The impact of severe obesity on home health care agency admission: An organizational perspective.

Home health care is a growing treatment option for older adults who wish to remain in their homes and communities. However, the growing number of older adults with severe obesity presents a challenge for home health professionals. This study utilizes survey data from 128 home health care agencies in Arkansas and Pennsylvania to explore home health care agencies' decision-making in admitting patients with severe obesity. The responding agencies indicated that concerns about adequate staffing levels were the primary barriers to entry for severe obesity patients. Existing research on the intersection of obesity and home health care is sparse, and this study adds an organizational perspective to the scant literature on the topic. Additional research on this topic is advised to accommodate the expected growth in home health care utilization and rising obesity rates among older adults.

Evolution of the home health care market: The expansion and quality performance of multi-agency chains.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the growth and evolution of the home health agency (HHA) market and to compare quality performance across HHA ownership categories. DATA SOURCE: Agency characteristics were extracted from Medicare cost reports and Provider of Services file. Quality of care and patient characteristics were extracted from Quality of Patient Care Star Ratings and HHA Public Use File. STUDY DESIGN: Agency- and state-level analyses were conducted to describe HHA market trends. Patient characteristics and quality measures were compared across ownership categories of interest. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: All Medicare-certified HHAs in operation, 2005-2018. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Over the study period, the HHA sector grew substantially, increasing from 7899 to 10 818 agencies, and chain-owned HHAs doubled in number from 903 (11.4% of all agencies) to 1841 (17.0%). In 2018, across agency types, for-profit nonchain agencies were the largest category both in the number of agencies (67.8%) and the number of Medicare enrollees served (40.7%). Additionally, for-profit nonchain agencies grew most in total number, from 4293 (54.3%) to 7337 (67.8%), while for-profit chain agencies grew most in the number of Medicare enrollees served, from 439 998 (12.9%) to 1 082 385 (28.3%). Regarding patient composition, for-profit nonchain agencies served the highest proportion of dual eligible beneficiaries (42.2%) and African-Americans (27.9%) among all agency types. Regarding quality performance, a higher star rating is significantly (P < .01) associated with chain agency status. Moreover, chain HHAs performed better on self-reported process measures, and risk-adjusted self-reported outcome measures; however, they performed worse on risk-adjusted claims-based outcome measures. These results were similar across for-profit and nonprofit chain agencies. CONCLUSION: Chains play a growing role in the home health sector. Substantial differences in geographic distribution, patient composition, and quality performance were observed between chain- and nonchain HHAs. Examining the growth and performance of multi-agency chains can help inform quality reporting and monitoring, assess payment adequacy, and facilitate greater transparency and accountability within the HHA marketplace.

State Variation in Posthospital Home Nursing for Commercially Insured Medically Complex Children.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Home nursing is essential for children with medical complexity (CMC), but provision varies substantially across states. Our objectives were to quantify state-to-state variability in distribution of posthospitalization home nursing to commercially insured CMC and to rank-order states. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of hospitalized commercially insured children with ≥1 complex chronic condition from birth to 18 years of age in the Truven MarketScan database. Cohort eligibility criteria were hospital discharge between January 2013 and November 2016 and at least 30 days of follow-up after discharge. Two primary outcome measures were used: receipt of any home nursing within 30 days of hospital discharge (yes or no) and number of days of posthospitalization home nursing (1-30 days). A composite metric encompassing both receipt and quantity was created by evaluating the 95th percentile of days of home nursing (0-30 days). RESULTS: Overall, 9.9% of the sample received home nursing. After we adjusted for patient characteristics, the probability of receiving home nursing varied across states, ranging from 3.4% to 19.2%. Among home nursing recipients, the adjusted median home nursing days across states ranged from 6.6 to 24.5 days. The adjusted 95th percentile of days of home nursing (across the entire of sample, including recipients and nonrecipients of home nursing) ranged from 6.8 to 22.6 days. CONCLUSIONS: We observed striking state-to-state variability in receipt of home nursing and mean number of days of posthospitalization home nursing among commercially insured CMC after adjustment for demographic and clinical differences. This suggests opportunities for state-level improvement.

Skilled Nursing Facility Patients Discharged to Home Health Agency Services Spend More Days at Home.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of the utilization of Medicare-certified home health agency (CHHA) services with post-acute skilled nursing facility (SNF) discharge outcomes that included home time, rehospitalization, SNF readmission, and mortality. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: New York State fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older admitted to SNFs for post-acute care and discharged to the community in 2014. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 25,357 older adults. MEASUREMENTS: The outcomes included days spent alive in the community ("home time"), rehospitalization, SNF readmission, and mortality within 30- and 90-day post-SNF discharge periods. The primary independent variables were SNF five-star overall quality rating and receipt of CHHA services within 7 days of SNF discharge. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression and logistic regression models characterized the association of CHHA linkage with home time and other outcomes, respectively. RESULTS: Following SNF discharge, 17,657 (69.6%) patients received CHHA services. In analyses that adjusted for patient-, market-, and other SNF-level factors, older adults discharged from higher quality SNFs were more likely to receive CHHA services. In analyses that adjusted for patient- and market-level factors, receipt of post-SNF CHHA services was associated with 2.03 and 4.17 (P < .001) more days in the community over 30- and 90-day periods. Receiving CHHA services was also associated with decreased odds for rehospitalization (odds ratio [OR] = .68; P < .001; OR = .91; P = .008), SNF readmission (OR = .36; P < .001; OR = .62; P < .001), and death (OR = .34; P < .001; OR = .63; P < .001) over 30- and 90-day periods, respectively. CONCLUSION: Among older adults discharged from a post-acute SNF stay, those who received CHHA services had better discharge outcomes. They were less likely to experience admissions to institutional care settings and had a lower mortality risk. Future efforts that examine how the type and intensity of CHHA services affect outcomes would build on this work. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1573-1578, 2020.

Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria: Exploring the Role of Home-Based Care Programs.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine the response of home-based primary care programs to the fall 2017 Atlantic hurricane season. METHODS: This study examines the experiences of 9 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Home-Based Primary Care (HBPC) programs in their responses to Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Thirty-four phone interviews with HBPC leadership and staff were conducted from April to July 2018. RESULTS: The total census of impacted HBPC programs was 3118. No program reported loss of life due to these hurricanes. Early preparedness was key to an effective program response. Response included prompt tracking of the patients. In the most affected areas, respondents noted limited resources to support basic patient needs. CONCLUSIONS: Medically complex patients served by programs such as the VHA's HBPC program represent a subset of the population, yet they have an outsized impact on health care resources that could be exacerbated by inadequate disaster preparedness. HBPC programs serve a unique role in supporting the "older old." They are tasked with supporting disaster preparedness activities of patients. Understanding what is involved in actualizing their requirements shows communities how to effectively engage with these programs.

Home Health Service Provision After Hurricane Harvey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of service disruption among home health agencies impacted by Hurricane Harvey. METHODS: Structured interviews with optional open-ended questions were conducted with home health agencies in and around Houston, Texas. A random sample of 277 agencies was selected and contacted via telephone during the study period, from February to May of 2018. RESULTS: Only 45% of 122 participating agencies indicated that their offices were open during Hurricane Harvey, and three-fourths reported that home visits were disrupted. The length of disruption varied: 7% reported a disruption of 1 day or less and 46% indicated a disruption of 1 week or longer. Disruption occurred even though nearly all (99%) of the agencies had-and close to all (92%) of them activated-an emergency preparedness plan. CONCLUSIONS: Although most of the participating home health agencies activated their emergency preparedness plan, significant disruption in home health services occurred. While agencies are required to have clear, detailed plans in place, gaps in effective implementation of emergency preparedness plans remain.

Multifactorial analysis to examine drivers of CMS summary star ratings in home health agencies.

This cross-sectional study examines factors associated with the CMS Summary Star Ratings in Home Health Agencies (HHA). Using Home Health Compare, medical claims, and census data, negative binomial regression analysis was conducted at the HHA level. Positive associations were found between Summary Star Ratings and beneficiary age, the number of claims, the proportion for specific diagnoses, the agency being hospital based, HHA age since establishment, patient retainment, improved walking/moving/bathing, and homeownership. Negative associations were found for specific ICD diagnosis proportions, HHAs serving special populations, the rate of non-white patients, patients transferred to different HHAs, income, and marital status in the coverage area. These findings are relevant to both practitioners and policymakers, in that they highlight major non-service factors associated with perceived quality of care.

Service provision and quality outcomes in home health for rural Medicare beneficiaries at high risk for unplanned care.

Multiple barriers exist to providing home health care in rural areas. This study examined relationships between service provision and quality outcomes among rural, fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries who received home health care between 2011 and 2013 for conditions associated with high-risk for unplanned care. More skilled nursing visits, visits by more types of providers, more timely care, and shorter lengths of stay were associated with significantly higher odds of hospital readmission and emergency department use and significantly lower odds of community discharge. Results may indicate unmeasured clinical severity and care needs among this population. Additional research regarding the accuracy of current severity measures and adequacy of case-mix adjustment for quality metrics is warranted, especially given the continued focus on value-based payment policies.

Home Health Agency Characteristics and Quality Outcomes for Medicare Beneficiaries With Rehabilitation-Sensitive Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between organizational characteristics of home health agencies (eg, profit status, rehabilitation therapy staffing model, size, and rurality) and quality outcomes in Medicare beneficiaries with rehabilitation-sensitive conditions, conditions for which occupational, physical, and/or speech therapy have the potential to improve functioning, prevent or slow substantial decline in functioning, or increase ability to remain at home safely. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Home health agencies. PARTICIPANTS: Fee-for-service beneficiaries (N=1,006,562) admitted to 9250 Medicare-certified home health agencies in 2009. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Institutional admission during home health care, community discharge, and institutional admission within 30 days of discharge. RESULTS: Nonprofit (vs for-profit) home health agencies were more likely to discharge beneficiaries to the community (odds ratio [OR], 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.33) and less likely to have beneficiaries incur institutional admissions within 30 days of discharge (OR, .93; 95% CI, .88-.97). Agencies in rural (vs urban) counties were less likely to discharge patients to the community (OR, .83; 95% CI, .77-.90) and more likely to have beneficiaries incur institutional admissions during home health (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.18-1.30) and within 30 days of discharge (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.10-1.22). Agencies with contract (vs in-house) therapy staff were less likely to discharge beneficiaries to the community (OR, .79, 95% CI, .70-.91) and more likely to have beneficiaries incur institutional admissions during home health (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03-1.15) and within 30 days of discharge (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.07-1.28). CONCLUSIONS: As payers continue to test and implement reimbursement mechanisms that seek to reward value over volume of services, greater attention should be paid to organizational factors that facilitate better coordinated, higher quality home health care for beneficiaries who may benefit from rehabilitation.

Home Health Chains and Practice Patterns: Evidence of 2008 Medicare Reimbursement Revision.

Home health agencies (HHAs) are known to exploit the Medicare reimbursement schedule by targeting a specific number of therapy visits. These targeting behaviors cause unnecessary medical spending. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services estimates that during fiscal year 2015, Medicare made more than $10 billion in improper payments to HHAs. Better understanding of heterogeneous gaming behaviors among HHAs can inform policy makers to more effectively oversee the home health care industry. This article aims to study how home health chains adjust and adopt new targeting behaviors as compared to independent agencies under the new reimbursement schedule. The analytic data are constructed from: (1) 5% randomly sampled Medicare home health claim data, and (2) HHA chain information extracted from the Medicare Cost Report. The study period spans from 2007 to 2010, and the sample includes 7800 unique HHAs and 380,118 treatment episodes. A multivariate regression model is used to determine whether chain and independent agencies change their practice patterns and adopt different targeting strategies after the revision of the reimbursement schedule in 2008. This study finds that independent agencies are more likely to target 6 and 14 visits, while chain agencies are more likely to target 20 visits. Such a change of practice patterns is more significant among for-profit HHAs. The authors expect these findings to inform policy makers that organizational structures, especially the combination of for-profit status and chain affiliation, should be taken into the consideration when detecting medical fraud and designing the reimbursement schedule.

Meeting the Needs of Older Adult Refugee Populations With Home Health Services.

The United States resettles close to 70,000 refugees each year more than any other country in the world. Adult refugees are at risk for negative health outcomes and inefficient health resource use, and meeting the multiple health needs of this vulnerable population is a challenge. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a home health care (HHC) pilot project on meeting the needs of older adult refugee patients. A retrospective chart review of 40 refugee adult patients who participated in an HHC pilot was done to analyze their health outcomes using OASIS-C data. Participants' pain level, anxiety level, medication management, and activities of daily living management all significantly improved over the course of their HHC episode. Results of this study indicate that HHC has great potential to improve the health of vulnerable refugee populations and assist the families involved in their care.

Disparities in home health service providers among Medicare beneficiaries with stroke.

This study examined the intensity of home health services, as defined by the number of visits and service delivery by rehabilitation specialists, among Medicare beneficiaries with stroke. A cross-sectional secondary data analysis was conducted using 2009 home health claims data obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Research Data Assistance Center. There were no significant rural-urban differences in the number of home health visits. Rural beneficiaries were significantly less likely than urban beneficiaries to receive services from rehabilitation specialists. Current home health payment reform recommendations may have unintended consequences for rural home health beneficiaries who need therapy services.

Home-Based Direct Care Workers: Their Reported Injuries and Perceived Training Knowledge.

The objectives of the study were to profile occupational injury patterns across home health and hospice care (HHC), organization characteristics, and home health aides' (HHAs) individual characteristics, and examine how worker training affects HHAs' risk of reporting an injury using the model of human factors of health care in the home. The authors measured training knowledge using an 11-item scale and conducted univariate and bivariate analyses to describe injury patterns across individual, occupational, and organizational factors using STATA 12.0. The researchers found that work-related injuries and type of injury were associated with increased likelihood of reporting one or more injuries, full-time employment, high hourly pay, and working in an inpatient or mixed setting. Overall, HHAs perceived that they received "excellent" and "good" training on key topics that promoted safety and job knowledge. Furthermore, the results suggested linkages between worker's complex personal, occupational, and organizational characteristics.

Long-Term Care Providers and services users in the United States: data from the National Study of Long-Term Care Providers, 2013-2014.

Long-term care services provided by paid, regulated providers are an important component of personal health care spending in the United States. This report presents the most current national descriptive results from the National Study of Long-Term Care Providers (NSLTCP), which is conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Data presented are drawn from multiple sources, primarily NCHS surveys of adult day services centers and residential care communities (covers 2014 data year); and administrative records obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicare Services (CMS) on home health agencies, hospices, and nursing homes (covers 2013 and 2014 data years). This report provides information on the supply, organizational characteristics, staffing, and services offered by paid, regulated providers of long-term care services; and the demographic, health, and functional composition of users of these services. Services users include residents of nursing homes and residential care communities, patients of home health agencies and hospices, and participants of adult day services centers. This report updates "Long-Term Care Services in the United States: 2013 Overview" (available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nsltcp/long_term_care_services_2013.pdf), which covered data years 2011 and 2012. In contrast, the title of this report and future reports will reflect the years of the data used rather than the publication year, in this case 2013 through 2014. A forthcoming companion product to this report, "Long-Term Care Providers and Services Users in the United States­State Estimates Supplement: National Study of Long-Term Care Providers, 2013­2014," contains tables and maps showing comparable state estimates for the national findings in this report, and will be available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ nsltcp/nsltcp_products.htm.

The Effect of Publicized Quality Information on Home Health Agency Choice.

We examine consumers' use of publicized quality information in Medicare home health care markets, where consumer cost sharing and travel costs are absent. We report two findings. First, agencies with high quality scores are more likely to be preferred by consumers after the introduction of a public reporting program than before. Second, consumers' use of publicized quality information differs by patient group. Community-based patients have slightly larger responses to public reporting than hospital-discharged patients. Patients with functional limitations at the start of their care, at least among hospital-discharged patients, have a larger response to the reported functional outcome measure than those without functional limitations. In all cases of significant marginal effects, magnitudes are small. We conclude that the current public reporting approach is unlikely to have critical impacts on home health agency choice. Identifying and releasing quality information that is meaningful to consumers may help increase consumers' use of public reports.

Utilization of Post-Acute Care Following Distal Radius Fracture Among Medicare Beneficiaries.

PURPOSE: To examine the utilization and cost of post-acute care following isolated distal radius fractures (DRFs) among Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS: We examined utilization of post-acute care among Medicare beneficiaries who experienced an isolated DRF (n = 38,479) during 2007 using 100% Medicare claims data. We analyzed the effect of patient factors on hospital admission following DRF and the receipt of post-acute care delivered by skilled nursing facilities, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, home health care agencies, and outpatient occupational therapy/physical therapy for the recovery of DRF. RESULTS: In this cohort of isolated DRF patients, 1,694 (4.4%) were admitted to hospitals following DRF, and 20% received post-acute care. Women and patients with more comorbid conditions were more likely to require hospital admission. The utilization of post-acute care was higher among women, patients who resided in urban areas, and patients of higher socioeconomic status. The average cost per patient of post-acute care services from inpatient rehabilitation facilities and skilled nursing facilities ($15,888/patient) was significantly higher than the average cost other aspects of DRF care and accounted for 69% of the total DRF-related expenditure among patients who received inpatient rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: Sociodemographic factors, including sex, socioeconomic status, and age, were significantly correlated with the use of post-acute care following isolated DRFs, and post-acute care accounted for a substantial proportion of the total expenditures related to these common injuries among the elderly. Identifying patients who will derive the greatest benefit from post-acute care can inform strategies to improve the cost efficiency of rehabilitation and optimize scarce health care resources. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic III.

Sex differences in home care performance: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Home care services play an integral role in promoting independence, reducing hospital admission and readmission rates, and preventing or delaying nursing home admission among older adults. Despite important sex differences in functional status and use of services by recipients of home care, differences in home care performance measures by sex have not been examined. OBJECTIVE: To assess sex differences in the quality of publicly funded home care services in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: Validated, publicly reported home care quality indicators derived from the Resident Assessment Instrument for Home Care using the 2009 and 2010 Home Care Reporting System database were assessed for 119,795 Ontario home care clients aged 65 years and older. Unadjusted and risk-adjusted sex differences in performance were examined provincially and by health region. RESULTS: In unadjusted analyses, there were sex differences in health outcomes on all indicators examined (decline or failure to improve in activities of daily living, cognitive decline, depressive symptoms, and pain control). After risk adjustment, differences were minimal. For example, in unadjusted analyses, 23.1% of women and 18.7% of men reported poorly controlled pain. After risk adjustment, 21.2% of women and 21.6% of men reported poorly controlled pain, with a difference of -0.4% (95% CI, -0.4% to -0.3%). Across health regions risk adjustment eliminated sex differences. There was 1.3-fold to 2.6-fold variation in performance on indicators across health regions. CONCLUSIONS: After risk adjustment, no important sex differences in home care quality indicators were identified. Sizable regional variations observed indicate potential to improve home care outcomes for both women and men. Sex differences in unadjusted analyses demonstrate the value of examining both unadjusted and adjusted outcomes and suggest sex-specific strategies will likely be needed to improve home care quality.

Utilization of acute care among patients with ESRD discharged home from skilled nursing facilities.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Older adults with ESRD often receive care in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) after an acute hospitalization; however, little is known about acute care use after SNF discharge to home. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: This study used Medicare claims for North and South Carolina to identify patients with ESRD who were discharged home from a SNF between January 1, 2010 and August 31, 2011. Nursing Home Compare data were used to ascertain SNF characteristics. The primary outcome was time from SNF discharge to first acute care use (hospitalization or emergency department visit) within 30 days. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify patient and facility characteristics associated with the outcome. RESULTS: Among 1223 patients with ESRD discharged home from a SNF after an acute hospitalization, 531 (43%) had at least one rehospitalization or emergency department visit within 30 days. The median time to first acute care use was 37 days. Characteristics associated with a shorter time to acute care use were black race (hazard ratio [HR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.04 to 1.51), dual Medicare-Medicaid coverage (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.50), higher Charlson comorbidity score (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.12), number of hospitalizations during the 90 days before SNF admission (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.22), and index hospital discharge diagnoses of cellulitis, abscess, and/or skin ulcer (HR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.36 to 4.45). Home health use after SNF discharge was associated with a lower rate of acute care use (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.87). There were no statistically significant associations between SNF characteristics and time to first acute care use. CONCLUSIONS: Almost one in every two older adults with ESRD discharged home after a post-acute SNF stay used acute care services within 30 days of discharge. Strategies to reduce acute care utilization in these patients are needed.