Analysis of the effects of eating and emotions on reproductive axis function in patients with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.

Objective: To investigate the effects of eating and emotions on reproductive axis function in patients with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA).Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to summarize the clinical and endocrine characteristics of 58 patients with FHA at initial diagnosis and to follow up the recovery of ovulation and spontaneous menstruation in the patients to investigate these biochemical indicators and their effects on recovery outcomes.Results: Among patients with FHA, 13.8% (8/58) and 15.5% (9/58) had above moderately severe depressive and severe anxiety symptoms respectively, and 25.9% (15/58) were at high risk for eating disorders. 34.5% (20/58) were included assessed as having recovered. The non-recovered group had higher scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (p = .022) and higher scores on the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) (p = .03) as well as bulimia and food preoccupation (p = .041). Follicle diameter >5 mm at initial diagnosis was an independent factor influencing recovery of reproductive axis function (odds ratio = 7.532; 95% confidence interval, 1.321-42.930; p = .023).Conculsions: Mood disorders and a certain risk of eating disorders were present in FHA.These, together with weight loss, endocrine and follicle size, could influence the outcome.

Current evaluation of amenorrhea: a committee opinion.

The purpose of this American Society for Reproductive Medicine Practice Committee Opinion is to provide clinicians with principles and strategies for the diagnostic evaluation of patients presenting with primary or secondary amenorrhea. This revised document replaces the Practice Committee Document titled "Current evaluation of amenorrhea," last published in 2008 (Fertil Steril 2008;90:S219-25).

Impact of Secondary Amenorrhea on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Physically Active Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Exercise-associated secondary amenorrhea results in estrogen deficiency, which may lead to dysfunction in estrogen's normal cardioprotective pathways. Estrogen may be essential in a woman's endothelial adaptations to exercise. The objective of this review was to assess the association between secondary amenorrhea in physically active women and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. METHODS AND RESULTS: A literature search was performed in January 2023 and updated in August 2023 of the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (EBSCOhost), Cochrane Library, Embase (Ovid), MEDLINE (Ovid), SPORTDiscus (EBSCOhost), and Scopus from inception to present with no date or language limitations. Citation chaining was done to screen for additional studies. Eight sources were searched for gray literature. Studies that compared physically active women with amenorrhea to physically active women with eumenorrhea aged 18 to 35 years with evidence of CVD, alterations to cardiovascular physiology, or CVD risks were included. Eighteen observational studies from 3 countries were included. Overall, the quality of evidence was good. A meta-analysis was performed. Physically active women with secondary amenorrhea had significantly lower estradiol, flow-mediated dilation, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure and higher total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen deficiency resulting from exercise-associated secondary amenorrhea in physically active women may impact cardiovascular physiology and certain CVD risk factors. The research in this area is observational; therefore, findings should be interpreted cautiously. However, as exercise-associated secondary amenorrhea is reversible and the primary prevention of CVD is important for public health, it may be important to treat secondary amenorrhea and restore estrogen levels.

Chorioretinal biomarkers in hypothalamic amenorrhea.

PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to evaluate changes in the retinal and choriocapillaris circulations in patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea. METHODS: Prospective, cross-sectional observational study on 25 patients (50 eyes) diagnosed with hypothalamic amenorrhea and 25 age-matched healthy women. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to evaluate the vessel density (VD) of superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), and choriocapillaris VD layers in whole 6.4 × 6.4-mm image and in fovea grid-based image. In patients' group, systemic parameters were collected: body mass index (BMI), endometrial rhyme thickness, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, insulin, and cortisol. RESULTS: SCP and DCP did not show any statistical difference when comparing patients and controls (all p > 0.05). Differently, choriocapillaris VD in the whole region showed a non-significant tendency toward higher values in the patients group in both eyes (p = 0.038 for right eye [RE], p = 0.044 for left eye [LE]). Foveal choriocapillaris VD was higher in hypothalamic amenorrhea women vs. healthy controls (66.0 ± 2.4 vs. 63.7 ± 6.6%, p = 0.136 for RE; 65.0 ± 2.4 vs. 61.6 ± 7.0%, p = 0.005 for LE). Focusing on correlation with systemic parameters, SCP and DCP foveal density had a medium/high effect size with endometrial rhyme, along with DCP in the fovea area vs. cortisol and SCP in the whole area vs. FSH. CONCLUSION: When comparing hypothalamic amenorrhea patients to healthy subjects, OCTA detected changes in the choriocapillaris layer, showing increased VD in the early stage of the systemic pathology, suggesting that microvascular "compaction" could be a first phase of hypoestrogenism adaptation.

Low Body Fat Percentage and Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Female Elite Adolescent Dancers.

Introduction: The menstrual cycle is an important indicator of health in female athletes. Female elite adolescent dancers are expected to control their weight while also training intensely, which can lead to menstrual disorders. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between body composition and menstrual status in female elite adolescent dancers. Methods: In total, 131 female elite adolescent dancers (age: 15.9 ± 1.5 years) were enrolled in this study. We measured the height, weight, and body fat percentage (BFP) for each participant and calculated their body mass index (BMI). We gathered information on individual menstruation patterns and the participants' menstrual cycles over the previous year using recall methods. We then compared the differences between dancers with menstrual cycle disorders and those without. Primary amenorrhea was defined as menarche occurring after the age of 15, while secondary amenorrhe was defined as experiencing fewer than 5 or no menstrual periods for at least 3 of the previous 12 months. We conducted a reliability test using the same questionnaire 2 weeks later. Statistical significance was defined as P < .05, and we calculated the effect sizes (d) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: The average BMI and BFP were 22.6 ± 3.0% and 19.4 ± 2.2 kg/m2, respectively. Low BFP and low BMI were observed in 51 (38.6%) and 47 (35.6%) participants, respectively. Primary amenorrhea in 3 participants (2.3%) and 29 (22.1%) reported experiencing secondary amenorrhea; they had lower BFP than the dancers who did not experience amenorrhea (P = .041, 95% CI, -2.51 to -0.05). Conclusion: Female elite adolescent dancers in China may have lower BFP and menstrual problems. Given that lower BFP may contribute to the occurrence of menstruation disorders, it is essential to pay an attention to both BFP and the menstruation status in female elite adolescent dancers.

Adolescent amb amenorrea secundària i galactorrea / Adolescent with secondary amenorrhea and galactorrhea

No disponible

Gestación ectópica del segundo trimestre / Second trimester ectopic pregnancy

La incidencia global del embarazo ectópico es del 1-2% de las gestaciones. Es infrecuente su diagnostico en el segundo trimestre, ya que por lo general los síntomas aparecen durante el primer trimestre. Presentamos el caso de una mujer que acude a urgencias con dolor en la fosa ilíaca de varios días de evolución y mediante la ecografía se le diagnostica embarazo tubárico derecho, con feto de biometría concordante con las 13 semanas de amenorrea de la paciente (AU)

The global incidence of ectopic pregnancy is around 1-2%. Its diagnosis is rare in the second trimester as symptoms usually appear during the first trimester. We present the case of a woman who was seen in the emergency room with a right lower quadrant pain of a few days duration. A transvaginal ultrasound confirmed an ectopic right pregnancy with a 13-week embryo (AU)

Etiopatogenia de la amenorrea hipotalámica funcional: Interacción de las respuestas hormonales del sistema nervioso central y neuropéptidos periféricos / Ethiopatogeniae of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: Interactions of central nervous system and peripherical neuropeptides responses

La amenorrea hipotalámica funcional (AHF) es una patología compleja provocada generalmente por el estrés psicológico, o por alteraciones psicógenas como la depresión en otras entidades como la amenorrea nerviosa y bulimia o en la excesiva actividad física (atletas competitivas, bailarinas clásicas) entre las causas más frecuentes. Habitualmente, estos factores se presentan asociados a dietas cuali y cuantitativamente inadecuadas, originando alteraciones en el balance energético (consumo /gasto calórico) y modificaciones en la composición corporal. En general, estas alteraciones se presentan combinadas e inducen reacciones hormonales tendientes a defender la homeostasis metabólica general. Los protagonistas de estos procesos adaptativos son un "circuito" constituido en el sistema nervioso central que se interrelaciona con otro "circuito periférico hormonal". Las manifestaciones del primero incluyen principalmente una atenuación funcional de los ejes hipotalamo-hipófiso-somatotrófico, prolactínico y tiroideo, amplificación de la secreción nocturna de la melatonina e hiperactividad adrenal. A su vez, las interrelaciones, a nivel hipotalámico, del eje CRH-ACTH-sistemas-opiodeo-dopaminérgico y la consiguiente inhibición de la secreción de Gn RH, constituye un mecanismo fisiopatológico crucial para el desarrollo de la disfunción gonadal. Por otro lado, el grado de alteración de la actividad pusátil del Gn RH está condicionado por la etiopatogenia, intensidad nosológica y el tiempo de evolución. La variabilidad y el tipo de irregularidades del ciclo menstrual, que frecuentemente son observados en las atletas competitivas, constituyen un reflejo representativo de ello. Por otro lado, el hipoestrogenismo e hipoandrogenismo de estas mujeres repercuten negativamente en el metabolismo general y osteocálcico, en particular. La osteopenia con su riesgo de fracturas, está omnipresente en este síndrome. No menos importante, el hipoestrogenismo es también uno de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. No obstante, la administración de anticonceptivos que combinan estrógenos más progesterona, pueden aumentar significativamente los niveles de la proteína C reactiva, un reconocido y seguro marcador de riesgo cardiovascular. Ello induce a tomar precauciones en su utilización en estas amenorricas desnutridas. Asimismo, la administración de anticonceptivos no ha demostrado brindar un beneficio sustancial en el tratamiento de la osteosporosis de estas pacientes. El "circuito periférico", funcionalmente interrelacionado con el central, está principalmente compuesto por la leptina, adiponectina, ghrelin, insulina e IGF-1, péptidos provenientes del compartimiento graso ("adipocitokinas") tracto gastrointestinal superior, páncreas e hígado, respectivamente. Estos péptidos no sólo están involucrados en los mecanismos centrales del apetito y saciedad, sino que también participan en las respuestas de adaptación homeostática, tendientes a revertir los desvíos del metabolismo intermedio y fosfocálcico, que en grado variable afectan a estas pacientes. Conclusiones: la AHF relacionada en general con el estrés psicofísico prolongado y la mala nutrición, es un síndrome complejo, cuyas respuestas hormonales centrales y periféricas de adaptación, resultan primordiales en estas mujeres que padecen un cierto grado de compromiso nutritivometabólico general. Enfocando globalmente este abigarrado síndrome, estimamos que la AHF es, obviamente, un epifenómeno menos vital.

Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA) is a complex pathology produced by psicological stress, as observed in amenorrhea nervosa and bulimia or in intensive physical activity (athletas, competitions, classic dancing). Frequently, these factors are associated to quali-quantitative inadequated diets and therefore they induce alterations in the energetic balance (caloric intake, caloric expend and modification in body composition). These factors are usually combinated and they induce hormonal reactions trend to sustain the general metabolic homeostasis. The protagonists of this adaptative process are a "central nervous system circuit" interrelated with "periferical hormonal circuit". The responses to the first, mainly includes functional atenuation of Hypothalamic- Hipophyseal Somatotropic, Prolactin and Thyroid axes, amplification of nocturnal melatonine secretion and hyper adrenal activity. The relationships, to hypothalamic level, of CRH-ACTH, opioid, and dopaminergic systems, and the subsequent inhibition of Gn-RH secretion, constitute a physiopathological mechanism for the development of gonadal disfunction. On the other hand, the degree of alteration in the Gn-RH pulsatility is conditioned by the ethipahogenic, nosologic intensity and time of evolution. Variability and type of irregularity of menstrual cycle observed in competitive athletes, is a demonstrative example. On the other hand, hypoestrogenism and hypoandrogenism in these women affect negatively the general metabolism and, particularly, the osteocalcic system. Osteopenia with its fracture risk is omnipresence in this syndrome. As important as that hypoestrogenism is also one of cardiovascular factor risk. However the administration of contraceptives which combines estrogens plus progesterone, may significantly increase the C-reactive protein level, a known and safety marker of cardiovascular risk. Therefore it induces to take precautions in its administration in these unnourished amenorrheic women. Also, the administration of contraceptives has not showed a substantial benefit in osteoporosis treatment of this patients. A "periferic circuit", functionally interrelated with the "central circuit", is mainly composed by leptin, adiponectine, ghrelin, insulin and IGF1 peptides, coming from fat compartiment (adipokines), gastro-intestinal tract, pancreas and liver, respectively. These peptides, are not only involved in the central mechanisms of appetite and saciety, but they also participate in homeostatic adaptative responses, with the aim of to balance the alteration of middle and phosphocalcic metabolism which affect these patients in a variable form. CONCLUSIONS: FHA, generally related with psychic/physic stress and malnutrition, is a complex syndrome in which the central and peripheral adaptative hormonal responses are mainly important in these women which are affected of a kind of nutritive and general metabolic compromise. Analazing this complex process we considerate that the hypothalamic amenorrhea is obviously a less vital phenomenon.

Unruptured tubal pregnancy: different treatments for early and late diagnosis

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: There is evidence that ectopic pregnancies present different behavioral patterns. These distinct evolutions of ectopic pregnancies represent two different natural histories. To evaluate these evolution patterns, we compared patients undergoing medical treatment and expectant management according to their gestational age and initial beta-hCG levels. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study at the Department of Obstetrics of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, a tertiary center. METHODS: Among 119 cases of unruptured ectopic pregnancies diagnosed from April 1999 to February 2004, 57 received systemic treatment with methotrexate 50 mg/m² (body surface area) intramuscularly and 62 were managed expectantly. In this study we evaluated the beta-hCG levels at presentation and amenorrhea duration. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding amenorrhea duration and initial beta-hCG levels (p < 0.001). The group with decreasing beta-hCG levels (managed expectantly) had longer amenorrhea (mean: 8.87 ± 1.71 weeks) and lower initial beta-hCG levels (mean: 648.8 ± 754.7 mIU/ml). On the other hand, the group treated with methotrexate had shorter amenorrhea (mean: 6.81 ± 1.88 weeks) and higher beta-hCG levels at presentation (2642.7 ± 2315.1 mIU/ml). CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that ectopic pregnancies can be categorized into two groups: those with early diagnosis and shorter amenorrhea, increasing or maintained beta-hCG levels over 24 and 48-hour intervals and higher beta-hCG levels requiring medical treatment; and those with late diagnosis and longer amenorrhea, decreased beta-hCG levels over 24 and 48-hour intervals and lower beta-hCG levels requiring expectant management.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A gravidez ectópica apresenta comportamentos diferentes. Para avaliar as diferentes evoluções da gravidez ectópica, nós comparamos as pacientes submetidas ao tratamento medicamentoso e à conduta expectante de acordo com a idade gestacional e os valores iniciais de beta-hCG. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo prospectivo, realizado no Departamento de Obstetrícia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, hospital terciário. MÉTODOS: Foram diagnosticados 119 casos de gravidez ectópica íntegra no período de abril de 1999 a fevereiro de 2004. O tratamento com metotrexato 50 mg/m² de superfície corpórea intramuscular foi realizado em 57 casos e a conduta expectante, em 62 casos. Neste estudo, nós avaliamos os valores iniciais de beta-hCG e o período de amenorréia. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença estatística significante entre os dois grupos com relação ao período de amenorréia e os valores iniciais de beta-hCG (p < 0,001). O grupo com títulos de beta-hCG em regressão (conduta expectante) apresentaram período de amenorréia mais longo (média:8,87 ± 1,71 semanas) e valores iniciais de beta-hCG mais baixos (648,8 + 754,7 mUI/ml). Por outro lado, o grupo tratado com metotrexato teve período menor de amenorréia (média 6,81 + 1,88 semanas) e valores de beta-hCG mais altos (2642,7 +2315,1 mUI/ml). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a gravidez ectópica pode ser categorizada em dois grupos: aquelas com diagnóstico precoce com período curto de amenorréia e valores elevados de beta-hCG que requerem tratamento com metotrexato, e aquelas com diagnóstico tardio com período longo de amenorréia e valores baixos de beta-hCG que requerem a conduta expectante.

Patologia menstrual a l'adolescència / Common gynecologic diseases in the adolescent

No disponible

Hematocolpos-hematometra por imperforación himeneal / Haematocolpos-haematometra for imperforated hymen

Se han revisado las circunstancias del descubrimiento de un hematocolpos, los aspectos clínicos y las exploraciones complementarias. Los hematocolpos por imperforación himeneal son tratados por simple incisión estrellada con respeto de los orificios de las glándulas de Bartholino y separación meatohimeneal. Los hematocolpos como consecuencia de una duplicación con una hemivagina ciega son de más difícil tratamiento. El cribado sistemático al nacimiento y un tratamiento poco después del nacimiento se han propuesto para prevenir esta afección de la pubertad (AU)

Estudo citogenético em 80 casos de amenorréia secundária / Cytogenetic study in 80 cases of secondary amenorrhea

OBJETIVO: investigar as alteraçöes citogenéticas, em sangue periférico, em um grupo de mulheres com queixa de amenorréia secundária. AMOSTRA: 80 mulheres atendidas no setor de ginecologia do CAISM, no período de abril de 1990 a março de 1997. DESENHO: idade inferior a 40 anos e queixa principal de amenorréia por período mínimo de 3 ciclos. Os parâmetros estudados compreenderam as dosagens de FSH e LH, realizadas através da técnica de radioimunoensaio, o estudo cromossômico em sangue periférico, realizado em bandas GTG e as quantificaçöes da cromatina X em sedimento urinário. RESULTADOS: a análise citogenética revelou 73 casos com cariótipo normal 46,XX e valores de cromatina X compatíveis com a normalidade, inclusive em 6 casos com estigmas turnerianois. As alteraçöes observadas compreenderam 4 casos de aneuploidias puras, (47,XXX e 45,X), 2 casos de mosaicismo (45,X/46,XX e 45,X/46,X,isoXq) e um caso de deleçäo em braço longo (46,X,delXq(p22q22.1), todos com valores de cromatina X compatíveis com os resultados de cariótipo. As dosagens de LH e FSH permitiram a divisäo da amostra nos subgrupos normo e hipergonadotróficos, com maior incidência deste último e distribuiçäo aproximadamente eqüitativa de alteraçöes citogenéticas nos mesmos. CONCLUSÄO: no grupo estudado, 9 por cento das mulheres apresentaram amenorréia secundária de origem citogenética. Nestes casos, a instalaçäo do quadro clínico ocorreu com idade inferior a 30 anos, em mulheres com sinais clínicos específicos, como baixa ou alta estatura e graus variados de hipodesenvolvimento dos caracteres sexuais secundários. Os valores de cromatina sexual, embora compatíveis com os resultados de cariótipo, mostratam-se ineficazes na detecçäo de mosaicismo e/ou alteraçöes estruturais do cromossomo X. Os autores salientam a necessidade de investigaçäo citogenética de sangue periférico nas mulheres com manifestaçäo de amenorréia secundária com idade inferior a 30 anos e, nos casos de infertilidade por falência ovariana de origem desconhecida e cariótipo 46,XX, a investigaçäo de mosaicismo gonadal.

Consenso acerca de la recuperación del ciclo mentrual y fertilidad posterior al uso de anticonceptivos hormonales / A consensus upon menstrual cyclo and fertility restoration after hormonal contraception

Se revisa la frecuencia de amenorrea y esterilidad a la suspención de anticonceptivos hormonales, concluyéndose que ésta es baja. Destaca que la población más susceptible de presentar alteraciones en este sentido es aquella con anteceentes de disfunción hipotálamo-hipofisaria

Himen imperforado como causa de hematometrocolpos e hidronefrosis / Imperforate Hymen causing hematocolpometra and hydronephrosis

El himen imperforado es una malformación congénita poco frecuente, que generalmente se descubre al iniciarse la menarca, las menstruaciones sucesivas ocasionan hematometrocolpos, dando diversas manifestaciones clínicas. Informamos el caso clínico de una adolescente que presentó himen imperforado con salpingohematometrocolpos manifestándose con dolor abdominal crónico, estreñimiento, vómito, disuria, tenesmo vesical, retención aguda de orina, hidronefrosis y tumor pélvico-abdominal. Un diagnóstico temprano con evacuación de la sangre acumulada evitará la hematometra y el hematosalpinx reduciéndose el riesgo de endometriosis pélvica y el futuro de la fertilidad

Prolactina sérica durante metoclopramida oral en mujeres nuligestas normales / Serum prolactin during oral metoclopramide in normal nulliparous women

Como la primera fase de un extenso proyecto encaminado a determinar los valores de prolactina (PRL) sérica en respuesta a la metoclopramida oral en mujeres con diferentes antecedentes ginecoontétricos, se decidío estudiar a 51 mujeres nulíparas, clínicamente sanas entre 15.8 y 48.8 años, con antecedentes de ciclos menstruales regulares cuando menos un año antes del estudio (salvo tres mujeres menopáusicas), sin ingestión regular de medicamentos los seis meses previos a la prueba. Se estudiaron en condiciones basales, en días 18 a 22 del ciclo menstrual, después de un descanso mínimo de 30 minutos (3 muestras) y 60, 90 y 120 minutosdespués de una dosis única de 10 mg. de metoclopramida por vía oral. En todas las muestras se determinó la PRL y progesterona (P) sólo en una alícuota de las tres muestras basales, en duplicado y mediante radioinmunoanálisis. Todas las mujeres tuvieron niveles séricos de P * 4.0 ng/ml. Se observó una correlación lineal positiva (r=0.6795,p<0.001) entre la edad cronológica (EC) y los niveles séricos de PRL, independientemente de la forma de expresión. considerando las respuestas individuales se decidió dividir al grupo de acuerdo con la EC y se observó que los niveles del PRL **expresados en cualquier forma**eran siempre significativamente mayores en las mujeres> 25 años (Grupo 2) en comparación con las * 25 años (Grupo 1). Dado que las diferencias eran evidentes, se calcularon las percentilas 3.50 y 97 de los niveles séricos de PRL durante cada tiempo de la prueba 3een cada grupo. En conclusión, se presentan los resultados de una prueba con un agente antiopaminérgico (metoclopramida por vía oral) en mujeres nulíparas, Clinicamente sanas en forma de curvas percentilares para mujeres * y > de 25 años de edad.Se sugiere que esta prueba sencilla y segura puede ser de utilidad en la evaluación clínica de mujeres nulíparas con problemas asociados con variaciones en los niveles séricos de PRL, principalmente en el caso de mujeres con alteraciones menstruales y en especial en aquellas con normoprolactinemia basal.