Clinical characteristics of pyogenic liver abscess with and without biliary surgery history: a retrospective single-center experience.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is a common hepatobiliary infection that has been shown to have an increasing incidence, with biliary surgery being identified as a trigger. Our aim was to investigate the clinical characteristics and treatments of PLA patients with and without a history of biliary surgery (BS). METHODS: The study included a total of 353 patients with PLA who received treatment at our hospital between January 2014 and February 2023. These patients were categorized into two groups: the BS group (n = 91) and the non-BS group (n = 262). In the BS group, according to the anastomosis method, they were further divided into bilioenteric anastomoses group (BEA, n = 22) and non-bilioenteric anastomoses group (non-BEA, n = 69). Clinical characteristics were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: The percentage of PLA patients with BS history was 25.78%. The BS group exhibited elevated levels of TBIL and activated APTT abnormalities (P = 0.009 and P = 0.041, respectively). Within the BS group, the BEA subgroup had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (P < 0.001) and solitary abscesses (P = 0.008) compared to the non-BEA subgroup. Escherichia coli was more frequently detected in the BS group, as evidenced by positive pus cultures (P = 0.021). The BS group exhibited reduced treatment efficacy compared to those non-BS history (P = 0.020). Intriguingly, the BS group received a higher proportion of conservative treatment (45.05% vs. 21.76%), along with reduced utilization of surgical drainage (6.59% vs. 16.41%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with BS history, especially those who have undergone BEA, have an increased susceptibility to PLA formation without affecting prognosis.

[A Thrombus in the Right Atrium Associated with Pyogenic Liver Abscess].

Hepatic abscesses are divided into bacterial and amoebic types. Although the prognosis of bacterial liver abscesses has improved owing to progress in drainage techniques and antimicrobial agents, poor outcomes remain common. While there have been some reports of amoebic liver abscesses complicated by thrombosis, bacterial liver abscesses and subsequent thrombus in the right atrium are very rare. We herein report the case of an 82-year-old man. He had suffered acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis 10 months previously, and bile culture yielded Enterococcus faecalis. In the present case, a right atrial thrombus caused by a bacterial liver abscess was observed and the causative organism was thought to be Enterococcus faecalis, for which was detected in a blood culture was positive. The patient was successfully treated with hepatic abscess drainage and surgical right atrial thrombectomy under cardiopulmonary bypass with a beating heart.

Laparoscopic hepatectomy for the treatment of pyogenic liver abscess: A retrospective case-control study.

Percutaneous catheter drainage is the first-line treatment for pyogenic liver abscess (PLA). Some patients need hepatectomy because of underling hepatobiliary pathology or unresponsiveness to nonoperative treatment, the traditional method is open hepatectomy (OH). Laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) for PLA is rarely reported. The purpose of this study is to describe our experience of LH for treating PLA and to compare LH with OH. The medical records of patients who underwent LH for treating PLA were retrospectively analyzed, and the results were compared with those of patients with OH. From January 2015 to December 2021, 61 patients with PLA underwent hepatectomy, and 28 patients who underwent LH (LH group) were compared with 33 patients who underwent OH (OH group). There were no significant differences in the basic data between the 2 groups. Two patients in the LH group were converted to open surgery due to hemorrhage and dense perihepatic adhesions, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the operation time (186.2 ±â€…85.6 vs. 175.9 ±â€…76.7 minutes, P = .239), Institut Mutualiste Montsouris classification, extent of hepatectomy and drainage tube removal time, however, the blood loss (200.0 ±â€…100.5 vs. 470.9 ±â€…120.1 mL, P = .003), numerical rating scale (5.2 ±â€…1.8 vs. 9.1 ±â€…1.6, P = .042), the time to resume oral diet (12.3 ±â€…6.5 vs. 24.6 ±â€…10.2 hours, P = .005), the ambulant time (20.2 ±â€…7.3 vs. 40.2 ±â€…10.8 hours, P = .010), incidence of postoperative complications (14.3% vs.33.3%, P = .002), comprehensive complication index (46.2 vs. 60.6, P = .013), postoperative hospital stay (8.5 ±â€…7.3 vs. 13.5 ±â€…10.2 days, P = .025) in the LH group was significantly less than that in the OH group. Wit experience laparoscopic surgeons, treating PLA by LH is safe and feasible and compares favorably with OH.

Pyogenic Liver Abscess Complicating Acute Cholecystitis: Different Management Options.

Acute cholecystitis, which is usually associated with gallstones is one of the most common surgical causes of emergency hospital admission and may be further complicated by mural necrosis, perforation and abscess formation. Perforation of the gallbladder is a relatively uncommon complication of acute cholecystitis (0.8-3.2% in recent reviews). The intrahepatic perforation causing a liver abscess is an extremely rare condition, anecdotally reported in the scientific literature, even in the rare types of subacute or acute perforation. Liver abscess caused by gallbladder perforation can be a life-threatening complication with a reported mortality of 5.6%. The treatment of synchronous pyogenic liver abscess and acute cholecystitis may be challenging. We reported three cases of liver abscess due to acute cholecystitis in which different therapeutical approaches were employed. The first case was treated with antibiotics and interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy; the second case was treated with emergency cholecystectomy; and the third case with percutaneous aspiration of the abscess only. The appropriate therapeutical method in these cases depends on the patient's clinical condition, the on-site expertise that is available in the hospital, and the experience of the surgeon.

Absceso hepático piógeno. Presentación de un caso / Pyogenic liver abscess. Presentation of a case / Abscesso hepático piogênico. Apresentação de um caso

RESUMEN Se presentó el caso clínico de un anciano de 79 años de edad con alcoholismo crónico y otras comorbilidades asociadas, ingresado por fiebre de tres días de evolución y sospecha de dengue en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo", de la provincia Santiago de Cuba. Por consenso multidisciplinario se diagnosticó absceso hepático piógeno de los subsegmentos VII-VIII del hígado. Se realizó laparotomía de urgencia con drenaje de la colección purulenta. Presentó infección superficial del sitio operatorio, pero la evolución posoperatoria fue satisfactoria y se egresó curado 7 días después.

ABSTRACT The clinical case of a 79-year-old man with chronic alcoholism and other associated comorbidities presented, admitted with a fever of three days of evolution and suspected diagnosis of dengue at the Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo", from Santiago de Cuba province. By multidisciplinary consensus, a pyogenic liver abscess of subsegments VII-VIII of the liver was diagnosed. An emergency laparotomy was performed with drainage of the purulent collection. He presented superficial infection of the surgical site, but the postoperative evolution was satisfactory and he was discharged cured 7 days later.

RESUMO Foi apresentado o caso clínico de um idoso de 79 anos com alcoolismo crónico e outras comorbidades associadas, internado por febre de três dias de evolução e suspeita de dengue no Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo", da província de Santiago de Cuba. Por consenso multidisciplinar, foi diagnosticado um abscesso hepático piogênico dos subsegmentos VII-VIII do fígado. Foi realizada laparotomia de emergência com drenagem da coleção purulenta. Apresentou infecção superficial no sítio operatório, mas a evolução pós-operatória foi satisfatória e teve alta curado 7 dias após.

A case report of a lung abscess as a rare complication of a pyogenic liver abscess.

RATIONALE: A hepatobronchial fistula and lung abscess following a pyogenic liver abscess is a rare entity and it is not easy to diagnose this condition based on the symptoms and chest radiography. PATIENT CONCERNS: An 81-year-old man presented with productive cough and dyspnea. DIAGNOSIS: Chest radiography indicated increased opacities in the right lower lung field with an air-fluid level suggestive of pneumonia complicated by a lung abscess. Chest and abdominal computed tomography revealed an abscess in the right lower lung field that bordered an abscess at segment 7 of the liver. Tubography confirmed a fistula between the liver and lung abscesses. INTERVENTIONS: Due to communication between 2 abscesses, transhepatic approach was done instead of transpleural approach to avoid complications. OUTCOMES: A liver abscess complicated by a lung abscess was resolved following percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the liver abscess and antibiotic administration. LESSONS: Though uncommon, the lack of suspicion of sub-diaphragmatic liver abscess often lead to a delay in diagnosis and proper treatment. Our case implies the importance of computed tomography in early diagnosis of liver abscess in case of lung abscess in the right lower lung field.

Late presentation of 'Lemierre's syndrome': how a delay in seeking healthcare and reduced access to routine services resulted in widely disseminated Fusobacterium necrophorum infection during the global COVID-19 pandemic.

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has disrupted the delivery of routine healthcare services on a global scale. With many regions suspending the provision of non-essential healthcare services, there is a risk that patients with common treatable illnesses do not receive prompt treatment, leading to more serious and complex presentations at a later date. Lemierre's syndrome is a potentially life-threatening and under-recognised sequela of an oropharyngeal or dental infection. It is characterised by septic embolisation of the gram-negative bacillus Fusobacterium necrophorum to a variety of different organs, most commonly to the lungs. Thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein is frequently identified. We describe an atypical case of Lemierre's syndrome involving the brain, liver and lungs following a dental infection in a young male who delayed seeking dental or medical attention due to a lack of routine services and concerns about the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak.

[Pyogenic liver abscesses]. / Abcès hépatique pyogène.

Pyogenic-liver abscess is a relatively rare entity in Europe. Due to unspecific clinical and biological findings, the diagnosis can be difficult. Imaging by ultrasound, CT-scan or MRI is important to confirm the diagnosis and to determine further investigations and treatment. According to the characteristics of the abscess, a surgical intervention may be necessary, particularly is the abscess diameter is bigger than 5 cm. This can be done either by surgery or by percutaneous drainage (needle aspiration versus catheter drainage). Obtaining adequate microbiologic cultures is important to identify the responsible pathogens and their resistance profile before starting broad spectrum antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment should be adapted to microbiologic results. The recommended treatment duration is usually between 4 and 6 weeks according to clinical evolution.

L'abcès hépatique pyogène (AHP)est un abcès causé par des bactéries. Le diagnostic peut être difficile à poser en raison d'un tableau clinique et biologique aspécifique. L'examen radiologique qu'il soit par échographie, scanner ou IRM a un rôle clé afin d'asseoir le diagnostic. Les caractéristiques morphologiques de l'AHP permettent de déterminer le traitement, qu'il soit conservateur par antibiothérapie seule ou invasif par voie percutanée ou chirurgical. Les examens bactériologiques ont un rôle clé afin d'identifier les bactéries responsables ainsi que leur profil de résistance. Une antibiothérapie empirique doit être introduite dès que les prélèvements bactériologiques ont été effectués, puis être par la suite adapté aux résultats microbiologiques. La durée de traitement est de 4 à 6 semaines selon l'évolution clinique.

Prognostic nomogram for the combination therapy of percutaneous catheter drainage and antibiotics in pyogenic liver abscess patients.

PURPOSE: To identify the predictors for recovery of pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) patients treated with percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) and antibiotics, and then develop an effective nomogram to predict the recovery time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The retrospective study included consecutive PLA patients treated with PCD and antibiotics. We defined the overall recovery time (ORT) as the time from the PCD procedure to the time of clinical success or failure. Based on the ORT, its predictors were identified with univariate and multivariate analyses. Then, a nomogram was developed to predict the ORT, and was internally validated by using Harrell's c statistic. RESULTS: A total of 116 patients and 142 PCD procedures with a median ORT of 15.0±10.6 days were included. Gas-formation (GF; HR: 0.486 [95% CI 0.312-0.757]; P = 0.001), diabetes mellitus (DM; HR: 0.455 [95% CI 0.303-0.682]; P<0.001), and preinterventional septic shock (PSS; HR: 0.276 [95% CI 0.158-0.483]; P < 0.001) were identified as predictors for the ORT of combination therapy after univariate and multivariate analyses, which indicated a significantly longer ORT than those patients without. The prognostic analyses demonstrated that the more predictors (GF, DM, and PSS) a patient exhibited, the longer ORT for the combination therapy. A nomogram was developed to predict the ORT and revealed high accuracy, with Harrell's c statistic of 0.73. CONCLUSION: GF, DM, and PSS were predictors for the recovery of PLA patients treated with PCD and antibiotics. The nomogram was effective in predicting the ORT of combination therapy.

Minimally Invasive Surgical Management as Effective First-Line Treatment of Large Pyogenic Hepatic Abscesses.

Management of pyogenic hepatic abscesses (PHA) varies among surgeons and institutions. Recent studies have advocated for first-line percutaneous drainage (PD) of all accessible hepatic abscesses, with surgery reserved as rescue only. Our study aimed to internally validate an established multimodal algorithm for PHA at a high-volume hepatopancreatobiliary center. Patients treated by the hepatopancreatobiliary service for PHA were retrospectively reviewed from 2008 through 2018. The algorithm defined intended first-line treatment as antibiotics for type I abscesses (<3 cm), PD for type II (≥3, unilocular), and surgical intervention (minimally invasive drainage or resection, when possible) for type III (≥3 cm, multilocular). Outcomes were compared between patients who received first-line treatment following the algorithm versus alternate therapy. Of 330 patients with PHA, 201 met inclusion criteria. Type III abscesses had significantly lower failure following algorithmic approach with surgery compared with PD (4% vs 28%, P = 0.018). Type II abscesses failed first-line PD in 27 per cent (13/48) with 11 patients requiring surgical rescue, whereas first-line surgery failed in only 13 per cent (2/15). No deaths occurred after any surgical intervention, and there was no statistical difference in major complications between first-line surgical intervention and PD for type II or III abscesses. These results support the algorithmic approach and demonstrate that minimally invasive surgical intervention is a safe and effective modality for large PHA. We recommend that select patients with large, complex abscesses should be considered for a first-line minimally invasive surgical approach depending on surgical experience and available resources.

HEPATECTOMY FOR PYOGENIC LIVER ABSCESS TREATMENT: EXCEPTION APPROACH?

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous drainage for pyogenic liver abscess has been considered the gold-standard approach for the treatment on almost of the cases. However, when percutaneous drainage fails or even in some especial situations, as multiloculate abscess, lobe or segment surgical resection can solve infectious clinical condition. AIM: To report a series of patients who underwent hepatectomy for pyogenic liver abscess performed by a single surgical team. METHODS: Eleven patients were operated with ages ranging from 45-73 years (mean and median 66 years). There were eight men and three women. The etiologies were: idiopathic (n=4), biliary (n=2), radiofrequency (n=2), direct extension (n=1), portal (n=1), and arterial (n=1). The mean lesion diameter was 9.27 cm (6-20 cm). RESULTS: The mean operation length was 180 min (120-300). The mean intra-operative blood loss was 448 ml (50-1500). Surgical approaches were: right hepatectomy (n=4), left hepatectomy (n=3), left lateral sectioniectomy (n=1), right posterior sectioniectomy (n=2), resection of S8 (n=1), and S1 (n=1). Postoperative morbidity rate was 30%, while mortality was null. Median hospital stay was 18 days (5-45). The median follow-up period was 49 months (13-78). There was single lesion recurrence. CONCLUSION: Hepatectomy can be done as exception approach for pyogenic hepatic abscess treatment; it is a good therapeutic option in special situations.

The Value of Ozone in CT-Guided Drainage of Multiloculated Pyogenic Liver Abscesses: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Objective: This study was designed to compare the effects of catheter drainage alone and combined with ozone in the management of multiloculated pyogenic liver abscess (PLA). Methods: The prospective study included 60 patients diagnosed with multiloculated PLA. All patients were randomly divided into two groups: catheter drainage alone (group I) and catheter drainage combined with ozone (group II). Drainage was considered successful when (1) the abscess cavity was drained and (2) clinical symptoms were resolved. Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was used to compare the success rates, length of stay (LOS), and need for further surgery of the two groups. P < 0.05 indicates significant difference. Results: All patients' catheters were successfully placed under CT guidance. Group I was treated with catheters alone and group II was treated with catheters and ozone. The success rates of groups I and II were 86% and 96%, respectively (P < 0.05). And compared with group II, the duration of fever in group I was longer (P < 0.05), and the LOS was also longer (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Catheter drainage combined with ozone is an effective and safe treatment in multiloculated PLA. The Clinical Registration Number is ChiCTR1800014865.

Characteristics and management of pyogenic liver abscess: A European experience.

Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) are space-occupying lesions in the liver associated with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to review an Italian hospital experience in epidemiological, clinical patterns, and management of PLA.We performed a retrospective, descriptive case series at a single center assessing demographic characteristics, presentation patterns, etiological factors, microbiological etiology, and management for patients treated for PLA between 2000 and 2016.Around 109 patients were identified. The majority of patients presented with fever (73%); right upper abdominal pain in 63.3%, vomiting and nausea in 28.4%. The most common laboratory abnormality among included items was increased C-reactive protein and fibrinogen blood levels, respectively, in 98% and 93.9% of cases. Abdominal ultrasound was the diagnostic investigation in 42.4% of cases; CT scan and MR imaging were performed in 51.1% and 3.3% of cases respectively. We observed blood or pus culture study in 99 cases of which only 53.5% came with positive microbial reports. The most common organism identified was Escherichia coli (26.5%), followed by Streptococcus spp (13.2%). Early antibiotic treatment started on all patients and 66.7% of cases required different approaches, Ultrasound or CT-guided needle aspiration of PLA was performed in 13 patients (11%) and percutaneous abscess drainage was performed on 72 patients (67%).PLA is a diagnostically challenging problem due to nonspecific presenting characteristics. The microbiological yield identified was a typical European spectrum with a preponderance of Escherichia coli infections. Once recognized, percutaneous drainage and antibiotic treatment are the mainstay of management for PLA.

Pyogenic Liver Abscess Secondary to Foreign Body (Fish Bone) Treated by Laparoscopy: A Case Report.

Liver abscess due to perforation of the gastrointestinal tract by a foreign body is a rare and possibly fatal event. Diagnosing this pathology is complicated by the lack of specific symptoms and unfamiliarity of ingestion by the patient and low clinical suspicion of this disease. In the case of liver abscess unresponsive to aspiration and administration of antibiotics, this hypothesis must be made, despite its low incidence. This case report describes and illustrates a case of liver abscess secondary to fish bone ingestion with consequent piercing of the lesser gastric curvature, diagnosed by computed tomography and specific anamnesis. Laparoscopy was performed to extract the foreign body, without complications; the patient is currently asymptomatic and does not present any abnormal physical examination findings. We believe this represents the first case report of a successful laparoscopic treatment in South America for the removal of an ingested foreign body associated with pyogenic liver abscess.

Hepatectomy for pyogenic liver abscess treatment: exception approach? / Hepatectomia para o tratamento do abscesso hepático piogênico: abordagem de exceção?

ABSTRACT Background: Percutaneous drainage for pyogenic liver abscess has been considered the gold-standard approach for the treatment on almost of the cases. However, when percutaneous drainage fails or even in some especial situations, as multiloculate abscess, lobe or segment surgical resection can solve infectious clinical condition. Aim: To report a series of patients who underwent hepatectomy for pyogenic liver abscess performed by a single surgical team. Methods: Eleven patients were operated with ages ranging from 45-73 years (mean and median 66 years). There were eight men and three women. The etiologies were: idiopathic (n=4), biliary (n=2), radiofrequency (n=2), direct extension (n=1), portal (n=1), and arterial (n=1). The mean lesion diameter was 9.27 cm (6-20 cm). Results: The mean operation length was 180 min (120-300). The mean intra-operative blood loss was 448 ml (50-1500). Surgical approaches were: right hepatectomy (n=4), left hepatectomy (n=3), left lateral sectioniectomy (n=1), right posterior sectioniectomy (n=2), resection of S8 (n=1), and S1 (n=1). Postoperative morbidity rate was 30%, while mortality was null. Median hospital stay was 18 days (5-45). The median follow-up period was 49 months (13-78). There was single lesion recurrence. Conclusion: Hepatectomy can be done as exception approach for pyogenic hepatic abscess treatment; it is a good therapeutic option in special situations.

RESUMO Racional: A drenagem percutânea do abscesso hepático piogênico tem sido considerada padrão-ouro para o tratamento na maioria dos casos. Mais raramente, quando essa abordagem falha ou em casos de abscessos multiloculados, a ressecção daquele segmento ou lobo destruído pode resolver o contexto infeccioso. Objetivo: Relatar uma série de doentes com abscesso hepático que foram submetidos a hepatectomia. Método: Onze doentes foram operados. A idade variou de 45-73 anos (média e mediana 66). Foram oito homens e três mulheres. As causas foram: idiopática (n=4), biliar (n=2), radiofrequência (n=2), portal (n=1), arterial (n=1), e extensão direta (n=1). A média do tamanho das lesões foi 9,27 cm (6-20). Resultados A média de tempo cirúrgico foi de 180 min (120-300). A média de sangramento intra-operatório foi de 448 ml (50-1500 ml). Os procedimentos cirúrgicos foram: hepatectomia D (n=4), hepatectomia E (n=3), setorectomia lateral E (n=1), setorectomia posterior D (n=2), ressecção do S8 (n=1) e S1 (n=1). A morbidade pós-operatória foi 30%, enquanto a mortalidade foi nula. Mediana de internação foi de 18 dias (5-45). A mediana de seguimento foi 49 meses (13-78). Houve uma única recidiva de lesão. Conclusão: Embora a hepatectomia possa ser considerada conduta de exceção para tratamento do abscesso hepático piogênico, ela deve ser boa opção terapêutica em situações especiais.