Eucalyptus oil nanoemulsions against eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus.

Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic and prevalent helminth that causes many deaths in sheep herds. Anthelmintics are usually employed to overcome this issue; however, they do not guarantee immediate and lasting efficacy because of the occurrence of drug-resistant parasites. Among substances that are used in scientific studies for parasitic control, essential oils are known to have different pharmacological properties. However, they demonstrate instability owing to several factors, and therefore, nanoemulsification is considered an alternative to control the instability and degradability of these compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of nanoemulsions containing essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus against the blood of healthy sheep and to verify their activity against the parasite H. contortus in sheep. The results presented adequate nanotechnological characteristics (diameter 72 nm, PDI 0.2, zeta -11 mV, and acidic pH) and adequate morphology. Further, the corona effect and cytotoxic profiles of the free oil and nanoemulsion against blood cells from healthy sheep were evaluated. The tests results did not present a toxicity profile. For evaluating efficacy, we observed an important anthelmintic action of the nanoemulsion containing oil in comparison to the free oil; the results demonstrate a potential role of the nanoemulsion in the inhibition of egg hatchability and the development of larvae L1 to L3 (infective stage). Based on these results, we developed an important and potential anthelmintic alternative for the control of the parasite H. contortus.

Formulation development of anti-rheumatoid gel of Saraca asoca (Roxb. ) De Wilde hydroalcoholic extract containing eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil as penetration enhancer

Abstract In the present research investigation, various concentrations of hydro-alcoholic extract of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde (family: Caesalpinaceae) dried bark and carbopol polymer at different temperature ranges were optimized for the preparation of gel formulation. Natural penetration enhancers, v.i.z., eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil were incorporated separately in the extract based gel formulations to study the rate of drug permeation across egg membrane, using franz diffusion cell. In vitro anti-arthritis potential of the formulations was also studied using inhibition of albumin denaturation, antiproteinase activity and membrane stabilization method. As per the results of current study, it is established that S. asoca dried bark hydroalcoholic extract based gel prepared using peppermint oil as penetration enhancer exhibited good permeation rate of 8.48% at the end of 3 h. The percentage inhibition of proteins by antiproteinase method at concentration of 50 µg/ml was 50.01±1.00% which was close to 53.92±0.99% as shown by the standard drug, Diclofenac. Also, the percent protein inhibition determined using membrane stabilization method was found to be 49.70±1.00%, however, it was 63.32±0.94% for the standard drug, Diclofenac. Hence, it is concluded that peppermint oil may act as a good candidate for the preparation of potent anti-rheumatic gel preparations.

Short-term changes related to autotetraploidy in essential oil composition of Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage and its applications in different bioassays.

Some forest trees have been polyploidized to improve their traits and to supply new germplasms for breeding programs. As trees have a long juvenile stage, the early characterization of the chromosome set doubling effects is crucial for previous selection. Thus, we aimed to characterize the chemical variability of essential oils from diploid and autotetraploid germplasms (autotetraploid A and B) of Eucalyptus benthamii, as well as to evaluate their larvicidal and allelopathic effects. Autotetraploid A showed a higher essential oil yield than diploid and autotetraploid B, which did not differ quantitatively. Aromadendrene, viridiflorol and α-pinene were the major compounds in the diploid essential oil. In contrast, compounds were present in autotetraploids, such as 1,8-cineole, limonene, α-terpineol, and α-terpinyl-acetate. Essential oils from the diploid at 50-200 ppm were twice as larvicidal than those from autotetraploids against Aedes aegypti larvae. Considering the phytotoxicity bioassays using Lactuca sativa, essential oils from both ploidy levels affected root growth. Moreover, the essential oils inhibited shoot growth at all concentrations tested (187.5; 375; 750; 1500; and 3000 ppm). Autotetraploid A and B had the same effect on shoot growth as glyphosate. The essential oils had no cytogenotoxic effect on root meristematic cells of L. sativa, whereas phytotoxic potential was identified mainly in shoot growth. This work demonstrated a dramatic change in secondary metabolism (terpene composition) related to an increase in the ploidy level in Eucalyptus germplasms. In addition, we report the novelty of the chemical composition of essential oils among germplasms and their potential use as larvicidal and post-emergence weed control agents.

In situ microemulsion-gel obtained from bioadhesive hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films for transdermal administration of zidovudine.

This study aims to develop in situ microemulsion-gel (ME-Gel) obtained from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films for transdermal administration of Zidovudine (AZT). Firstly, HPMC films containing propylene glycol (PG) and eucalyptus oil (EO) were obtained and characterized. Later, a pseudo-ternary phase diagram composed of water, EO, tween 80 and PG was obtained and one microemulsion (ME) with a similar proportion of the film components was obtained. ME was transformed in ME-Gel by the incorporation of HPMC. Finally, HPMC films were hydrated with Tween 80 solution to yield in situ ME-Gel and its effect on AZT skin permeation was compared with HPMC film hydrated with water (F5hyd). The results showed that the ME and ME-Gel presented a droplet size of 16.79 and 122.13 µm, respectively, polydispersity index (PDI) < 0.39 and pH between 5.10 and 5.40. The incorporation of HPMC resulted in viscosity about 2 times higher than the use of ME. The presence of AZT did not alter the formulation properties. The in situ ME-Gel promoted a two-fold increase in the permeated amount of AZT compared to F5hyd. The results suggest that it was possible to obtain an ME-Gel in situ from HPMC films and that its effect on transdermal permeation of AZT was significant.

Evaluation of the effect of coating vertex denture lining material with plant oils on microbial growth and hardness

Aims: To evaluate the effect of surface coating with natural plant oils (Salvia officinalis, ginger and eucalyptus) on Candida growth and the hardness of Vertex denture lining material. Materials and method: Forty five specimens were prepared from soft acrylic lining material, twenty five of which were 10x10x2mm in size for testing antifungal activity, and twenty samples were 20mm in diameter and 12mm in thickness, for testing shore A hardness after coating samples with three types of natural oils (Salvia officinalis, ginger and eucalyptus oils). Significant differences among the groups at (p≤0.05) level of significance were determined statistically with one way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test Result: Antifungal assay showed a significant difference between five groups regarding Candida albicans growth (p≤ 0.05). For the hardness test, comparing different times of storage in water (1, 7, 14, 30 days) revealed a significant difference within all groups (p≤0. 05). While comparing the groups coated with natural oils with the control group, significant differences were found between different times of storage in water (1, 7, 30 day) (p≤0.05), except at 14 days of water storage there was no significant difference between groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: All tested natural oils were effective as fungicidal agents and increased the softness and duration of soft acrylic lining material.

Stability and antimicrobial activity of eucalyptus essential oil emulsions.

We evaluated various formulations of oil-in-water emulsions prepared from eucalyptus essential oil, for their stability and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These formulations were developed using a response surface experimental design and analyzed with Design-Expert® 10 software. The emulsions were prepared in a colloid mill, and emulsion characterization was performed using the zeta ( ζ)-potential, droplet size distribution, and phase separation. The antimicrobial effects were assessed by death kinetics. The droplet size and ζ-potential of the 16 emulsions ranged from 1.071 to 1.865 µm (based on Feret's diameter) and -34.8 to -24 mV, respectively. Three formulations (14, 15, and 16) demonstrated the highest stability parameters (no phase separation) during the 28 days of evaluation. Eucalyptus essential oil emulsions exhibited antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa in less than 1 min.

Eucalyptus oil to mitigate heat stress in broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate performance, hematological parameters, leukocyte counts, and respiratory microbiota of broilers under heat stress receiving eucalyptus oil supplementation. Cobb broilers (n = 1200) were randomly distributed on the first day of life in a factorial arrangement with additional treatment (2 × 2 + 1) with two periods of oil administration via drinking water (daily, from 18 to 35 days of life) and two periods of oil administration via spray (daily, from 18 to 35 days of age) plus a control treatment, consisting of twelve replications, with 20 animals each. The birds were kept in a controlled environment with constant temperature at 32 °C to induce heat stress by infrared heaters. Eucalyptus oil was supplied by drinking water (1 L of oil to 4000 L of water) or by spray applications with a pump (1 L of oil to 200 L of water). Bird weight was recorded at 42 days of age, along with remaining feed, to determine weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion. In addition, one blood sample from each bird repetition was collected for hematological and leucocytic evaluation. To assess respiratory microbiota, a tracheal flushing was performed for bacteria counts. There was no difference in performance, hematological parameters, and leukocyte counts, except hematocrit, which was lower in birds that received eucalyptus oil after 18 days of age. No significant differences were observed in the respiratory microbiota comparing oil-treated and -untreated groups. Although it was not possible to verify statistical difference, the birds that received eucalyptus oil via spray plus spray from 18 days old showed lower bacterial counts and absence of isolation of Gram negatives, while the control group was the one with the highest number of Gram negatives. Therefore, eucalyptus oil can be used for heat-stressed broilers without impairing their development.(AU)

Low Dose of Nanocapsules Containing Eucalyptus Oil Has Beneficial Repellent Effect Against Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

For the first time, the repellent and insecticidal effects of eucalypt essential oil (Eucalyptus globulus) in its free form and associated with different nanostructures (nanoemulsion and nanocapsules) were investigated against Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) and Haemotobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) flies. Specimens of M. domestica were collected, separated into groups (n = 10), treated with aspersion of essential oil of eucalypt in its free (1, 5, and 10%) and nanostructured (nanoemulsion or nanoencapsulated at 1, 3, and 5%, respectively) forms. The determination of the insecticidal effect was performed by counting the number of dead flies at intervals of 30, 60, 120, 360 and 750 min after oil aspersion. E. globulus essential oil showed insecticidal effect against M. domestica at concentrations of 1 and 5%. Eucalypt essential oil (10%) caused 100% mortality of M. domestica after 750 min of the treatment. Nanocapsules (3 and 5%) showed efficacy by reducing the number of flies. On the other hand, nanoemulsion did not show insecticidal effect. The repellent action of E. globulus concentrations of 5% was tested against H. irritans on naturally infested cows. The repellent action against H. irritans was verified soon after pulverization. After 24 h, a significant reduction on horn flies' population (83.33 and 66.66%) was observed using free and nanoencapsulated forms tested, respectively. E. globulus essential oil demonstrated insecticidal and repellent effects against M. domestica and H. irritans flies.

Effects of Temephos, Permethrin, and Eucalyptus nitens Essential Oil on Survival and Swimming Behavior of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae.

An essential strategy to deal with mosquito-borne diseases is the control of larvae in their development sites. The mosquitoes Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), a malaria vector, and Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), vector of dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses, breed in very different habitats. Insecticide treatments of mosquito larvae focus mainly on their lethal effects. However, insecticide degradation or the poor dosage of larvicides will invariably lead to the sublethal exposure of a target (and nontarget) species, the nonlethal effects of these compounds may have important effects on vital insect activities, and therefore their evaluation is necessary. In this study, we assessed the survival and swimming behavior of larvae of Ae. aegypti and An. pseudopunctipennis exposed to increasing concentrations of three larvicides. We found that Ae. aegypti, was more sensitive to the larvicides than An. pseudopunctipennis, we also observed an overall decrease in the movement of those larvae of both species, which survive the treatments. This decrease might have ecological relevance in their natural habitats, increasing the chance to be predated and decreasing their ability to obtain food. Finally, this information will be valuable to assist authorities to make decisions in the implementation of further control programs.

Evaluation of the selective antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus globulus and Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus essential oils individually and in combination on Enterococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus.

Essential oils (EOs), as substitutes for antibiotics in animal diets, should have selective antibacterial activity between pathogenic and beneficial bacteria from the animal gut. Thus, this study evaluated the selective antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus globulus (EG) and Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (PP) EOs on Enterococcus faecalis as a surrogate model of pathogenic bacterium and on Lactobacillus rhamnosus as a beneficial bacterium model. The EOs antibacterial activity was evaluated by determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBCs), and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices. The time-kill and sequential exposure assays were also performed, but using only the EG oil, which was the best selective EO, since it had a MIC lower on E. faecalis (7.4 mg/mL) than on L. rhamnosus (14.8 mg/mL). FIC index values showed that the combination of the two EOs had an indifferent effect (1.25 and 2.03) on E. faecalis and an additive effect (1.00) on L. rhamnosus. The time-kill assay showed that EG oil was able to kill E. faecalis within 15 min of treatment (∼5 log reduction) and caused a reduction ∼3 log of L. rhamnosus viability. The sequential exposure assay showed that EG oil (at MIC/2) produced higher reduction on E. faecalis viability (∼3 log) than on L. rhamnosus (∼2 log) as well. Therefore, L. rhamnosus presented higher tolerance to the antibacterial activity of EG oil than E. faecalis did.

[Insecticidal action of synthetic girgensohnine analogues and essential oils on Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)].

INTRODUCTION: The alkaloid girgensohnine has been used as a natural model in the synthesis of new alkaloid-like alpha-aminonitriles with insecticidal effect against disease vectors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biocide activity of girgensohnine analogues and essential oils of Cymbopogon flexuosus, Citrus sinensis and Eucalyptus citriodora in stage I and stage V Rhodnius prolixus nymphs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a topical application model in tergites and sternites, as well as exposure to treated surfaces with different exploratory doses of each of the molecules and essential oils to determine the lethal doses (LD50 and LD95). RESULTS: Analogue 3 showed the highest insecticidal activity with 83.3±16.7% of mortality when applied on tergites, 38.9±4.8% on sternites and 16.7±0% on treated surfaces in stage I nymphs at 72 hours (h) and 500 mg.L-1. In stage V nymphs, the compounds induced mortality only in sternums (11.1±9.6% for analogue 6 and 5.5±4.7% for analogues 3 and 7 at 72 h and 1500 mg.L-1). The lethal doses for molecule 3 on tergites in stage I nymphs were LD50 225.60 mg.L-1 and LD95 955.90 mg.L-1. The insecticidal effect of essential oils was observed only in stage I nymphs, with 11.1±4.8% for C. flexuosus when applied in sternites, while using exposure to surfaces treated it was 5.6±4.8% for C. sinensis applied on tergites and 8.3±0% on sternites at 72 h and 1000 mg.L-1. CONCLUSION: Synthetic girgensohnine analogues, and C. flexuosus and C. sinensis essential oils showed insecticidal activity in R. prolixus. Analogue 3 showed the greatest insecticidal activity among all molecules and oils evaluated under our laboratory conditions.

Insecticidal action of synthetic girgensohnine analogues and essential oils on Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) / Acción insecticida de análogos sintéticos de girgensohnina y de aceites esenciales sobre Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The alkaloid girgensohnine has been used as a natural model in the synthesis of new alkaloid-like alpha-aminonitriles with insecticidal effect against disease vectors. Objective: To evaluate the biocide activity of girgensohnine analogues and essential oils of Cymbopogon flexuosus, Citrus sinensis and Eucalyptus citriodora in stage I and stage V Rhodnius prolixus nymphs. Materials and methods: We used a topical application model in tergites and sternites, as well as exposure to treated surfaces with different exploratory doses of each of the molecules and essential oils to determine the lethal doses (LD50 and LD95). Results: Analogue 3 showed the highest insecticidal activity with 83.3±16.7% of mortality when applied on tergites, 38.9±4.8% on sternites and 16.7±0% on treated surfaces in stage I nymphs at 72 hours (h) and 500 mg.L-1. In stage V nymphs, the compounds induced mortality only in sternums (11.1±9.6% for analogue 6 and 5.5±4.7% for analogues 3 and 7 at 72 h and 1500 mg.L-1). The lethal doses for molecule 3 on tergites in stage I nymphs were LD50 225.60 mg.L-1 and LD95 955.90 mg.L-1. The insecticidal effect of essential oils was observed only in stage I nymphs, with 11.1±4.8% for C. flexuosus when applied in sternites, while using exposure to surfaces treated it was 5.6±4.8% for C. sinensis applied on tergites and 8.3±0% on sternites at 72 h and 1000 mg.L-1. Conclusion: Synthetic girgensohnine analogues, and C. flexuosus and C. sinensis essential oils showed insecticidal activity in R. prolixus. Analogue 3 showed the greatest insecticidal activity among all molecules and oils evaluated under our laboratory conditions.

RESUMEN Introducción. El alcaloide natural girgensohnina se ha usado como modelo en la síntesis de nuevos análogos de alcaloidales alfa-aminonitrílicos con efecto insecticida en vectores de enfermedades. Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad biocida de análogos de girgensohnina y de aceites esenciales de las plantas Cymbopogon flexuosus, Citrus sinensis y Eucalyptus citriodora en ninfas de estadios I y V de Rhodnius prolixus. Materiales y métodos. Se empleó la aplicación tópica en terguitos, esternitos y superficies tratadas con diferentes dosis exploratorias de cada una de las moléculas y aceites esenciales para determinar las dosis letales (LD50 y LD95). Resultados. El análogo 3 tuvo la mayor actividad insecticida, con una mortalidad de 83,3±16,7% en los terguitos, de 38,9±4,8 % en los esternitos y de 16,7±0 % a las 72 horas en ninfas de estadioI expuestas a superficies tratadas y 500 mg.L-1. En las ninfas de estadio V solo se presentó mortalidad en los esternitos (11,1±9,6 % con el análogo 6 y 5,5±4,7 % con los análogos 3 y 7 a las 72 h y 1.500 mg.L-1). Las dosis letales para la molécula 3 en los terguitos de ninfas de estadio I fueron las siguientes: DL50, 225,60 mg.L-1 y DL95, 955,90 mg.L-1. En cuanto a los aceites esenciales, el efecto insecticida solo se presentó con C. flexuosus (11,1±4,8%) en los esternitos de ninfas de estadio I expuestas a superficies tratadas; con C. sinensis (5,6±4,8%) en los terguitos y en los esternitos (8,3±0%) a las 72 horas y 1.000 mg.L-1. Conclusión. Los análogos sintéticos del alcaloide girgensohnina y los aceites esenciales de C. flexuosus y C. sinensis exhibieron actividad insecticida en R. prolixus. El análogo 3 exhibió la mayor actividad insecticida de todas las moléculas evaluadas bajo las condiciones de laboratorio.

[Pediculicide effect of a Eucaliptus globulus L formulation]. / Efecto pediculicida de una formulación en base a Eucaliptus globulus L.

INTRODUCTION: Pediculosis capitis is a public health problem with a high prevalence. The emergence of parasite resistance to conventional pediculicide is of great concern worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To develop alternatives pediculicide, effective and safe, based on the essential oil of Eucaliptus globulus. METHOD: Through bioassays active concentrations ranges of the essential oil were established, and proceeded to develop a standardized, stable, pharmaceutical form, evaluating its effects on our population. RESULTS: The results showed 100% effectiveness; short time of death, ovicidal action, activity on the adhesion of the egg, and low toxicity. DISCUSSION: In addition to great effect, the inability of the parasite to become resistant to the chemical composition of the essential oil makes this formulation an alternative to the problem of head lice solution.

Efecto pediculicida de una formulación en base a Eucaliptus globulus L / Pediculicide effect of a Eucaliptus globulus L formulation

Introduction: Pediculosis capitis is a public health problem with a high prevalence. The emergence of parasite resistance to conventional pediculicide is of great concern worldwide. Objective: To develop alternatives pediculicide, effective and safe, based on the essential oil of Eucaliptus globulus. Method: Through bioassays active concentrations ranges of the essential oil were established, and proceeded to develop a standardized, stable, pharmaceutical form, evaluating its effects on our population. Results: The results showed 100% effectiveness; short time of death, ovicidal action, activity on the adhesion of the egg, and low toxicity. Discussion: In addition to great effect, the inability of the parasite to become resistant to the chemical composition of the essential oil makes this formulation an alternative to the problem of head lice solution.

Introducción: La pediculosis capitis es un problema de salud pública con una alta prevalencia. La aparición de resistencia del parásito a los pediculicidas convencionales es de gran preocupación a nivel mundial. Objetivo: Desarrollar alternativas pediculicidas, efectivas y seguras, en base al aceite esencial de Eucaliptus globulus. Método: A través de bioensayos se establecieron rangos de concentraciones activas del aceite esencial, y se procedió al desarrollo de una forma farmacéutica, estandarizada, estable, evaluando sus efectos en nuestra población. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron 100% de efectividad; corto tiempo de muerte, acción ovicida, actividad sobre la adherencia del huevo, y baja toxicidad. Discusión: Además de la gran efectividad, la imposibilidad del parásito de adquirir resistencia a la composición química del aceite esencial hace de esta formulación una solución alternativa al problema de la pediculosis.

Bioestimulação micorrízica com óleo essencial em mudas de Enterolobium contorsiliquum e Bauhinia forficata em solo contaminado com cobre / Mycorrhizal bioestimulation with essential oil on Enterolobium contorsiliquum and Bauhinia forficata seedlings in soil contaminated with copper

O uso de espécies arbóreas nativas inoculadas com fungo ectomicorrízico pode ser uma alternativa para revegetação de solo contaminado com cobre. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a interferência do óleo essencial de eucalipto, cobre e ectomicorriza na qualidade de mudas de timbaúva-preta (Enterolobium contorsiliquum) e pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia forficata). O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação por 120 dias, usando como substrato a camada de 0 20 cm de um Latossolo Vermelho com textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial (2 x 2 x 2), sendo com e sem inoculante ectomicorrízico, óleo essencial e adição de 150 mg kg-1 de cobre no solo. Avaliou-se a altura da planta, diâmetro de colo, massa seca da parte aérea, das raízes e total, comprimento e área superficial específica radicular e a qualidade das mudas pelas relações entre: altura da parte aérea e diâmetro do colo, altura da parte aérea e massa seca da parte aérea e pelo índice de qualidade de Dickson. A formação da ectomicorriza foi identificada pela visualização de estruturas fúngicas na morfologia externa e interna do sistema radicular. A adição de cobre reduziu o diâmetro do colo e massa seca da parte aérea das mudas de pata-de-vaca independente da adição de inoculante e óleo. Não houve formação de ectomicorriza, mesmo quando aplicado óleo essencial nas mudas da timbaúva-preta e pata-de-vaca. O crescimento das mudas da timbaúva-preta é estimulado pela adição de 150 mg kg-1 de cobre e apresenta maior índice de qualidade de mudas em relação a pata-de-vaca.(AU)

The use of native tree species inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungus can be an alternative for revegetation of soil contaminated with copper. The objective was to evaluate the interference of eucalyptus essential oil copper and ectomycorrhiza on growth and quality of seedlings timbaúva-preta (Enterolobium contorsiliquum) and pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia forficata). The study was conducted in greenhouse for 120 days using as substrate the layer of 0-20 cm of a Red Oxisol with very clayey texture. The experimental design was completely randomized factorial (2 x 2 x 2), and with and without inoculant ectomycorrhizal essential oil and addition of 150 mg kg-1 of copper in the soil . Was evaluated the plant height, stem diameter, dry mass of shoots, roots and total length and specific surface area and root seedling quality of relations between: shoot height and stem diameter, shoot height and dry mass of shoots and the quality index of Dickson. The formation of ectomycorrhiza was identified by visualization of fungal structures and surface morphology internal and external morphology of the root system. Addition of copper reduced de stems diameter and dry mass of de aerial part of the pata-de-vaca seedlings regardless of the addition of inoculant and oil. There was no formation of ectomycorrhiza, even when applied in the essential oil of seedlings timbaúva-preta and pata-de-vaca. Growth of timbaúva-preta seedlings is stimulated by the addition of 150 mg kg 1 of copper and has a higher rate of seedling quality in relation to pata-de-vaca.(AU)

Bioestimulação micorrízica com óleo essencial em mudas de Enterolobium contorsiliquum e Bauhinia forficata em solo contaminado com cobre / Mycorrhizal bioestimulation with essential oil on Enterolobium contorsiliquum and Bauhinia forficata seedlings in soil contaminated with copper

O uso de espécies arbóreas nativas inoculadas com fungo ectomicorrízico pode ser uma alternativa para revegetação de solo contaminado com cobre. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a interferência do óleo essencial de eucalipto, cobre e ectomicorriza na qualidade de mudas de timbaúva-preta (Enterolobium contorsiliquum) e pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia forficata). O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação por 120 dias, usando como substrato a camada de 0 20 cm de um Latossolo Vermelho com textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial (2 x 2 x 2), sendo com e sem inoculante ectomicorrízico, óleo essencial e adição de 150 mg kg-1 de cobre no solo. Avaliou-se a altura da planta, diâmetro de colo, massa seca da parte aérea, das raízes e total, comprimento e área superficial específica radicular e a qualidade das mudas pelas relações entre: altura da parte aérea e diâmetro do colo, altura da parte aérea e massa seca da parte aérea e pelo índice de qualidade de Dickson. A formação da ectomicorriza foi identificada pela visualização de estruturas fúngicas na morfologia externa e interna do sistema radicular. A adição de cobre reduziu o diâmetro do colo e massa seca da parte aérea das mudas de pata-de-vaca independente da adição de inoculante e óleo. Não houve formação de ectomicorriza, mesmo quando aplicado óleo essencial nas mudas da timbaúva-preta e pata-de-vaca. O crescimento das mudas da timbaúva-preta é estimulado pela adição de 150 mg kg-1 de cobre e apresenta maior índice de qualidade de mudas em relação a pata-de-vaca.

The use of native tree species inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungus can be an alternative for revegetation of soil contaminated with copper. The objective was to evaluate the interference of eucalyptus essential oil copper and ectomycorrhiza on growth and quality of seedlings timbaúva-preta (Enterolobium contorsiliquum) and pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia forficata). The study was conducted in greenhouse for 120 days using as substrate the layer of 0-20 cm of a Red Oxisol with very clayey texture. The experimental design was completely randomized factorial (2 x 2 x 2), and with and without inoculant ectomycorrhizal essential oil and addition of 150 mg kg-1 of copper in the soil . Was evaluated the plant height, stem diameter, dry mass of shoots, roots and total length and specific surface area and root seedling quality of relations between: shoot height and stem diameter, shoot height and dry mass of shoots and the quality index of Dickson. The formation of ectomycorrhiza was identified by visualization of fungal structures and surface morphology internal and external morphology of the root system. Addition of copper reduced de stems diameter and dry mass of de aerial part of the pata-de-vaca seedlings regardless of the addition of inoculant and oil. There was no formation of ectomycorrhiza, even when applied in the essential oil of seedlings timbaúva-preta and pata-de-vaca. Growth of timbaúva-preta seedlings is stimulated by the addition of 150 mg kg – 1 of copper and has a higher rate of seedling quality in relation to pata-de-vaca.

Desinfecção das mudas com óleo de eucalipto na produção e controle de doenças da mandioquinha-salsa / Disinfection of cuttings with eucalyptus oil on yield and disease control of Peruvian carrot

O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o efeito de doses e tempos de imersão em óleo de eucalipto (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), utilizado na desinfecção das mudas, na produção e no controle de doenças da mandioquinha-salsa 'Amarela de Carandaí'. Foram avaliados nove tratamentos (0,45%/18"; 1,05%/18"; 0,45%/42"; 1,05%/42"; 0,75%/30"; 0,075%/18"; 1,425%/42"; 0,45%/3" e 1,05%/57"), no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As mudas (rebentos) foram selecionadas, imersas nas soluções conforme os tratamentos e deixadas para secar. No dia do plantio, os rebentos foram cortados horizontalmente na parte basal e colocados no fundo dos sulcos, com o ápice para cima. A colheita foi realizada aos 229 dias após o plantio. Os maiores estandes iniciais e finais foram sob as doses de óleo menores que 1,0% e tempos de imersão variando entre 3" e 42". A interação dose de óleo de eucalipto e tempo de imersão das mudas influenciaram significativamente as produções de massa fresca de folhas (2,49 t ha-1, sob 0,30%/0,02"), rebentos (2,32 t ha-1, sob 0,38%/33,26") e raiz comercial (3,32 t ha-1, sob 0,44%/39,21" ) e as massas secas de coroa (0,38 t ha-1, sob 0,76%/36,57") e de raiz comercial (0,65 t ha-1, sob 0,20%/17,9" ). As mudas de mandioquinha-salsa devem ser desinfectadas com óleo de eucalipto em doses menores que 0,5% e com imersão na solução em torno de 40", para obter-se menor incidência e severidade de doenças foliares e maior produção de raízes comerciais

The aim of this work was to study the effect of eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) which was used in disinfection of cuttings in different doses and periods of immersion, on yield and disease control of 'Amarela de Carandaí' Peruvian carrot. Nine treatments (0.45%/18"; 1.05%/18"; 0.45%/42"; 1.05%/42"; 0.75%/30"; 0.075%/18"; 1.425%/42"; 0.45%/3" and 1.05%/57") were evaluated in randomized block experimental design, with four replications. Before planting, cuttings (shoots) were selected, immersed in solutions as treatments and left to dry. The adherence of the oil was better using spreader-sticker. On planting day, shoots were cut horizontally at basal part and put at the bottom of the furrows, with their apices to upside. Harvest was done on 229 days after planting. The greatest initial and final stations were under doses of oil that were smaller than 1.0% and under periods of immersion that varied between 3" and 42". Dose of eucalyptus and period of immersion of cuttings interaction influenced significantly yields of fresh mass of leaves (2.49 t ha-1, under 0.30/0.02"), shoots (2.32 t ha-1, under 0.38%/33.26") and commercial root (3.32 t ha-1, under 0.44%/39.21") and dried masses of crowns (0.38 t ha-1, under 0.76/36.57") and of commercial root (0.65 t ha-1, under 0.20%/17.9"). It was concluded that Peruvian carrot cuttings must be disinfected with eucalyptus oil in doses smaller than 0.5% and with immersion around 40", in order to obtain the smallest incidence and severity of foliar diseases and the greatest yield of commercial roots.

The fumigant and repellent activity of aliphatic lactones against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae).

New alternative insecticides are necessary for the chemical control of head lice. In this study the fumigant knockdown time 50% (KT50) and repellency index (RI) of three aliphatic lactones was compared with two essential oils and DDVP, against permethrin-resistance Pediculus humanus capitis from Argentina. In the fumigant assay, none of the lactones were effective compared to the highest activity of eucalyptus (KT50 15.53 m). In the repellency test, the three lactones were equally or more effective (RI ranging from 60.50 to 76.68) than the positive control (piperonal). These lactones are promising as head lice repellents.