Dexmedetomidine Alone or Combined With Morphine for Epidural Anesthesia in Bitches Undergoing Elective Ovariohysterectomy.

The purpose of this study was to assess perioperative analgesia provided by the combination of epidural dexmedetomidine and morphine in bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Twenty-four bitches were included in the study and allocated into 3 groups: GM, morphine 0.1 mg/kg; GD, dexmedetomidine 2 µg/kg; and GDM, dexmedetomidine and morphine at the same doses. All solutions were diluted in saline to a total of 0.36 mL/kg. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (FR) and systolic blood pressure (SAP) were recorded prior to epidural analgesia (TB), immediately following epidural analgesia (TEA), at surgical incision (TSI), at the first ovarian pedicle clamping (TOP1), at the second pedicle clamping (TOP2), at uterine stump clamping (TUC), at the start of abdominal cavity closure (TSC) and at the end of skin closure (TEC). Rescue analgesia with fentanyl was administered at 2 µg/kg IV if nociception corresponding to a 20% increase of any cardiorespiratory variables was noted. Postoperative pain assessment was performed using a modified composite Glasgow pain scale along the first 6 hours following the end of surgery. Numeric data were compared using ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Tukey test and ovarian ligament relaxation was analyzed using chi-square test under 5% significance. No differences were found on FR among times or groups, although HR showed significant differences between GM and GD at TSI, TOP1, TOP2, TSC and TEC and between GM and GDM at TEA and TSI (significantly lower HR values recorded in dexmedetomidine groups). Differences among time points were found on HR between TB and TEA in GD and on PAS between TOP1 and TSC in GM and between TOP1 and TUC in GDM (P < .05). Ovarian ligament relaxation was significantly more present in groups using dexmedetomidine, although the number of rescue analgesia administrations did not differ among groups. Kaplan-Meyer analysis failed to show significant differences on time of rescue analgesia administration among groups (P > .05). In conclusion, the combination of epidural dexmedetomidine and morphine is a more interesting choice for elective ovariohysterectomy in bitches for producing analgesia comparable to that of each drug alone, with noticeable relaxation of ovarian ligaments and lesser cardiovascular consequences.

Dexmedetomidine and Bupivacaine Association in Caudal Epidural Injection in Mares.

The objective of the study was to compare the effects of caudal epidural bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine (DEX) combination, with bupivacaine or DEX plain for perineal analgesia in mares. Six healthy saddle mares weighing 330-370 kg and aged 10-15 years were used in this study. Each mare was assigned to receive three treatments: 0.04 mg/kg 0.25% bupivacaine (BP), 2 µg/kg DEX (DX), or 0.02 mg/kg bupivacaine and 1 µg/kg DEX (BPDX). The order of treatments was randomized. All drugs were injected into the caudal epidural space (Co1-Co2) through a 16-G Tuohy epidural needle. After the epidural injections, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressures (systolic, diastolic, and mean), and rectal temperature were measured at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, and after this time, every 60 minutes until the end of the experiments. A subjective score system was used to assess analgesia, behavioral and motor blockade at the same time points. The BPDX treatment produced analgesic action with twice the duration (200 minutes) of the BP treatment (97 minutes), but with an analgesic duration shorter than the DX treatment (240 minutes) in the regions of the tail, perineum, and upper hind limbs in mares. All treatments showed mild motor blockade. No behavioral changes were observed in any of the animals. There was hemodynamic stability without significant changes in respiratory rate for all treatments. Epidural analgesia using DEX alone or the combination of DEX and bupivacaine may be an option for painful obstetric and gynecological procedures in mares.

Avaliação pós-cirúrgica do impacto analgésico do tramadol epidural, quando associado à levobupivacaína, em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia e à ovariohisterectomia / Post-surgical evaluation of the analgesic impact of epidural tramadol, when associated with levobupivacaine, in bitches undergoing mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy

Background: Mammary tumors are the most common neoplasms in female dogs. Surgical removal of the mammary glandchain is considered the standard treatment and is usually performed along with ovariohysterectomy (OH) to suppressovarian hormonal influence. Mastectomies cause moderate to severe pain and require preferential multimodal analgesicprotocols. The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative analgesic efficacy and the recovery times on femaledogs undergoing mastectomies and OH between those treated with epidural levobupivacaine alone and those treated withassociated doses of tramadol and anesthetized with propofol.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen female dogs were pretreated with acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg), using propofol(4 mg/kg) for induction and anesthesia maintenance. The dogs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6) treatedwith epidural anesthesia with levobupivacaine alone at 1.5 mg/kg (GL) or associated with tramadol at doses of 2 mg/kg(GLT2) or 4 mg/kg (GLT4). After anesthesia, the mean propofol infusion rate for each group were calculed. During thepostoperative period, the degree of analgesia according to the University of Melbourne Pain Scale for 6 hours were determined, considering seven time points for evaluation (M30, M60, M90, M120, M180, M240, and M360). Supplementalanalgesia with morphine (0.5 mg/kg) to those dogs with scores ≥13 were provided. During the recovery period, the timeintervals between the end of anesthesia, and the following events: extubation (EX), the first head movement (MC), and theestablishment of sternal (PE) and quadrupedal (PQ) positions were measured. Data were subjected to the Friedman testfor analysis of non-parametric variables within the same group and to the Mann–Whitney test for independent variables,comparing the mean scores between groups (statistical significance was set at P < 0.05). In the GL group, a higher meanpropofol infusion rate than in either the ...

Avaliação pós-cirúrgica do impacto analgésico do tramadol epidural, quando associado à levobupivacaína, em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia e à ovariohisterectomia / Post-surgical evaluation of the analgesic impact of epidural tramadol, when associated with levobupivacaine, in bitches undergoing mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy

Background: Mammary tumors are the most common neoplasms in female dogs. Surgical removal of the mammary glandchain is considered the standard treatment and is usually performed along with ovariohysterectomy (OH) to suppressovarian hormonal influence. Mastectomies cause moderate to severe pain and require preferential multimodal analgesicprotocols. The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative analgesic efficacy and the recovery times on femaledogs undergoing mastectomies and OH between those treated with epidural levobupivacaine alone and those treated withassociated doses of tramadol and anesthetized with propofol.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen female dogs were pretreated with acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg), using propofol(4 mg/kg) for induction and anesthesia maintenance. The dogs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6) treatedwith epidural anesthesia with levobupivacaine alone at 1.5 mg/kg (GL) or associated with tramadol at doses of 2 mg/kg(GLT2) or 4 mg/kg (GLT4). After anesthesia, the mean propofol infusion rate for each group were calculed. During thepostoperative period, the degree of analgesia according to the University of Melbourne Pain Scale for 6 hours were determined, considering seven time points for evaluation (M30, M60, M90, M120, M180, M240, and M360). Supplementalanalgesia with morphine (0.5 mg/kg) to those dogs with scores ≥13 were provided. During the recovery period, the timeintervals between the end of anesthesia, and the following events: extubation (EX), the first head movement (MC), and theestablishment of sternal (PE) and quadrupedal (PQ) positions were measured. Data were subjected to the Friedman testfor analysis of non-parametric variables within the same group and to the Mann–Whitney test for independent variables,comparing the mean scores between groups (statistical significance was set at P < 0.05). In the GL group, a higher meanpropofol infusion rate than in either the ...(AU)

Morfina epidural contínua no controle da dor pós-operatória em ovino / Postoperative pain management in a sheep using continuous epidural morphine

Background: Although ruminants experience pain like other species, diagnosis and treatment may be imprecise and challenging, especially because of lack of recognition and restraint of therapeutic resources. In addition to the restrictions inherent in the species, organic dysfunctions may further restrict the analgesic arsenal, making it necessary to find viable and effective alternative for pain control. The continuous administration of opioids in the epidural space has been highlighted as an analgesic resource in several species. However, until this moment, there are few information on this practice in ruminants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the use of continuous epidural infusion of morphine in a sheep undergoing to urethrostomy with a history of chronic pain and urolithiasis.Case: A 3-year-old Santa Ines sheep, weighting 110 kg, was presented to the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Bahia with history of recurrent urolithiasis, lameness, severe pain and continuous use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The findings of the physical examination, imaging and laboratory tests revealed possible abomasum inflammation, chronic laminitis, left humerus-radioulnar osteoarthritis and urethral urolithiasis with uremia. A clinical stabilization of the animal was performed, including an interruption of the use of the NSAID and the administration of fluid, urinary acidifier (ammonium chloride), histamine H2 receptor antagonist (ranitidine), cytoprotectant (sucralfate), antibiotic (norfloxacin) and dipyrone. After 3 days, urethrostomy was performed followed by the implantation of an epidural catheter (19G) in the lumbosacral space (L7 - S1) by means of a Tuohy needle (18G), after the surgical procedure. Administration of morphine (0.1 mg kg-1) through the catheter at 24-h intervals, associated with dipyrone (25 mg kg-1) intravenously (IV), every 8 h, over a 5-day period, was the postoperative analgesic protocol chosen.[...]

Morfina epidural contínua no controle da dor pós-operatória em ovino / Postoperative pain management in a sheep using continuous epidural morphine

Background: Although ruminants experience pain like other species, diagnosis and treatment may be imprecise and challenging, especially because of lack of recognition and restraint of therapeutic resources. In addition to the restrictions inherent in the species, organic dysfunctions may further restrict the analgesic arsenal, making it necessary to find viable and effective alternative for pain control. The continuous administration of opioids in the epidural space has been highlighted as an analgesic resource in several species. However, until this moment, there are few information on this practice in ruminants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the use of continuous epidural infusion of morphine in a sheep undergoing to urethrostomy with a history of chronic pain and urolithiasis.Case: A 3-year-old Santa Ines sheep, weighting 110 kg, was presented to the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Bahia with history of recurrent urolithiasis, lameness, severe pain and continuous use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The findings of the physical examination, imaging and laboratory tests revealed possible abomasum inflammation, chronic laminitis, left humerus-radioulnar osteoarthritis and urethral urolithiasis with uremia. A clinical stabilization of the animal was performed, including an interruption of the use of the NSAID and the administration of fluid, urinary acidifier (ammonium chloride), histamine H2 receptor antagonist (ranitidine), cytoprotectant (sucralfate), antibiotic (norfloxacin) and dipyrone. After 3 days, urethrostomy was performed followed by the implantation of an epidural catheter (19G) in the lumbosacral space (L7 - S1) by means of a Tuohy needle (18G), after the surgical procedure. Administration of morphine (0.1 mg kg-1) through the catheter at 24-h intervals, associated with dipyrone (25 mg kg-1) intravenously (IV), every 8 h, over a 5-day period, was the postoperative analgesic protocol chosen.[...](AU)

The effect of epidurally administered dexamethasone with lignocaine for post-operative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. A dose-response study.

PURPOSE:: To evaluate the postoperative analgesic and adverse effects of three doses of dexamethasone, administered epidurally in combination with lignocaine, in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OVH). METHODS:: Twenty-four female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy were pre-medicated with acepromazine and general anaesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol. Animals were randomly allocated into four groups of six. The control group was given lignocaine 2% (LI) and the treatment groups were given lignocaine with either 2 mg dexamethasone (LIDEX2), 4 mg dexamethasone (LIDEX4) or 8 mg dexamethasone (LIDEX8) administered at the lumbosacral epidural space. Duration of postoperative analgesia, first analgesic rescue, motor blockade, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were evaluated. RESULTS:: The duration of postoperative analgesia was 19.5 (SD 6) hours for LIDEX8 (p=0.001), 10 (SD 2) hours for LIDEX4 (p=0.002), 4 (SD 2) hours for LIDEX2 (p=0.074) treatments compared with values for the LI control treatment 2.2 (SD 1.6) hours. All treatments had significant cardiovascular and respiratory alterations but they were within acceptable range in these clinically healthy female dogs. CONCLUSION:: Dexamethasone added to epidural lignocaine significantly extends the postoperative analgesia after ovariohysterectomy in female dogs.

Systemic and neurotoxic effects of epidural meloxicam in rabbits / Efeitos sistêmicos e neurotóxicos do meloxicam por via epidural em coelhos

The aim of this study was to assess systemic and neurotoxic changes following an epidural administration of meloxicamin to rabbits. Twelve adult rabbits four males and eight females; average mass, 1.9 ± 0.1kg were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (GC), which received a single dose of 0.9% NaCl epidurally in a volume of 0.3mL kg-1and a meloxicam group (GM), which received 0.2mg kg-1 meloxicam epidurally along with 0.9% NaCl in a total volume of 0.3mL kg-1. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and neurological abnormalities were assessed prior to administration of anesthesia (H0), 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24h following epidural puncture (H1, H2, H3, H6, H12, and H24, respectively), and every 24h afterward for 10 days after epidural puncture (D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, and D10). The surface temperature of lumbosacral region was also measured at H0, H1, H6, H12, H24, D5 and D10. Three animals from each group were euthanized on days 15 and 30 after epidural puncture to assess possible spinal injuries. Variances observed in physiological parameters were not suggestive of adverse effects of meloxicam, as all were within the reference standards, and there were no physical or behavioral changes observed. Neurological function was similar between groups, with only difference between baseline values and values 1h after epidural administration in both groups. There were no histopathological changes in the GM group, and only one animal showed discrete lymphocytic infiltrate. Epidural lumbosacral administration of meloxicam at a dose of 0.2mg kg-1 caused no significant systemic or neurotoxic effects in rabbits.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as alterações sistêmicas e neurotóxicas promovidas pelo meloxicam, administrado por via epidural, em coelhos. Foram utilizados 12 coelhos adultos, quatro machos e oito fêmeas, pensando em média 1,9 ± 0,1kg. Os animais foram divididos equitativa e aleatoriamente em dois grupos, os quais receberam dose única de solução de NaCl 0,9% no volume de 0,3mL kg-1, por via epidural (grupo controle - GC) ou meloxicam (0,2mg kg-1) associado à solução de NaCl 0,9%, compondo um volume total de 0,3mL kg-1 (grupo meloxicam - GM). Avaliaram-se frequências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura corporal e alterações neurológicas, antes da administração da anestesia (H0), uma, duas, três, seis, 12 e 24 horas após a punção epidural (H1, H2, H3, H6, H12 e H24, respectivamente) e a cada 24 horas após o H24, até o 10º dia após a punção epidural (D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9 e D10). Mensurou-se ainda a temperatura superficial da região lombossacra em H0, H1, H6, H12, H24, D5 e D10. Realizou-se eutanásia em três animais de cada grupo no 15o e no 30o dia após o início do experimento, para avaliação das possíveis lesões medulares. As variâncias observadas nos parâmetros fisiológicos não foram sugestivas de efeito adverso do meloxicam, pois estiveram dentro do padrão de referência e não houve alterações físicas ou comportamentais. O exame neurológico se mostrou semelhante entre os grupos, havendo diferença apenas entre a avaliação inicial e uma hora após a epidural em ambos os grupos. Na histopatologia não houve alterações no GM e apenas um animal do GC apresentou discreto infiltrado linfoplasmocitário. A administração epidural lombossacra de meloxicam, na dose de 0,2mg kg-1, não causa efeitos sistêmicos e neurotóxicos significativos, em coelhos.

Systemic and neurotoxic effects of epidural meloxicam in rabbits / Efeitos sistêmicos e neurotóxicos do meloxicam por via epidural em coelhos

The aim of this study was to assess systemic and neurotoxic changes following an epidural administration of meloxicamin to rabbits. Twelve adult rabbits four males and eight females; average mass, 1.9 ± 0.1kg were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (GC), which received a single dose of 0.9% NaCl epidurally in a volume of 0.3mL kg-1and a meloxicam group (GM), which received 0.2mg kg-1 meloxicam epidurally along with 0.9% NaCl in a total volume of 0.3mL kg-1. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and neurological abnormalities were assessed prior to administration of anesthesia (H0), 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24h following epidural puncture (H1, H2, H3, H6, H12, and H24, respectively), and every 24h afterward for 10 days after epidural puncture (D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, and D10). The surface temperature of lumbosacral region was also measured at H0, H1, H6, H12, H24, D5 and D10. Three animals from each group were euthanized on days 15 and 30 after epidural puncture to assess possible spinal injuries. Variances observed in physiological parameters were not suggestive of adverse effects of meloxicam, as all were within the reference standards, and there were no physical or behavioral changes observed. Neurological function was similar between groups, with only difference between baseline values and values 1h after epidural administration in both groups. There were no histopathological changes in the GM group, and only one animal showed discrete lymphocytic infiltrate. Epidural lumbosacral administration of meloxicam at a dose of 0.2mg kg-1 caused no significant systemic or neurotoxic effects in rabbits.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as alterações sistêmicas e neurotóxicas promovidas pelo meloxicam, administrado por via epidural, em coelhos. Foram utilizados 12 coelhos adultos, quatro machos e oito fêmeas, pensando em média 1,9 ± 0,1kg. Os animais foram divididos equitativa e aleatoriamente em dois grupos, os quais receberam dose única de solução de NaCl 0,9% no volume de 0,3mL kg-1, por via epidural (grupo controle - GC) ou meloxicam (0,2mg kg-1) associado à solução de NaCl 0,9%, compondo um volume total de 0,3mL kg-1 (grupo meloxicam - GM). Avaliaram-se frequências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura corporal e alterações neurológicas, antes da administração da anestesia (H0), uma, duas, três, seis, 12 e 24 horas após a punção epidural (H1, H2, H3, H6, H12 e H24, respectivamente) e a cada 24 horas após o H24, até o 10º dia após a punção epidural (D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9 e D10). Mensurou-se ainda a temperatura superficial da região lombossacra em H0, H1, H6, H12, H24, D5 e D10. Realizou-se eutanásia em três animais de cada grupo no 15o e no 30o dia após o início do experimento, para avaliação das possíveis lesões medulares. As variâncias observadas nos parâmetros fisiológicos não foram sugestivas de efeito adverso do meloxicam, pois estiveram dentro do padrão de referência e não houve alterações físicas ou comportamentais. O exame neurológico se mostrou semelhante entre os grupos, havendo diferença apenas entre a avaliação inicial e uma hora após a epidural em ambos os grupos. Na histopatologia não houve alterações no GM e apenas um animal do GC apresentou discreto infiltrado linfoplasmocitário. A administração epidural lombossacra de meloxicam, na dose de 0,2mg kg-1, não causa efeitos sistêmicos e neurotóxicos significativos, em coelhos.(AU)

The effect of epidurally administered dexamethasone with lignocaine for post-operative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. A dose-response study

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the postoperative analgesic and adverse effects of three doses of dexamethasone, administered epidurally in combination with lignocaine, in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Methods: Twenty-four female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy were pre-medicated with acepromazine and general anaesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol. Animals were randomly allocated into four groups of six. The control group was given lignocaine 2% (LI) and the treatment groups were given lignocaine with either 2 mg dexamethasone (LIDEX2), 4 mg dexamethasone (LIDEX4) or 8 mg dexamethasone (LIDEX8) administered at the lumbosacral epidural space. Duration of postoperative analgesia, first analgesic rescue, motor blockade, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were evaluated. Results: The duration of postoperative analgesia was 19.5 (SD 6) hours for LIDEX8 (p=0.001), 10 (SD 2) hours for LIDEX4 (p=0.002), 4 (SD 2) hours for LIDEX2 (p=0.074) treatments compared with values for the LI control treatment 2.2 (SD 1.6) hours. All treatments had significant cardiovascular and respiratory alterations but they were within acceptable range in these clinically healthy female dogs. Conclusion: Dexamethasone added to epidural lignocaine significantly extends the postoperative analgesia after ovariohysterectomy in female dogs.

The effect of epidurally administered dexamethasone with lignocaine for post-operative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. A dose-response study

Purpose: To evaluate the postoperative analgesic and adverse effects of three doses of dexamethasone, administered epidurally in combination with lignocaine, in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Methods: Twenty-four female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy were pre-medicated with acepromazine and general anaesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol. Animals were randomly allocated into four groups of six. The control group was given lignocaine 2% (LI) and the treatment groups were given lignocaine with either 2 mg dexamethasone (LIDEX2), 4 mg dexamethasone (LIDEX4) or 8 mg dexamethasone (LIDEX8) administered at the lumbosacral epidural space. Duration of postoperative analgesia, first analgesic rescue, motor blockade, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were evaluated. Results: The duration of postoperative analgesia was 19.5 (SD 6) hours for LIDEX8 (p=0.001), 10 (SD 2) hours for LIDEX4 (p=0.002), 4 (SD 2) hours for LIDEX2 (p=0.074) treatments compared with values for the LI control treatment 2.2 (SD 1.6) hours. All treatments had significant cardiovascular and respiratory alterations but they were within acceptable range in these clinically healthy female dogs. Conclusion: Dexamethasone added to epidural lignocaine significantly extends the postoperative analgesia after ovariohysterectomy in female dogs.(AU)

Fentanyl and methadone used as adjuncts to bupivacaine for lumbosacral epidural analgesia in sheep.

Six healthy, female, mixed-breed 18-24-month-old sheep weighing 30-48 kg were submitted to lumbosacral epidural bupivacaine in combination with either methadone or fentanyl. Epidural catheters were placed in six sheep that were given three treatments: (Bup) bupivacaine (0.5 mg/kg) alone; (BupMet) bupivacaine (0.25 mg/kg) plus methadone (0.3 mg/kg); and (BupFent) bupivacaine (0.25 mg/kg) plus fentanyl (0.002 mg/kg). Haemodynamic variables, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, analgesia by applying a standard painful stimulus, motor block and sedative scores were compared among the three treatments. These parameters were determined before epidural administration and at 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes after treatment administration, and then every 60 minutes thereafter until the end of analgesic effect. Parametrical data were analysed by proc glimmix (SAS) for repeated measures on time and means tested by ls-means. Non-parametrical data were analysed by Fisher's exact test. Duration of analgesia was longer with BupMet (240 minutes) compared with BupFent (180 minutes; P=0.0127), but BupMet was similar to Bup (240 minutes). Both treatments with opioids produced moderate motor blockade. BupMet and BupFent produced mild sedation. Only treatment with bupivacaine alone induced cardiovascular and respiratory rate changes that stayed within acceptable limits.

Analgesia epidural com xilazina ou detomidina em cães submetidos a procedimentos ortopédicos / Epidural analgesia with xylazine or detomidine in dogs undergoing orthopedic procedures

Os agonistas dos α2-adrenorreceptores podem ser classificados como sedativo-hipnóticos e têm propriedades adicionais miorrelaxantes e analgésicas, portanto, por apresentarem tais características, eles são alternativas ao uso dos opioides, via epidural. Assim, foram avaliados em catorze cães os efeitos analgésicos e cardiorrespiratórios causados pela injeção epidural de xilazina ou detomidina, para comparar o grau de analgesia proporcionado por ambos. Utilizou-se a escala de Melbourne, considerando como critérios para a administração da analgesia de resgate uma pontuação de 13 pontos. Os grupos não apresentaram diferenças significativas e não necessitaram de resgate analgésico. A conclusão foi que os dois fármacos produzem analgesia intensa durante os períodos transcirúrgico e pós-operatório sem causar qualquer depressão respiratória, bradicardia ou hipotensão.

The agonists of α2-adrenoceptors may be classified as a sedativehypnotic and have additional myorelaxant and analgesic properties, therefore, for presenting such characteristics, they are alternatives to using opioids, via epidural. Thus, it was evaluated in fourteen dogs the analgesic and cardiorespiratory effects caused by epidural injection of xylazine or detomidine, to compare the level of analgesia provided by both products. The range of Melbourne was applied for performing the comparison, considering as criteria for the administration of analgesia rescue a score of 13 points. Both groups did no present any significant changes and not required analgesic rescue. The conclusion was that the two drugs produce intense analgesia during the transurgical and postoperative periods without any effect on respiratory depression, bradycardia or hypotension.

Analgesia epidural com xilazina ou detomidina em cães submetidos a procedimentos ortopédicos / Epidural analgesia with xylazine or detomidine in dogs undergoing orthopedic procedures

Os agonistas dos α2-adrenorreceptores podem ser classificados como sedativo-hipnóticos e têm propriedades adicionais miorrelaxantes e analgésicas, portanto, por apresentarem tais características, eles são alternativas ao uso dos opioides, via epidural. Assim, foram avaliados em catorze cães os efeitos analgésicos e cardiorrespiratórios causados pela injeção epidural de xilazina ou detomidina, para comparar o grau de analgesia proporcionado por ambos. Utilizou-se a escala de Melbourne, considerando como critérios para a administração da analgesia de resgate uma pontuação de 13 pontos. Os grupos não apresentaram diferenças significativas e não necessitaram de resgate analgésico. A conclusão foi que os dois fármacos produzem analgesia intensa durante os períodos transcirúrgico e pós-operatório sem causar qualquer depressão respiratória, bradicardia ou hipotensão.(AU)

The agonists of α2-adrenoceptors may be classified as a sedativehypnotic and have additional myorelaxant and analgesic properties, therefore, for presenting such characteristics, they are alternatives to using opioids, via epidural. Thus, it was evaluated in fourteen dogs the analgesic and cardiorespiratory effects caused by epidural injection of xylazine or detomidine, to compare the level of analgesia provided by both products. The range of Melbourne was applied for performing the comparison, considering as criteria for the administration of analgesia rescue a score of 13 points. Both groups did no present any significant changes and not required analgesic rescue. The conclusion was that the two drugs produce intense analgesia during the transurgical and postoperative periods without any effect on respiratory depression, bradycardia or hypotension.(AU)

Evaluating Femoral-Sciatic Nerve Blocks, Epidural Analgesia, and No Use of Regional Analgesia in Dogs Undergoing Tibia-Plateau-Leveling-Osteotomy.

This is a retrospective study evaluating femoral-sciatic nerve blocks (FSBs), epidural analgesia, and non-regional analgesia (NRA) in dogs undergoing tibia-plateau-leveling-osteotomy surgery. Thirty-five records met the criteria for each of the FSB and epidural analgesia groups. Seventeen anesthesia records met the criteria for the NRA or control group. The parameters reported were: isoflurane vaporizer setting, rescue analgesia/anesthesia drugs received, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and recovery quality (0-4, with 0 being poor and 4 being good). Rescue analgesia-anesthesia during surgery was performed with either fentanyl, ketamine, or propofol. A larger percentage of dogs in the NRA group required rescue analgesia during surgery. The FSB group had a higher recovery quality with median (95% confidence interval of four (±0.3) when compared to two (±0.8) in NRA (p < 0.01). No difference between groups was observed on any other parameter reported. As part of a multimodal analgesia approach for tibia-plateau-leveling-osteotomy surgery, the use of femoral and sciatic nerves blocks with bupivacaine appears to be an alternative technique to help with analgesia and anesthesia during surgery.

Comparison of analgesic and systemic effects of bupivacaine, methadone, or bupivacaine/methadone administered epidurally in conscious sheep.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination of bupivacaine and methadone administered epidurally in sheep. METHODS: Six healthy female mixed-breed sheep weighing 35-46 kg and aged 12-18 months were included. Each sheep was assigned to receive three treatments: 0.5 mg/kg 0.25% bupivacaine (BP), 0.3 mg/kg 1% methadone (MT) or 0.25 mg/kg bupivacaine and 0.15 mg/kg methadone (BPMT). All drugs were injected into the lumbosacral space through an epidural catheter. Each animal received each treatment at random. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean), respiratory rate, rectal temperature, analgesia, sedation and motor block were determined before treatment and at predetermined intervals. RESULTS: The duration of analgesia was 240, 220, and 180 min for BP, MT and BPMT, respectively (P < 0.05). Motor block for all agents was mild to moderate. None or the treatments significantly altered the heart rate, blood pressure or respiratory rate. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that lumbosacral epidural administration of bupivacaine, methadone or a combination of the two drugs can provide perioperative analgesia in sheep as part of their management for surgical procedures in the flank and hindlimbs.

Postoperative analgesic effects of epidural administration of neostigmine alone or in combination with morphine in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery of the pelvic limbs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the postoperative analgesic effects of epidural administration of morphine and neostigmine, either alone or in combination, in dogs. ANIMALS: 30 dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery on a pelvic limb. PROCEDURES: Anesthetic protocols were standardized. At the end of surgery, 10 dogs each received 1 of 3 epidural treatments: morphine (0.1 mg/kg), neostigmine (5 µg/kg), or morphine plus neostigmine (0.1 mg/kg and 5 µg/kg, respectively). Postoperative pain scores and the need for rescue analgesia were evaluated for 24 hours. RESULTS: Pain scores were higher in the neostigmine group, compared with scores for the morphine-neostigmine group, at 2 and 24 hours after surgery and higher in the morphine group than in the morphine-neostigmine group at 2 and 4 hours. During 24 hours, rescue analgesia was provided for 4, 7, and 2 of 10 dogs each in the morphine, neostigmine, and morphine-neostigmine groups, respectively. The number of dogs given rescue analgesia was significantly different among groups at 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours after surgery. Dogs in the morphine and morphine-neostigmine groups had a lower probability of receiving rescue analgesia within 24 hours than did dogs in the neostigmine group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When administered epidurally, morphine alone or in combination with neostigmine provided effective postoperative analgesia in most dogs after orthopedic surgery, whereas neostigmine alone did not. Findings for this study suggested a potential role for neostigmine as an adjuvant for epidural analgesia in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgeries on the pelvic limbs.

Effects of epidural nalbuphine on intraoperative isoflurane and postoperative analgesic requirements in dogs.

PURPOSE: To measure the change in the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (EtISO) associated with epidural nalbuphine and the postoperative analgesic requirements in dogs after ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: Twenty four healthy female dogs were randomly assigned to receive saline or nalbuphine at 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg (n=8 for each group) administered via lumbosacral epidural catheter introduced cranially into the epidural canal. Changes in heart and respiratory rates and arterial blood pressure during surgery were recorded along with the corresponding EtISO. Immediately after tracheal extubation, analgesia, sedation, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressure were measured at predetermined intervals and every 60 min thereafter until the first rescue analgesic. RESULTS: A significant decrease in EtISO was associated with epidural nalbuphine at 0.3 mg/kg (26.3%) and 0.6 mg/kg (38.4%) but not with saline in ovariohysterectomized dogs. In the postoperative period, VAS and Colorado analgesic scores were lower for the dogs that received the higher nalbuphine dose, which only required supplemental analgesia 10 h following its administration, compared with dogs that received the lower dose. CONCLUSION: Epidural nalbuphine significantly reduces the intra-operative isoflurane requirement and provides prolonged postoperative analgesia after ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

Analgesia epidural em um Muar portador de fratura de falange proximal / Epidural analgesia in a mule proximal phalanx fracture carrier / La analgesia epidural en un portador fractura falange proximal mula

É relatado o caso de um equídeo com fratura da primeira falange (P1) do membro pélvico esquerdo, após acidente automobilístico. Ao exame radiográfico foi possível observar fratura múltipla cominutiva de P1, sendo o tratamento realizado imobilização do membro acometido por meio da aplicação de gesso sintético. Baseados na observação clínica e exames físicos diários foram possíveis mensurar a dor desse paciente. Com o intuito de proporcionar alivio da dor, optou-se pelo uso da anestesia/analgesia epidural com morfina,através do implante de cateter no espaço intercoccígeo, por onde o fármaco foi administrado uma vez ao dia,procedimento suficiente para proporcionar alívio da dor. Após 150 dias, o gesso foi retirado e o animal apresentou consolidação total da fratura.

The aim of the article is to report the case of anequine animal with the first phalanx fracture (P1) of the leftpelvic limb after car accident. An X-ray was observed multiple comminuted fracture of P1, and the treatment performed limb immobilization affected by the application of synthetic gypsum. Based on clinical observations and daily physical examinations were possible to measure the pain of patients. In order to provide pain relief, weopted for the use of anesthesia / epidural analgesia with morphine, through the catheter implantation in intercoccígeospace, where the drug was administered once a day, enough procedure to provide pain relief. After 150 days, the plaster was removed and the animal showed complete fracture healing.

Presentamos el caso de un equino con una fractura en la primera falange (P1) de Ia extremidadpélvica izquierda después de un accidente automovilístico. En el examen radiográfico fue posible observar múltiplas fracturas de P1, el tratamiento realizado fue Ia inmovilización del miembro afectado mediante Ia aplicación de unde molde de yeso sintético. Basados en Ia observación clínica y exámenes físicos diarios fueron posibles disminuirel dolor en este paciente. Con el fin de aliviar dei dolor, se optó por el uso de anestesia/analgesia epidural conmorfina, con el implante dei catéter en el espacio intercoccígeo, por donde el fármaco fue administrado una vez aidía, suficiente para subsanar el dolor. Después de 150 días, el yeso fue retirado y el animal presentó su fractura totalmente consolidada.

Analgesia epidural em um Muar portador de fratura de falange proximal / Epidural analgesia in a mule proximal phalanx fracture carrier / La analgesia epidural en un portador fractura falange proximal mula

É relatado o caso de um equídeo com fratura da primeira falange (P1) do membro pélvico esquerdo, após acidente automobilístico. Ao exame radiográfico foi possível observar fratura múltipla cominutiva de P1, sendo o tratamento realizado imobilização do membro acometido por meio da aplicação de gesso sintético. Baseados na observação clínica e exames físicos diários foram possíveis mensurar a dor desse paciente. Com o intuito de proporcionar alivio da dor, optou-se pelo uso da anestesia/analgesia epidural com morfina,através do implante de cateter no espaço intercoccígeo, por onde o fármaco foi administrado uma vez ao dia,procedimento suficiente para proporcionar alívio da dor. Após 150 dias, o gesso foi retirado e o animal apresentou consolidação total da fratura.(AU)

The aim of the article is to report the case of anequine animal with the first phalanx fracture (P1) of the leftpelvic limb after car accident. An X-ray was observed multiple comminuted fracture of P1, and the treatment performed limb immobilization affected by the application of synthetic gypsum. Based on clinical observations and daily physical examinations were possible to measure the pain of patients. In order to provide pain relief, weopted for the use of anesthesia / epidural analgesia with morphine, through the catheter implantation in intercoccígeospace, where the drug was administered once a day, enough procedure to provide pain relief. After 150 days, the plaster was removed and the animal showed complete fracture healing.(AU)

Presentamos el caso de un equino con una fractura en la primera falange (P1) de Ia extremidadpélvica izquierda después de un accidente automovilístico. En el examen radiográfico fue posible observar múltiplas fracturas de P1, el tratamiento realizado fue Ia inmovilización del miembro afectado mediante Ia aplicación de unde molde de yeso sintético. Basados en Ia observación clínica y exámenes físicos diarios fueron posibles disminuirel dolor en este paciente. Con el fin de aliviar dei dolor, se optó por el uso de anestesia/analgesia epidural conmorfina, con el implante dei catéter en el espacio intercoccígeo, por donde el fármaco fue administrado una vez aidía, suficiente para subsanar el dolor. Después de 150 días, el yeso fue retirado y el animal presentó su fractura totalmente consolidada.(AU)