción temprana de alimentos ultra procesados en la dieta de los niños del grupo de edad estudiado (AU).

Tipos de processamento no consumo alimentar de alunos universitários / Types of processing in the food consumption of university students

Objetivo Avaliar universitários através de questionário de frequência alimentar (quantitativo e qualitativo) e classificar a ingestão de alimentos de acordo com o tipo de processamento. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal observacional, em que foi enviado um questionário para os alunos dos cursos de Nutrição, Educação Física, Enfermagem, Administração, Farmácia, Psicologia, Engenharia Civil e Fisioterapia da Instituição de Ensino Superior Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, Rio de Janeiro. Foram coletadas as seguintes informações: curso, sexo e o consumo alimentar nas refeições diárias, separadas por porções: desjejum, colação, almoço, lanche da tarde, jantar e ceia. Em seguida, os alimentos que os estudantes relataram consumir foram separados em quatro categorias: in natura; minimamente processado; processado e ultraprocessado, baseando-se nas nomenclaturas do Guia Alimentar Brasileiro. Resultados Foram coletados dados de 201 alunos, o equivalentes a 5% dos alunos matriculados nos cursos de Nutrição, Educação Física, Enfermagem, Administração, Farmácia, Psicologia, Engenharia Civil e Fisioterapia da Universidade Salgado de Oliveira. Observou-se um alto consumo de alimentos processados na amostra como um todo, porém de forma mais expressiva pelos alunos do curso de Engenharia Civil. Em contrapartida, o maior consumo de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados foi declarado pelos alunos do curso de Educação Física. Conclusão As análises mostraram que o consumo alimentar dos alunos do curso de Educação Física era mais saudável em termos de processamento, possivelmente devido ao cuidado maior desses alunos com a saúde física. Já os alunos do curso de Engenharia Civil consumiam mais alimentos ultraprocessados. O consumo prolongado de alimentos ultraprocessados e processados aumenta o risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, levando a um maior risco de mortalidade em longo prazo.

Objective To evaluate university students with a food frequency questionnaire (quantitative and qualitative), and classify the intake according to food processing. Methods This is a cross-sectional observational study, in which a questionnaire was sent to students from the following undergraduate courses: Nutrition, Physical Education, Nursing, Business Management, Pharmacy, Psychology, Civil Engineering and Physiotherapy of the Higher Education Institution at Salgado de Oliveira University, in Rio de Janeiro. The following information was collected: the undergraduate course, gender and food consumption separated by portions in daily meals: breakfast, mid-morning snack, lunch, afternoon snack, dinner and supper. Then, the foods were separated into four categories: fresh; minimally processed; processed; ultra-processed, based on the nomenclatures of the "Brazilian Food's Guide". Results The data were collected from 201 students, equivalent to 5% of the courses in Nutrition, Physical Education, Nursing, Business Management, Pharmacy, Psychology, Civil Engineering and Physiotherapy at Salgado de Oliveira University. It was observed a higher consumption of processed foods in the sample as a whole, however, the highest intake was in the Civil Engineering Course. On the other hand, the highest consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods was found in Physical Education Course students. Conclusion The analyzes showed that food consumption of Physical Education students proved to be healthier in terms of processing, possibly due to the greater care with the physical health of these students, while the students of Civil Engineering course consumed a worrisome diet with more ultra-processed and less fresh foods. The prolonged consumption of ultra-processed and processed foods increases the risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases, worsening the population's quality of life, leading to a higher risk of long-term mortality.

Food handling in the domestic environment: an online questionnaire study with respondents from 24 of 26 Brazilian states / Manipulação de alimentos no ambiente doméstico: um estudo realizado com emprego de questionário online respondido por habitantes de 24 dos 26 estados brasileiros

Using an online questionnaire, this study evaluated the profile of a Brazilian population's food handling practices in the home environment. The questionnaire, containing questions about domestic behavior in terms of hygiene and food handling, was built and available through social media sites. Information about the participants' profiles, their food pre-preparation, food preparation, and food post-preparation practices, and the occurrence of foodborne diseases (FBDs) was included in the questionnaire. A total of 701 responses were obtained. The interviewees included 78.31% female participants and 21.68% male participants, with an average age of 31.2 years. Nearly all (94.3%) had a complete or incomplete higher education. In the pre-preparation stage, the participants evaluated the shelf life (97.28%) and storage temperature (44.79%) of the products while purchasing them. Regarding food handling practices, only a few participants washed the food packages before storing them (31.95%) or removed hand jewelry or other adornments when washing food (61.48%). Most participants washed their hands (91.58%) and washed vegetables (99.28%). But a group of interviewees reported washing raw meat (27.81%) before preparing it. Cutting surfaces such as plastic (50.36%) and glass (49.36%) tops were the most prevalent in the study. Most respondents did not know how long they had been using their cutting boards (67.62%) and mentioned using the same surface to handle both raw and ready-to-eat products (84.17%). As for the preparation, most interviewees declared they did not check the food temperature during preparation (86.31%), ignoring the ideal cooking temperature (88.26%). Regarding the occurrence of FBDs, 79.17% of the interviewees reported having suspicious clinical signs associated with contaminated foods and 65.59% did not seek medical help. Thus, the participants demonstrated ignorance about adequate practices for food safety in the home environment, highlighting the need to conduct health education programs within the Brazilian population.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil das práticas de manipulação de alimentos no ambiente domiciliar no Brasil utilizando um questionário online. Um questionário contendo perguntas sobre comportamento doméstico em nível de higiene e manipulação de alimentos foi construído e disponibilizado por redes sociais. O questionário continha informações sobre o perfil dos participantes, suas práticas de pré-preparo, preparo e pós-preparo de alimentos e a ocorrência de doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTA). Obteve-se 701 respostas, os entrevistados foram 78,31% do sexo feminino e 21,68% do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 31,2 anos. A maioria (94,3%) possuia ensino superior completo ou incompleto. Na etapa de pré-preparo, os participantes avaliam o prazo de validade (97,28%) e a temperatura de armazenamento (44,79%) dos produtos no momento da compra. Em relação às práticas de manipulação dos alimentos, apenas alguns participantes lavavam as embalagens dos alimentos antes de armazená-los (31,95%) ou retiravam adornos ao lavar os alimentos (61,48%). A maioria dos participantes lavam as mãos (91,58%) e os vegetais (99,28%); entretanto, um grupo de entrevistados relatou lavar carne crua (27,81%) antes de prepará-la. Superfícies de corte como tábuas de plástico (50,36%) e de vidro (49,36%) foram os mais prevalentes no estudo. A maioria dos entrevistados não sabe há quanto tempo usa as tábuas de corte (67,62%) e utilizam a mesma superfície para manusear produtos crus e prontos para o consumo (84,17%). Quanto ao preparo, a maioria dos entrevistados declarou não verificar a temperatura dos alimentos durante o preparo (86,31%), ignorando a temperatura ideal de cozimento (88,26%). Em relação à ocorrência de DVA, 79,17% dos entrevistados relataram que já apresentaram sinais clínicos suspeitos associados a alimentos contaminados e 65,59% não procuraram atendimento médico. Nesse sentido, os participantes demonstraram desconhecimento sobre as práticas adequadas para a segurança dos alimentos no ambiente domiciliar, evidenciando a necessidade de realização de programas de educação em saúde com a população brasileira.(AU)

Evaluación de las Guías Alimentarias para la Población Argentina: inequidad según el nivel de ingreso por región / Evaluation of the Dietary Guidelines for the Argentine Population: inequality by income level and by region

NTRODUCCIÓN: Las Guías Alimentarias para la Población Argentina (GAPA) ofrecen recomendaciones para una alimentación saludable. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de las GAPA entre 1996 y 2018 según nivel de ingreso y por región del país en el período 2017-2018. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, con datos de gastos e ingresos de la Encuesta Nacional de Gastos de los Hogares de 1996-97, 2004-05, 2012-13 y 2017-18. Se comparó el consumo aparente promedio diario con las recomendaciones de cada uno de los grupos de alimentos de las guías. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo. RESULTADOS: Se observaron grupos de alimentos con consumo aparente inferior al recomendado, como verduras, frutas, leche, yogur, legumbres, frutas secas y semillas; grupos con consumo entre dos y tres veces superior al valor máximo establecido en las guías, como azúcares y grasas; y grupos con adecuada cantidad pero escasa variedad, como carnes, aceites, cereales, pan y pastas. A lo largo del tiempo se evidenció el progresivo alejamiento de las recomendaciones de frutas, leche, legumbres, frutas secas, semillas y alimentos de consumo opcional, más inadecuado en algunas regiones del país y más evidente en los hogares de menores ingresos. DISCUSIÓN: Se evidencian importantes diferencias cuantitativas y cualitativas entre lo recomendado y la alimentación argentina, con desbalances más acentuados en los grupos de mayor vulnerabilidad.