Development of haemagglutination assay for titration of porcine circovirus type 2.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was one of the most economically important viral pathogens in all the swine-producing countries and often resulted in tremendous economic losses for the swine industry. As PCV2 could not cause cytopathogenic effects while propagated in infected cells, many complicated experiments should be performed to titrate its virus titer. In this study we developed a simple and effective hemagglutination assay for titration of virus titer of PCV2. To develop the hemagglutination assay, a recombinant bispecific nanobody (BsNb) against PCV2 and chicken red blood cells (cRBCs) was constructed based on two nanobodies (NbPCV11 and NbRBC48) which were selected from the non-immunized nanobody library, respectively. The hemagglutination assay was used to titrate the virus titer of PCV2 propagated in cell culture by simple naked-eye observation within 30 min, with the detection limit of 104.09 tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50)/mL, excellent specificity and reproducibility. Therefore, the hemagglutination assay had potential to be a rapid, reliable, cost-effective, user-friendly qualitative and semi-quantitative tool for titration of virus titer of PCV2 during the vaccine manufacturing process.

Smallest lectin-like peptide identified from the skin secretion of an endemic frog, Hydrophylax bahuvistara.

Lectins are sugar-binding proteins and considered as attractive candidates for drug delivery and targeting. Here, we report the identification of the smallest lectin-like peptide (odorranalectin HYba) from the skin secretion of Hydrophylax bahuvistara which is being the shortest lectin-like peptide identified so far from the frog skin secretion, with 15 amino acid residues. The peptide is the first report from an Indian frog and lacks antimicrobial activity but strongly agglutinate intact human erythrocytes. The sequences at the L-fucose recognizing region is conserved as in other lectins reported from frog skin secretion and could be exploited for specificity and drug targeting properties.

Investigation of hemorheological parameters in periodontal diseases.

Periodontal diseases are frequently associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). On the other hand, occurrence of CVD has also been related with increased blood viscosity. This study was planned to investigate four main hemorheological parameters contributing to blood viscosity - hematocrit, erythrocyte deformability, erythrocyte aggregation and plasma viscosity - and also some biochemical parameters (hs-CRP, fibrinogen, globulin etc.) in patients with periodontal disease. We hypothesized that poor periodontal health would be associated with deterioration of hemorheological properties. According to periodontal health status, subjects were divided into three groups as control (healthy), with plaque induced gingivitis and with chronic periodontitis. All groups included 15 males who had not received periodontal therapy in the last six months before the study, were non-smokers, had no systemic diseases and were not on any medication. Erythrocyte deformability and erythrocyte aggregation were measured with laser-assisted optical rotational cell analyzer (LORCA). Plasma viscosity was measured by a cone-plate viscometer. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U Test and Spearman Correlation Coefficient. Plasma viscosity (1.36 ± 0.01 mPa.s in the control group and 1.43 ± 0.02 mPa.s in the chronic periodontitis group, P <  0.01), erythrocyte aggregation tendency (aggregation index, amplitude and t½ were 58.82 ± 1.78% , 20.22 ± 0.40 au, 2.80 ± 0.25 s respectively in the control group, and 67.05 ± 1.47% , 22.19 ± 0.50 au, 1.84 ± 0.15 s in the chronic periodontitis group, P <  0.01), hs-CRP, fibrinogen and globulin levels were significantly higher, whereas HDL level was significantly lower in the chronic periodontitis group (P <  0.05) compared to the control group. All of these conditions may contribute to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality observed in people with periodontal disease, via increasing blood viscosity.

Influence of erythrocyte aggregation at pathological levels on cell-free marginal layer in a narrow circular tube.

Human red blood cells (RBCs) were perfused in a circular micro-tube (inner diameter of 25 µm) to examine the dynamic changes of cell-free marginal region at both physiological (normal) and pathophysiological (hyper) levels of RBC aggregation. The cell-free area (CFA) was measured to provide additional information on the cell-free layer (CFL) width changes in space and time domains. A prominent enhancement in the mean CFL width was found in hyper-aggregating conditions as compared to that in non-aggregating conditions (P <  0.001). The frequent contacts between RBC and the tube wall were observed and the contact frequency was greatly decreased when the aggregation level was increased from none to normal (P <  0.05) and to hyper (P <  0.001) levels. In addition, the enhanced aggregation from none to hyper levels significantly enlarged the CFA (P <  0.01). We concluded that the RBC aggregation at pathophysiological levels could promote not only the CFL width (one-dimensional parameter) but also the spatiotemporal variation of CFA (two-dimensional parameter).

Effects of nickel chloride on the erythrocytes and erythrocyte immune adherence function in broilers.

This study was conducted to investigate the immune adherence function of erythrocytes and erythrocyte induced by dietary nickel chloride (NiCl2) in broilers fed on a control diet and three experimental diets supplemented with 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg NiCl2 for 42 days. Blood samples were collected from five broilers in each group at 14, 28, and 42 days of age. Changes of erythrocyte parameters showed that total erythrocyte count (TEC), hemoglobin (Hb) contents, and packed cell volume (PCV) were significantly lower (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) and erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) was higher (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) in the 600 and 900 mg/kg groups at 28 and 42 days of age than those in the control group, and the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase) and calcium adenosine triphosphatase (Ca(2+)-ATPase) activities were significantly decreased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) in the NiCl2-treated groups. The results of erythrocyte immune adherence function indicated that erythrocyte C3b receptor rosette rate (E-C3bRR) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) in the 600 and 900 mg/kg groups and in the 300 mg/kg group at 42 days of age, whereas the erythrocyte immune complex rosette rate (E-ICRR) was markedly increased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) in the 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg groups at 28 and 42 days of age. It was concluded that dietary NiCl2 in excess of 300 mg/kg caused anemia and impaired the erythrocytic integrity, erythrocytic ability to transport oxygen, and erythrocyte immune adherence function in broilers. Impairment of the erythrocytes and erythrocyte immune adherence function was one of main effect mechanisms of NiCl2 on the blood function.

[Myelokaryocytes and leukocytes of circulating blood in elimination of erythrocyte transporting immune complexes and xenogenic antigens].

Interacting with erythrocytes which transport immune complexes and xenogenic antigens myelocariocytes and leukocytes of circulating blood produce from them erythroclasic clusters in bone marrow and autorosettes in circulating blood. Formation of these cellular associations is completed with exocytic lysis of included in them erythrocytes by myelocariocytes and leukocytes. It is supposed that the lysis of erythrocytes within erythroclasic clusters and autorosettes is the final stage of erythrocytic clearance of immune complexes and xenogenic antigens.

Severe idiopathic erythroblastic synartesis: successful treatment with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab.

Erythroblastic synartesis is a very rare disorder, considered to be caused by autoimmune mechanisms, leading to aggregation of erythroid precursor cells in the bone marrow and subsequently to acquired dyserythropoiesis with severe, transfusion-dependent anemia. An association with lymphoproliferative or autoimmune diseases has been reported or strongly suggested in all six published cases. Here, we report a young patient with severe idiopathic erythroblastic synartesis without an underlying disease, who was successfully treated with rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. The patient received rituximab at a dose of 375 mg/m(2) once weekly for 4 wk after failure of both immunosuppressive therapies with corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. At a follow-up of 30 months after treatment, the patient is still in continuous complete remission without any further treatment, suggesting that rituximab may induce prolonged remissions and eventually cure in this rare disease.

[The substantination of isotypical differentiation in AB0 system against nonagglutinogenic acid glycotopes of lipid origin].

Monoclonal reagents from Workshop IV were inhibited by glucoconjugates obtained from the membranes of 3 samples of AB (erythrocytes of different isotypes) by enzymatic treatment and the chloroform-methanol method and tested both serologically and in cell electrophoresis by a change of electrophoretic motility under the influence of antibodies and the complement. Glycoconjugates of the lipid and protein origin were additionally subjected to separation by the ion-exchange column chromatography on fractions of the alkaline and acid types. The differences developed in the inhibiting ability of the acid fractions of A and B antigens. The activity of glycoprotein fraction Apr-3 correlating with the difference in the agglutianability of A1 and A2. For glycolipid A1p-3, on the contrary, it turned out to be more expressed in A2B than in A1B, and it correspondent to electrophoretically revealed differences (A(c'+) in A2B and A(c'-) in A1B). In an A2B donor (A(c'-) B(c'-)) this dependens developed too. The antigenic differences of A and B glycotopes depending upon their origin (protein or lipid) and isoelectric properties are not cofined to erythrocyte agglutinogenity and should be taken into account it the system of isotypical differentiation of AB0.

Immune recognition of exposed xenoantigens on the surface of PEGylated bovine red blood cells.

Due to potential problems that can occur during blood transfusion and increasing blood shortages, our group engineered methoxypolyethylene glycol conjugated bovine red blood cells (mPEG-bRBCs) as a potential universal oxygen therapeutic. This current work investigates the immunological properties of mPEG-bRBCs incubated with human plasma (hP) and correlates these properties to exposed Galalpha(1,3)Gal xenoantigens. After mPEG-bRBCs were incubated with hP, the amount of bound IgG and IgM was assessed via flow cytometry. Flow cytometry also assessed the amount of GS-IB4 bound to exposed Galalpha(1,3)Gal xenoantigens. The results of this study demonstrate that most hP samples strongly promote agglutination of mPEG-bRBCs regardless of the extent of mPEG surface coverage or donor blood type. IgG and IgM from hP bound strongly to mPEG-bRBCs. In general, the Galalpha(1,3)Gal xenoantigen remains exposed at all levels of PEG surface coverage. PEGylation did block some of the xenoantigens as the amount of exposed Galalpha (1,3)Gal decreased with increased mPEG surface coverage. However, this was not sufficient to prevent a strong agglutination reaction. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that the current strategy for PEGylating bRBCs is unsatisfactory for the development of immunologically silent oxygen therapeutics.

CD44 Presence in inflamed pulp tissue.

Inflammation of pulp tissue appears as a consequence of caries progression. Its main characteristic is inflamed infiltrate whose cells contain lymphocytes. CD44 is a widely expressed adhesion molecule present in several body cells such as leukocytes and parenchymatous cells, including endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and unstriated muscle cells. It interacts with hyaluronic acid, collagen, laminin, and fibronectin, and there are data that indicate an important role in the migration of leukocytes from the bloodstream toward inflammation areas. This project, which applied the immunologic assay method of agglutination inhibition of the CD44-hyaluronate system, evaluated the presence of CD44 in inflamed pulp tissue in both asymptomatic and symptomatic processes, as well as in healthy pulp tissue. The results demonstrated significant differences between both groups of pulp inflammatory processes with strong presence of the receptor. Moreover, healthy pulp had low to nondetectable levels of CD44. These results suggest that the expression of the CD44 molecule is higher during the initiation or maintenance of inflammatory processes.

Parviz Lalezari: an autobiography.

Doctor Parviz Lalezari, currently a clinical professor of Medicine and Pathology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, describes highlights of his research career since 1958. He became the director of the blood bank at Montefiore Hospital in New York City in 1961, director of the Division of Immunohematology until 1996, and then until 2001, was President and chief executive officer of the Bergen Community Regional Blood Center in New Jersey. Doctor Lalezari was born in Iran in 1931, and after graduation from Medical School, he came to the United States in 1956. His initial research was on leukocyte antibodies. After modifying the available antibody detection techniques, he discovered that like hemolytic disease of the newborn and neonatal immune thrombocytopenia, fetal-maternal neutrophil incompatibility can cause neonatal neutropenia. He identified the targets of these antibodies and showed that they were expressed only on peripheral blood neutrophils. Doctor Lalezari also discovered that a common form of neutropenia in early childhood was caused by development of autoantibodies, which surprisingly were directed against the same neutrophil-specific antigens involved in fetal-maternal incompatibility. In 1959, a heparin-neutralizing drug (Polybrene) was introduced to be used after open-heart surgery. Lalezari discovered that Polybrene, a quaternary ammonium polymer, reacted with sialic acid molecules on the red blood cell (RBC) surface, causing the RBCs to aggregate. Later, realizing that the repelling forces generated by the RBC surface membrane charges were responsible for failure of the small IgG antibody molecules to agglutinate the RBCs, he used Polybrene to neutralize the RBC surface negative charge to allow the IgG antibody molecules to induce hemagglutination. This became The Polybrene test, which is to be used in RBC antibody detection.

Rapid detection of hepatitis B virus surface antigen by an agglutination assay mediated by a bispecific diabody against both human erythrocytes and hepatitis B virus surface antigen.

Bispecific antibodies have immense potential for use in clinical applications. In the present study, a bispecific diabody against human red blood cells (RBCs) and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) was used to detect HBsAg in blood specimens. The bispecific diabody was constructed by crossing over the variable region of the heavy chains and the light chains of anti-RBC and anti-HBsAg antibodies with a short linker, SRGGGS. In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, this bispecific diabody showed specific binding to both RBCs and HBsAg. When this bispecific diabody was mixed with human blood specimens in the presence of HBsAg, the dual binding sites of the diabody caused agglutination of human RBCs. This diabody-mediated agglutination assay was then used to test 712 clinical blood specimens and showed 97.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity when the results were compared with those of the conventional immunoassay, which was used as a reference. This autologous RBC agglutination assay provides a simple approach for rapid screening for HBsAg in blood specimens.

Aplicación de una cámara de flujo para el análisis de la aglutinación eritrocitaria mediada por anticuerpos monoclonales / Application of the flow chamber technique to the analysis of the erythrocyte agglutination mediated by monoclonal antibodies

El conocimiento de la energía involucrada en las interacciones célula-célula tiene importantes implicaciones en las ciencias biológicas y médicas. Los glóbulos rojos se adhieren entre si cuando macromoléculas específicas o no específicas (aglutininas) enlazan células adyacentes de manera irreversible o reversible. La técnica de la cámara de flujo fue utilizada para evaluar la afinidad de un anticuerpo monoclonal analizando la disociación de un doblete (dos células aglutinadas por el anticuerpo) determinando la energía de adhesión. Esta técnica permite aplicar una tensión de corte uniforme paralela a la interfase de adhesión de un aglutinado de dos células fijado sobre la superficie inferior de un microcanal. La tensión produce el desprendimiento progresivo de la célula superior del doblete. La observación microscópica de la separación producida en el aglutinado aislado y la obtención de imágenes secuenciales con una cámara CCD (Charged Coupled Device), permite determinar la relación entre la tensión de corte aplicada (sigma) y el porcentaje de separación de las células del doblete. A partir de estos resultados calculamos la energía de disociación por unidad de área membranal adherida(gamma d), valor igual a 8.92 x 10 elevado a -19 N.cm por moléculas de anticuerpo. Del análisis de los resultados, se concluye que la tensión de corte necesaria para disociar el doblete es proporcional a la densidad superficial de moléculas de anticuerpo y a la densidad antigénica de los eritrocitos.

Aplicación de una cámara de flujo para el análisis de la aglutinación eritrocitaria mediada por anticuerpos monoclonales / Application of the flow chamber technique to the analysis of the erythrocyte agglutination mediated by monoclonal antibodies

El conocimiento de la energía involucrada en las interacciones célula-célula tiene importantes implicaciones en las ciencias biológicas y médicas. Los glóbulos rojos se adhieren entre si cuando macromoléculas específicas o no específicas (aglutininas) enlazan células adyacentes de manera irreversible o reversible. La técnica de la cámara de flujo fue utilizada para evaluar la afinidad de un anticuerpo monoclonal analizando la disociación de un doblete (dos células aglutinadas por el anticuerpo) determinando la energía de adhesión. Esta técnica permite aplicar una tensión de corte uniforme paralela a la interfase de adhesión de un aglutinado de dos células fijado sobre la superficie inferior de un microcanal. La tensión produce el desprendimiento progresivo de la célula superior del doblete. La observación microscópica de la separación producida en el aglutinado aislado y la obtención de imágenes secuenciales con una cámara CCD (Charged Coupled Device), permite determinar la relación entre la tensión de corte aplicada (sigma) y el porcentaje de separación de las células del doblete. A partir de estos resultados calculamos la energía de disociación por unidad de área membranal adherida(gamma d), valor igual a 8.92 x 10 elevado a -19 N.cm por moléculas de anticuerpo. Del análisis de los resultados, se concluye que la tensión de corte necesaria para disociar el doblete es proporcional a la densidad superficial de moléculas de anticuerpo y a la densidad antigénica de los eritrocitos. (AU)

Aplicación de una cámara de flujo para el análisis de la aglutinación eritrocitaria mediada por anticuerpos monoclonales / Application of the flow chamber technique to the analysis of the erythrocyte agglutination mediated by monoclonal antibodies

El conocimiento de la energía involucrada en las interacciones célula-célula tiene importantes implicaciones en las ciencias biológicas y médicas. Los glóbulos rojos se adhieren entre si cuando macromoléculas específicas o no específicas (aglutininas) enlazan células adyacentes de manera irreversible o reversible. La técnica de la cámara de flujo fue utilizada para evaluar la afinidad de un anticuerpo monoclonal analizando la disociación de un doblete (dos células aglutinadas por el anticuerpo) determinando la energía de adhesión. Esta técnica permite aplicar una tensión de corte uniforme paralela a la interfase de adhesión de un aglutinado de dos células fijado sobre la superficie inferior de un microcanal. La tensión produce el desprendimiento progresivo de la célula superior del doblete. La observación microscópica de la separación producida en el aglutinado aislado y la obtención de imágenes secuenciales con una cámara CCD (Charged Coupled Device), permite determinar la relación entre la tensión de corte aplicada (sigma) y el porcentaje de separación de las células del doblete. A partir de estos resultados calculamos la energía de disociación por unidad de área membranal adherida(gamma d), valor igual a 8.92 x 10 elevado a -19 N.cm por moléculas de anticuerpo. Del análisis de los resultados, se concluye que la tensión de corte necesaria para disociar el doblete es proporcional a la densidad superficial de moléculas de anticuerpo y a la densidad antigénica de los eritrocitos. (AU)

[Preparation and characterization of non-agglutinating mAbs against membrane antigen on human erythrocytes].

AIM: To prepare monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against membrane antigens on human erythrocytes and characterize their properties. METHODS: BALB/c mice were immunized with the membrane antigens of human type O erythrocytes. The splenocytes of the immunized mice were fused with Sp2/0 myeloma cells by hybridoma technique. The antibodies to common antigen on human erythrocytes were screened by hexadimethrine bromide (polybrene) test tube method and then the agglutinating antibodies (complete antibodies) were weeded out by slide hemagglutination assay. The hybridoma cells secreting non-agglutinating antibodies (incomplete antibodies) were cloned by limiting dilution method. The stability of the obtained hybridoma cells and the properties of the mAbs were identified. RESULTS: One hybridoma cell 2E8 was obtained, which secreted non-agglutinating antibody. The mAb 2E8 belonged to IgG1, could agglutinate H antigen, and had no species cross-agglutination reaction. The titers of culture supernatant and ascites of 2E8 were 1:1,024 and 1:64x10(6), respectively. When the affinity of mAb 2E8 was evaluated by agglutination reaction, erythrocytes began to agglutinate after 7 seconds and the clots exceeded 1 mm(2) in 3 minutes. CONCLUSION: The non-agglutinating mAb against H antigen was prepared successfully. The mAb 2E8 has good titer, affinity and specificity, which lays the foundation for preparation of bispecific antibodies (BsAb).

Investigation of the mechanism of drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia in cynomolgus monkeys elicited by a repeated-dose of a humanized monoclonal antibody drug.

We investigated the mechanism of hemolytic anemia detected in a repeated-dose toxicity study using cynomolgus monkeys that were treated with a humanized antibody drug. This drug was an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) that binds to the human HM1.24 antigen named anti-HM1.24 MoAb. The presence of the HM1.24 antigen on the erythrocyte membranes and the erythrocyte agglutination following the addition of anti-HM1.24 MoAb was examined. In addition, an indirect Coombs' test, a hemolysis assay and the measurement of anti-single stranded-DNA antibodies were performed using test animal serum or plasma. The specific binding of FITC- and 125I-labeled anti-HM1.24 MoAb to the erythrocyte membrane was not observed. HM1.24 antigen was not identified on the erythrocyte membranes. However, a high concentration (more than 713 microg/mL) of anti-HM1.24 MoAb hemagglutinated the erythrocyte suspensions. The cause of this agglutination was unclear, but it is assumed that the non-specific binding and/or adhesion caused the direct agglutination. In the examination using test serum from the anemic monkeys, a positive reaction in the indirect Coombs' test was noted. Moreover, in these Coombs' test-positive animals, the production of anti-single stranded-DNA antibodies was sequentially increased. In the female monkey sacrificed in extremis due to severe anemia, an in vitro hemolytic reaction was detected attributable to complement activation. From these results, the hemolytic anemia detected in the repeated-dose toxicity study was diagnosed as a drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and the primary cause was assumed to be production of IgG class anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies.

A synergistic effect of albumin and fibrinogen on immunoglobulin-induced red blood cell aggregation.

Therapeutic administration of immunoglobulins (Ig) has the potential to precipitate thrombotic events. This phenomenon may be explained by red blood cell (RBC) aggregation, which can be potentiated by Ig. The contribution of plasma albumin and fibrinogen to Ig-induced RBC aggregation is unclear. We examined RBC aggregation in three settings: 1) patients receiving therapeutic infusions of Ig; 2) patients receiving plasma supplemented in vitro with Ig; and 3) patients receiving RBC suspensions in standard buffer with varying concentrations of albumin, Ig, and fibrinogen. Ig infusion augmented aggregation of RBCs from patients with normal or high plasma levels of albumin but decreased aggregation in those with lower plasma albumin concentrations. In vitro, RBC aggregation was significantly increased only when all three components, fibrinogen, albumin, and Ig, were present at or above normal concentrations in the suspension but was unaffected when any one of the components was absent from the suspension. Our results suggest a three-way interaction among fibrinogen, Ig, and albumin that synergistically induces RBC aggregation in plasma. Understanding these interactions may help predict clinically important phenomena related to RBC aggregation, such as thrombotic complications of Ig infusion.

Protection against severe clinical manifestations of Plasmodium falciparum malaria among sickle cell trait subjects is due to modification of the release of cytokines and/or cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes to the host vascular beds.

It is proposed that the surface ligands of Plasmodium falciparum infected HbAS erythrocytes, not like infected HbAA erythrocytes, are altered due to the sickling that soon takes place once a HbAS erythrocyte gets infected with P. falciparum parasite. This alteration modulates cytoadherence and/or binding of the sickled erythrocytes to the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Both cytoadherence and binding to PBMCs are responsible for the pathogenesis of malaria. Therefore, subjects of the HbAS genotype experience mild symptoms of malaria. The hypothesis could be tested in vitro by comparing the binding of P. falciparum infected HbAS and HbAA erythrocytes to platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) and by comparing the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) following in vitro stimulation of PBMCs by HbAS and HbAA infected erythrocytes.

Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against human red blood group cells antigens by laser backscattering.

A problem in immunohematology is to define the antibody quality which is related to its affinity expressed by the equilibrium constant. The activity of an antibody can be measured by the strength of its interaction, related to the adhesive energy exchanged during RBC agglutination which depends on the antigen-antibody liaison strength. To estimate this adhesive energy, two methods are used in this paper. Firstly, the dissociation behaviour of suspended RBC agglutinates was analysed by laser backscattering intensity (r) in a Couette flow. Backscattered intensity issued from shear-induced mechanical dissociation is recorded and submitted to a numerical process to obtain the energy parameter (ED). Secondly, a modification of this technique is proposed for measuring specific binding energy. Samples were exposed to increasing shear stress, and backscattered intensity was recorded. A constant increase of this intensity with raising shear stress was observed, pointed to a progressive dissociation of RBC agglutinates into smaller ones. Considering that complete dissociation of agglutinates is only approached asymptotically it is assumed that the final break-up of doublets (two-cell agglutinates) is produced at a critical shear stress (tauC) reflecting the work done to breaking-up the molecular bridges between both adjacent cells. This shear stress is defined by the extrapolation of the linear part of the curves [r-log tau] to the backscattered signal (r0) corresponding to the complete dispersion of RBCs. These approaches permit to define the specific surface adhesive energy (Gamma) by using the Derjaguin relation and to assess the functional characterization of specific immunoglobulins. In conclusion, two parameters characterizing monoclonal antibody agglutination properties, ED and Gamma, were estimated by laser backscattering methods, which could be very useful for antibodies quality control.