Gold nanoparticles-doped MXene heterostructure for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of fumonisin B1 and ampicillin.

Early transition metal carbides (MXene) hybridized by precious metals open a door for innovative electrochemical biosensing device design. Herein, we present a facile one-pot synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-doped two-dimensional (2D) titanium carbide MXene nanoflakes (Ti3C2Tx/Au). Ti3C2Tx MXene exhibits high electrical conductivity and yields synergistic signal amplification in conjunction with AuNPs leading to excellent electrochemical performance. Thus Ti3C2Tx/Au hybrid nanostructure can be used as an electrode platform for the electrochemical analysis of various targets. We used screen-printed electrodes modified with the Ti3C2Tx/Au electrode and functionalized with different biorecognition elements to detect and quantify an antibiotic, ampicillin (AMP), and a mycotoxin, fumonisin B1 (FB1). The ultralow limits of detection of 2.284 pM and 1.617 pg.mL-1, which we achieved respectively for AMP and FB1 are far lower than their corresponding maximum residue limits of 2.8 nM in milk and 2 to 4 mg kg-1 in corn products for human consumption set by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Additionally, the linear range of detection and quantification of AMP and FB1 were, respectively, 10 pM to 500 nM and 10 pg mL-1 to 1 µg mL-1. The unique structure and excellent electrochemical performance of Ti3C2Tx/Au nanocomposite suggest that it is highly suitable for anchoring biorecognition entities such as antibodies and oligonucleotides for monitoring various deleterious contaminants in agri-food products.

Dual-channel fluorescent sensors based on chitosan-coated Mn-doped ZnS micromaterials to detect ampicillin.

The global threat of antibiotic resistance has increased the importance of the detection of antibiotics. Conventional methods to detect antibiotics are time-consuming and require expensive specialized equipment. Here, we present a simple and rapid biosensor for detecting ampicillin, a commonly used antibiotic. Our method is based on the fluorescent properties of chitosan-coated Mn-doped ZnS micromaterials combined with the ß-lactamase enzyme. The biosensors exhibited the highest sensitivity in a linear working range of 13.1-72.2 pM with a limit of detection of 8.24 pM in deionized water. In addition, due to the biological specificity of ß-lactamase, the proposed sensors have demonstrated high selectivity over penicillin, tetracycline, and glucose through the enhancing and quenching effects at wavelengths of 510 nm and 614 nm, respectively. These proposed sensors also showed promising results when tested in various matrices, including tap water, bottled water, and milk. Our work reports for the first time the cost-effective (Mn:ZnS)Chitosan micromaterial was used for ampicillin detection. The results will facilitate the monitoring of antibiotics in clinical and environmental contexts.

Synergistic antibacterial activity of Phyllanthus emblica fruits and its phytocompounds with ampicillin: a computational and experimental study.

Phyllanthus emblica L. (syn. Emblica officinalis), popularly known as amla, Indian gooseberry, or the King of Rasyana, is a member of Phyllanthaceae family and is traditionally used in Ayurveda as an immunity booster. The present study aimed to investigate the synergistic interaction of Phyllanthus emblica (FPE) fruits and its selected phytocompounds with ampicillin against selected bacteria. Further, an in silico technique was used to find if major phytocompounds of FPE could bind to proteins responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens and enhance the bioactivity of ampicillin. FPE and all the selected phytocompounds were found to have synergistic antibacterial activity with ampicillin against tested bacteria in different combinations. However, ellagic acid and quercetin interactions with ampicillin resulted in maximum bioactivity enhancement of 32-128 folds and 16-277 folds, respectively. In silico analysis revealed strong ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin binding with penicillin-binding protein (PBP-) 3, further supported by MD simulations. Ellagic acid and quercetin also fulfill Lipinski's rule, showing similar toxicity characteristics to ampicillin. FPE showed synergistic interaction with ampicillin, possibly due to the presence of phytocompounds such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin. Molecular docking and MD simulations showed the strong interaction of ellagic acid and quercetin with PBP-3 protein. Therefore, these compounds can be explored as potential non-toxic drug candidates to combat bacterial antimicrobial resistance.

Bioassay-guided detection, identification and assessment of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory compounds from olive tree flower extracts by high-performance thin-layer chromatography linked to spectroscopy.

Olive trees are one of the most widely cultivated fruit trees in the world. The chemical compositions and biological activities of olive tree fruit and leaves have been extensively researched for their nutritional and health-promoting properties. In contrast, limited data have been reported on olive flowers. The present study aimed to analyse bioactive compounds in olive flower extracts and the effect of fermentation-assisted extraction on phenolic content and antioxidant activity. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) hyphenated with the bioassay-guided detection and spectroscopic identification of bioactive compounds was used for the analysis. Enzymatic and bacterial in situ bioassays were used to detect COX-1 enzyme inhibition and antibacterial activity. Multiple zones of antibacterial activity and one zone of COX-1 inhibition were detected in both, non-fermented and fermented, extracts. A newly developed HPTLC-based experimental protocol was used to measure the high-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for the assessment of the relative potency of the extracts in inhibiting COX-1 enzyme and antibacterial activity. Strong antibacterial activities detected in zones 4 and 7 were significantly higher in comparison to ampicillin, as confirmed by low IC50 values (IC50 = 57-58 µg in zone 4 and IC50 = 157-167 µg in zone 7) compared to the ampicillin IC50 value (IC50 = 495 µg). The COX-1 inhibition by the extract (IC50 = 76-98 µg) was also strong compared to that of salicylic acid (IC50 = 557 µg). By comparing the locations of the bands to coeluted standards, compounds from detected bioactive bands were tentatively identified. The eluates from bioactive HPTLC zones were further analysed by FTIR NMR, and LC-MS spectroscopy. Multiple zones of antibacterial activity were associated with the presence of triterpenoid acids, while COX-1 inhibition was related to the presence of long-chain fatty acids.

Synthesis and characterisation of gold nanoparticles from acacia leaf and to evaluate anticariogenic activity.

Objective: To synthesise the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Acacia catechu through biogenic synthesis and evaluate their antimicrobial efficacy against S. mutans and E. coli in vitro. Methods: Green synthesised AuNPs were characterised using the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and the size and shape of the synthesised nanoparticles were evaluated using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antimicrobial efficacy of AuNPs (30/60/100 µl) against S. mutans/E. coli was evaluated on the Mueller-Hinton agar by measuring the zone of inhibition (ZOI) with ampicillin (15 µl) as a positive control. Results: The synthesised AuNPs were confirmed using the UV-Vis spectroscopy with peaks at 540 nm, and the size of the particle estimated using the TEM was between 5 and 15 nm. The antimicrobial efficacy of AuNPs was comparable to that of ampicillin against S. mutans/E. coli, but the difference was not significant. The antimicrobial effects increased in a dose-dependent fashion but were comparable across all concentrations and ampicillin. Conclusion: Green synthesised AuNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against S. mutans and E. coli at par with commercial ampicillin and demonstrated the potential towards anticariogenic agent for future use in dentistry.

Electromembrane extraction - capillary zone electrophoresis for the quantitative determination of ß-lactam antibiotics in milk samples.

Three penicillin-based ß-lactam antibiotics (benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin) were extracted by electromembrane extraction (EME) and determined in the resulting extracts by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with UV-Vis detection. The EME was optimized for the simultaneous clean-up of complex samples and preconcentration of the three antibiotics and employed 1-octanol as the organic phase interface (impregnated in the pores of a hollow fiber), acidified donor solution (pH 3), and phosphate buffer (pH 5.6) as the acceptor solution. The EMEs were carried out for 20 min at 300 V and constant stirring (750 rpm) of the donor solution. At the optimized EME-CZE conditions, the sensitivity of the analytical method was sufficient for the determination of the three ß-lactam antibiotics in undiluted cow's milk at concentrations below the EU maximum residue limits (4 µg/L) in foodstuffs. The method was simple, rapid, and convenient and offered extraction recoveries of 13.5 - 87.3 %, enrichment factors of 23.6 - 152.8, repeatability (RSD values) better than 7.6 %, linear analytical response in the 1 - 100 µg/L (3 - 100 µg/L for benzylpenicillin) concentration range with correlation coefficients ≥ 0.9997, and limits of detection from 0.2 to 1.2 µg/L. The proposed analytical concept was used for the rapid control of milk quality (i.e. assessment of excessive use of antibiotics in dairy animals), moreover, it was further extended to the trace determination of ß-lactam antibiotics in other complex samples, such as in wastewater.

Brumadinho dam collapse induces changes in the microbiome and the antibiotic resistance of the Paraopeba River (Minas Gerais, Brazil).

The rupture of the Córrego do Feijão dam in Brumadinho (January 25, 2019) caused serious damage to the Paraopeba River and compromised the quality of its waters for human consumption. However, the possible effects of the dam collapse on the river microbiome and its antibiotic resistance profiles are unknown. The present study aims to analyse the possible shifts in microbial diversity and enhancement of antibiotic resistance in the Paraopeba River. To this end, two sampling campaigns (February and May 2019) were performed to obtain water across the entire Paraopeba River (eight sampling locations: Moeda, Brumadinho, Igarapé, Juatuba, Varginha, Angueretá, Retiro Baixo and Três Marias; ~464 km). This sampling scheme enabled determining the effects of the disaster on the river microbiome. Total DNA and microbial isolation were performed with these water samples. The 16S rRNA-based microbiome analyses (n = 24; 2.05 million 16S rRNA reads) showed changes in microbial diversity immediately after the disaster with the presence of metal-indicating bacteria (Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Novosphingobium, and Sediminibacterium). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) identification of bacterial isolates (n = 170) also disclosed possible indicators of faecal contamination across the Paraopeba (Cloacibacterium, Bacteroides, Feaecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Enterococcus and Escherichia). Antibiotic resistance increased significantly to ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanate, ceftriaxone, and cefalotin among isolates obtained in May after the disaster. The effects of toxic mud on microbiomes were felt at all points sampled up to Anguereta. The ore mud may have exacerbated the growth of different antibiotic-resistant, metal-resistant, and faecal-indicating bacteria in the Paraopeba River.

Multiplex Detection of Antibiotic Residues in Milk: Application of MCR-ALS on Excitation-Emission Matrix Fluorescence (EEMF) Data Sets.

The presence of antibiotics and their metabolites in milk and dairy products is a serious concern because of their harmful effects on human health. In the current study, a novel synergistic bimetallic nanocluster with gold and silver as an emission fluorescence probe was investigated for the simultaneous determination of tetracycline (TC), ampicillin (AMP), and sulfacetamide (SAC) antibiotics in the milk samples using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF) spectroscopy. The multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) method was implemented to analyze augmented EEMF data sets to quantify the multicomponent systems in the presence of interferences with considerable spectral overlap. A pseudo-univariate calibration curve of the resolved emission spectra intensity against the concentration of the mentioned antibiotics was linear in the range of 5-5000 ng mL-1 for AMP and 50-5000 ng mL-1 for TC and SAC. The calculated values of the limit of detection ranged between 1.4 and 14.6 ng mL-1 with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 4.9%. The obtained results show that the EEMF/MCR-ALS methodology using an emission fluorescence probe is a powerful tool for the simultaneous quantification of TC, AMP, and SAC in complex matrices with highly overlapped spectra.

A green approach to the analysis of co-administered ampicillin/sulbactam and paracetamol in human urine.

The novelty of this work is the simultaneous analysis of sulbactam (SUL), ampicillin (AMP), and paracetamol (PARA) in human urine samples, using the environmentally benign RP-HPLC method. A C18 column was used in chromatographic separation using potassium dihydrogen phosphate (10 mmol L-1, pH 5)/ethanol (90 %, V/V) as the mobile phase; flow rate was 1.00 mL min-1. UV detection at 220 nm was used for quantification. The proposed method showed good linearity in the concentration ranges of 2.20-250.00 µg mL-1 for SUL, 2.50-250.00 µg mL-1 for PARA, and 14.50-250.00 µg mL-1 for AMP. Direct injection of urine samples with no prior extraction was performed. This method was found successful in moving towards greener studies of drugs' urinary excretion, by decreasing hazardous solvent consumption and waste. Moreover, the method was applied to investigate the urinary excretion of the drugs and possible interaction between ampicillin and paracetamol.

Rapid and sensitive analytical method for the determination of amoxicillin and related compounds in water meeting the requirements of the European union watch list.

The presence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment is becoming one of the main research focus of scientists and policy makers. Proof of that is the inclusion of four antibiotics, amongst which is amoxicillin, in the EU Watch List (WL) (Decision 2020/1161/EU)) of substances for water monitoring. The accurate quantification of amoxicillin in water at the sub-ppb levels required by the WL is troublesome due to its physicochemical properties. In this work, the analytical challenges related to the determination of amoxicillin, and six related penicillins (ampicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, penicillin G, penicillin V and oxacillin), have been carefully addressed, including sample treatment, sample stability, chromatographic analysis and mass spectrometric detection by triple quadrupole. Given the low recoveries obtained using different solid-phase extraction cartridges, we applied the direct injection of water samples using a reversed-phase chromatographic column that allowed working with 100% aqueous mobile phase. Matrix effects were evaluated and corrected using the isotopically labelled internal standard or correction factors based on signal suppression observed in the analysis of spiked samples. The methodology developed was satisfactorily validated at 50 and 500 ng L - 1 for the seven penicillins studied, and it was applied to different types of water matrices, revealing the presence of ampicillin in one surface water sample and cloxacillin in three effluent wastewater samples.

Element probe based CRISPR/Cas14 bioassay for non-nucleic-acid targets.

Herein, we propose an element probe based CRISPR/Cas14 detection platform and apply it to the detection of non-nucleic-acid targets. Combining metal isotope detection and CRISPR/Cas14 biosensing, the sensitive detection of non-nucleic-acid targets could be realized. We designed and optimized the element probe, which proved that Cas14 has a preference for longer lengths in element probe cleavage. Using this method, the quantitative detection of trace aqueous ampicillin can be achieved within 45 minutes at room temperature (25 °C). A detection limit as low as 2.06 nM is obtained with excellent performance in anti-interference tests and complex matrix detection.

MoS2/PPy Nanocomposite as a Transducer for Electrochemical Aptasensor of Ampicillin in River Water.

We report the design of an electrochemical aptasensor for ampicillin detection, which is an antibiotic widely used in agriculture and considered to be a water contaminant. We studied the transducing potential of nanostructure composed of MoS2 nanosheets and conductive polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPyNPs) cast on a screen-printed electrode. Fine chemistry is developed to build the biosensors entirely based on robust covalent immobilizations of naphthoquinone as a redox marker and the aptamer. The structural and morphological properties of the nanocomposite were studied by SEM, AFM, and FT-IR. High-resolution XPS measurements demonstrated the formation of a binding between the two nanomaterials and energy transfer affording the formation of heterostructure. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to analyze their electrocatalytic properties. We demonstrated that the nanocomposite formed with PPyNPs and MoS2 nanosheets has electro-catalytic properties and conductivity leading to a synergetic effect on the electrochemical redox process of the redox marker. Thus, a highly sensitive redox process was obtained that could follow the recognition process between the apatamer and the target. An amperometric variation of the naphthoquinone response was obtained regarding the ampicillin concentration with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 pg/L (0.28 pM). A high selectivity towards other contaminants was demonstrated with this biosensor and the analysis of real river water samples without any treatment showed good recovery results thanks to the antifouling properties. This biosensor can be considered a promising device for the detection of antibiotics in the environment as a point-of-use system.

Simultaneous Quantification of Ampicillin and Kanamycin in Water Samples Based on Lateral Flow Aptasensor Strip with an Internal Line.

In this work, a simple and rapid method based on the lateral flow assay (LFA) has been developed for the detection of dual antibiotics. To achieve the quantitative assay and to reduce the non-specific adsorption, an internal system has been developed. A non-specific DNA was exploited as an internal standard and could be recognized by the DNA marker that was coated at the internal line. Two different kinds of aptamers were applied to recognize ampicillin (AMP) and kanamycin (KAM), and the distance between the detection line and conjugate pad was then optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the quantitative assays of AMP (R2 = 0.984) and KAM (R2 = 0.990) were achieved with dynamic ranges of 0.50 to 500.0 ng/L, and of 0.50 to 1000.0 ng/L, respectively. The LOQs of AMP and KAM were 0.06 ng/L and 0.015 ng/L, respectively. Finally, the proposed method has been successfully applied to analyze aquaculture water, tap water, and lake water, and hospital wastewater, indicating the established method could be used to monitor the environment.

BL30SEC Method for Detection of Beta-Lactams in Raw Commingled Cow Milk: AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM 061902.

Testing milk for antibiotics before acceptance into dairies is required by the U.S. Pasteurized Milk Ordinance. Technological advances in tests have reduced screening times and improved detection accuracy. This work describes the validation of the Charm Rapid One Step Assay Beta-Lactam 30 Second Test according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine protocol for raw commingled milk. Milk is added to the lateral flow test strip in an incubator/reader to deliver a 30 second result. Independent laboratory validation followed sensitivity, interference, and incurred residue protocols. Sensitivity, in parts per billion (ppb = µg/kg), using a probit curve determined 90% percent detection with 95% confidence, which met National Conference of Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS) specifications. Six U.S. approved beta-lactam drugs were detected below, but within 50% of, target/tolerance levels for penicillin G 2.9 ppb, ampicillin 5.9 ppb, amoxicillin 5.8 ppb, cephapirin 13 ppb, cloxacillin 8.1 ppb, and ceftiofur metabolites 73 ppb. No interferences were observed from 33 animal drugs at 100 ppb, somatic cells at 1.2 million/mL, or bacterial levels of >300 000 CFU/mL. Incurred residue detection levels were similar to levels determined with the spiked parent compound. The data support NCIMS that the BL30SEC method met U.S. criteria for testing milk for beta-lactams.

Electrochemical assay of ampicillin using Fe3N-Co2N nanoarray coated with molecularly imprinted polymer.

Self-supported Fe3N-Co2N nanoarray with high electric conductivity and large surface area was prepared for growth of MIPs and further constructing a sensitive and stable electrochemical sensor. For the evaluation of its performance, Fe3N-Co2N is used as sensing electrode material, and AMP is used as template molecule to construct the MIP electrochemical sensor. Under the optimized conditions, the developed MIPs electrochemical sensor detects AMP with a low detection limit of 3.65 × 10-10 mol L-1 and shows outstanding reproducibility and stability. When the MIPs electrochemical sensor was applied to detect AMP in milk samples via standard addition method, the recovery within 97.06-102.43% with RSD of 1.05-2.11% was obtained. The fabrication of MIPs electrochemical sensor is highly promising for sensitive and selective electrochemical measurement and food safety testing. This work can provide theoretical guidance for truly challenging problems. Graphical abstract Principle diagram of MIP-EC sensor for detecting AMP Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) are widely performed for construction of electrochemical (EC) sensors especially for detecting small molecules in complex environment. However, the large-scale and robust preparation of MIPs in situ on sensor platform limits their practical applications. We fabricated a MIPs EC sensor based on Fe3N-Co2N in situ grown on carbon cloth (CC) as the substrate platform (Fe3N-Co2N/CC) combining with MIPs as the target recognition element for the label-free detection of AMP. Under the optimal conditions, the developed MIPs EC sensor can detect AMP with a low detection limit of 3.65 × 10-10 mol L-1. When the AMP in milk is detected by the proposed EC sensor, it shows ideal results. Therefore, the use of self-supported Fe3N-Co2N nanoarray as the platform for the fabrication of MIPs EC sensors is highly promising for sensitive and selective EC measurement and point-of-care testing.

A fiber optic nanoplasmonic biosensor for the sensitive detection of ampicillin and its analogs.

A novel optical immunosensor for the screening of ampicillin (Amp) residues has been developed. The biosensor is based on fiber optic particle plasmon resonance detection and uses an enhancement method called as fiber optic nanogold-linked immunosorbent assay (FONLISA) for the sensitive detection of antibiotics. A commercial antibody which had a higher affinity for ampicillin than for other ß-lactam antibiotics was chosen. A surface competitive binding assay was used in which a fixed concentration of antibiotic-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) competes with free unlabeled antibiotic molecules to measure the amount of binding with antibody molecules immobilized on an optical fiber. The synthesis of the 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA)-ampicillin conjugate facilitates the attachment of the Amp molecules to AuNPs via MUA which acts as a linker between them. This AuNP-Amp conjugate was then used for the detection of ß-lactam antibiotics. The practical limit of detection obtained for Amp was 0.74 ppb (7.4 × 10-10 g/mL) which is lower than the recommended maximum residue limit (MRL) for ß-lactams. The method also shows a wide linear range of 4 orders. Its applicability to the determination of ampicillin in spiked milk samples has been demonstrated with good recovery and reproducibility. Graphical abstract.

A statistical approach to optimizing paper spray mass spectrometry parameters.

RATIONALE: Paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) was used to analyze and quantify ampicillin, a hydrophilic compound and frequently utilized antibiotic. Hydrophilic molecules are difficult to analyze via PS-MS due to their strong binding affinity to paper substrates and low ionization efficiency, among other reasons. METHODS: Solvent and paper parameters were optimized to increase the extraction of ampicillin from the paper substrate. After optimizing these key parameters, a Resolution IV 1/16 fractional factorial design with two center points was employed to screen eight different design parameters simultaneously. RESULTS: Pore size, sample volume, and solvent volume were the most significant factors affecting average peak area under the curve (AUC) and the signal-to-blank (S/B) ratio for the 1 µg/mL ampicillin calibrant. After optimizing the key parameters, a linear calibration curve with a range of 0.2 µg/mL to 100 µg/mL was generated (R2  = 0.98) and the limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were calculated to be 0.07 µg/mL and 0.25 µg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The statistical optimization procedure undertaken here increased the mass spectral signal intensity by more than a factor of 40. This statistical method of screening followed by optimization experiments proved faster and more efficient, and produced more drastic improvements than typical one-factor-at-a-time experiments.

Development of a green fluorescence protein (GFP)-based bioassay for detection of antibiotics and its application in milk.

Antibiotics are one of the most widely used types of drugs in pharmaceutics. However, efficiency of these drugs has decreased recently owing to the threat of antibiotic resistance. One of the important factors causing antibiotic resistance is the excessive use of antibacterials in animals. Therefore, detection of antibiotics in foods of animal origin is crucial. The aim of this study was to develop a novel whole-cell based bioassay to be used for detection of some antibiotics. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Escherichia coli cells were used as a recognition agent, and antibiotic detection was carried out by pursuing the inhibition rate of fluorescence intensity as a result of the inhibition of viable cells by the time of progress. The performance of bioassay was tested for different antibiotics, and the obtained results showed that the developed method can be used successfully for detection of ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, gentamicin, neomycin, and tetracycline with the limit of detection (LOD) values of 3.33, 0.29, 28.00, 618.36, and 33.17 µg/L, respectively. The assay was also tested with antibiotic spiked milk samples (skimmed UHT, full-fat UHT, and whole raw milk). According to obtained recovery values, developed method was successful for all samples. The precision and bias values of the method were found between the range of 1.30% to 7.54% and -8.00% to 0.64%, respectively. The developed method, which is inexpensive and simple with detection limits in line with the regulatory limits, is promising for use in milk quality monitoring. Method has potential to be used as a screening method after comprehensive validation. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This method could be used in animal husbandry to check whether the antibiotic prescribed for the treatment of sick animals is still present in their milk as residual. For dairy industry, detection of residual antibiotics in milk is crucial because of their inhibition effects on the fermentation processes. Therefore, the proposed method can be used for routine analysis of raw milk reception in dairy industries. In addition, it is considered to have a wide range of applications for all foods.

Ampicillin biotransformation by a nitrifying consortium.

Ampicillin is a widely used ß-lactam antibiotic that has been detected in various effluents and can alter biological processes used in wastewater treatment such as nitrification. Physiological and kinetic behaviour of a nitrifying consortium in the presence of ampicillin (AMP) (10, 25, and 50 mg/L) was evaluated in batch cultures. Under the experimental conditions (320 ± 8 mg bacterial protein/L, C/N = 2.4, 24 h), the nitrifying behaviour was very similar among the controls without AMP and the assays with antibiotic, as there was no AMP effect on efficiency (ENH4+ = 99.7 ± 4.2%), yields (YNO2- = 0, YNO3- = 1.0 ± 0.1 mg N/mg NH4+-N consumed), neither specific rates of NH4+ oxidation and NO3- formation. Therefore, nitrifying bacteria were insensitive to AMP presence. At all assayed concentrations, after 24 h, 70.5 ± 3.7% of AMP was removed from the cultures through abiotic (16.0-16.5%), biosorption (23.2-47.0%), and biotransformation (10.0-29.8%) processes. With the increase in the initial AMP concentration, a greater participation of the biotransformation process, associated to an increase in the specific AMP consumption rate was attained. The sludge was able to completely oxidize NH4+ to NO3- by nitrification and eliminate AMP biologically, but without reaching its full mineralization.

A novel method for the preconcentration and determination of ampicillin using electromembrane microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Electromembrane extraction was used with high-performance liquid chromatography for preconcentration and determination of ampicillin residues in cow milk. Ampicillin is transferred from an aqueous solution through a thin layer containing octan-1-ol, silver nanoparticles, and reduced graphene oxide which serves as a supported liquid membrane. Inside the fiber impregnated with supported liquid membrane mixture was filled 10 µL of an acceptor phase. Experimental parameters were optimized for extraction efficiency of ampicillin. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method provided acceptable linear range (2-100 µg/L), satisfactory repeatability (RSD% < 7.1), low limit of detection (0.6 µg/L), and a high enrichment factor (295) corresponding to extraction recovery of 37%. Consequently, the proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of ampicillin residues in different cow milks.