Naringin Inhibits Apoptosis Induced by Cyclic Stretch in Rat Annular Cells and Partially Attenuates Disc Degeneration by Inhibiting the ROS/NF-κB Pathway.

Oxidative stress and apoptosis play important roles in the pathogenesis of various degenerative diseases. Previous studies have shown that naringin can exert therapeutic effects in multiple degenerative diseases by resisting oxidative stress and inhibiting apoptosis. Although naringin is effective in treating degenerative disc disease, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of naringin on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) induced by cyclic stretch and the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Abnormal cyclic stretch was applied to rat annulus fibrosus cells, which were then treated with naringin, to observe the effects of naringin on apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and the nuclear factor- (NF-) κB signaling pathway. Subsequently, a rat model of IVDD induced by dynamic and static imbalance was established to evaluate the effects of naringin on the degree of degeneration (using imaging and histology), apoptosis, and oxidative stress in the serum and the intervertebral disc. Naringin inhibited the cyclic stretch-induced apoptosis of annulus fibrosus cells, reduced oxidative stress, improved mitochondrial function, enhanced the antioxidant capacity, and suppressed the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, it reduced the degree of IVDD (evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging) and the level of oxidative stress and inhibited apoptosis and p-P65 expression in the intervertebral discs of rats. Thus, naringin can inhibit cyclic stretch-induced apoptosis and delay IVDD, and the underlying mechanism may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Naringin may be an effective drug for treating degenerative disc disease.

Mechanical Stretch Induces Annulus Fibrosus Cell Senescence through Activation of the RhoA/ROCK Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Intervertebral disc is responsible for absorbing and transmitting mechanical compression. Under physiological conditions, the peripheral annulus fibrosus (AF) cells are subjected to different magnitudes of transverse mechanical stretch depending on the swelling of the central nucleus pulposus tissue. However, the biological behavior of AF cells under mechanical stretch is not well studied. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to study the effects of mechanical tension on AF cell senescence and the potential signaling transduction pathway. METHODS: Rat AF cells were made to experience different magnitudes of mechanical stretch (2% elongation and 20% elongation for 4 hours every day at 1 Hz) in a 10-day experiment period. The inhibitor RKI-1447 of the Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinases (ROCK) was added along with culture medium to investigate its role. Cell proliferation, cell cycle, telomerase activity, and expression of senescence markers (p16 and p53) were analyzed. RESULTS: We found that 20% elongation significantly decreased cell proliferation, promoted G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, decreased telomerase activity, and upregulated mRNA/protein expression of p16 and p53. Moreover, the inhibitor RKI-1447 partly resisted effects of 20% elongation on these parameters of cell senescence. CONCLUSION: High mechanical stretch obviously induces AF cell senescence through the RhoA/ROCK pathway. This study provides us a deeper understanding on the AF cell's behavior under mechanical stretch.

Single-cell RNA-sequencing atlas of bovine caudal intervertebral discs: Discovery of heterogeneous cell populations with distinct roles in homeostasis.

Back and neck pain are significant healthcare burdens that are commonly associated with pathologies of the intervertebral disc (IVD). The poor understanding of the cellular heterogeneity within the IVD makes it difficult to develop regenerative IVD therapies. To address this gap, we developed an atlas of bovine (Bos taurus) caudal IVDs using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). Unsupervised clustering resolved 15 unique clusters, which we grouped into the following annotated partitions: nucleus pulposus (NP), outer annulus fibrosus (oAF), inner AF (iAF), notochord, muscle, endothelial, and immune cells. Analyzing the pooled gene expression profiles of the NP, oAF, and iAF partitions allowed us to identify novel markers for NP (CP, S100B, H2AC18, SNORC, CRELD2, PDIA4, DNAJC3, CHCHD7, and RCN2), oAF (IGFBP6, CTSK, LGALS1, and CCN3), and iAF (MGP, COMP, SPP1, GSN, SOD2, DCN, FN1, TIMP3, WDR73, and GAL) cells. Network analysis on subpopulations of NP and oAF cells determined that clusters NP1, NP2, NP4, and oAF1 displayed gene expression profiles consistent with cell survival, suggesting these clusters may uniquely support viability under the physiological stresses of the IVD. Clusters NP3, NP5, oAF2, and oAF3 expressed various extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated genes, suggesting their role in maintaining IVD structure. Lastly, transcriptional entropy and pseudotime analyses found that clusters NP3 and NP1 had the most stem-like gene expression signatures of the NP partition, implying these clusters may contain IVD progenitor cells. Overall, results highlight cell type diversity within the IVD, and these novel cell phenotypes may enhance our understanding of IVD development, homeostasis, degeneration, and regeneration.

The Cellular Composition of Bovine Coccygeal Intervertebral Discs: A Comprehensive Single-Cell RNAseq Analysis.

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and its medical consequences is still one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide. To support potential regenerative treatments for degenerated IVDs, we sought to deconvolute the cell composition of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and the annulus fibrosus (AF) of bovine intervertebral discs. Bovine calf tails have been extensively used in intervertebral disc research as a readily available source of NP and AF material from healthy and young IVDs. We used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) coupled to bulk RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to unravel the cell populations in these two structures and analyze developmental changes across the rostrocaudal axis. By integrating the scRNAseq data with the bulk RNAseq data to stabilize the clustering results of our study, we identified 27 NP structure/tissue specific genes and 24 AF structure/tissue specific genes. From our scRNAseq results, we could deconvolute the heterogeneous cell populations in both the NP and the AF. In the NP, we detected a notochordal-like cell cluster and a progenitor stem cell cluster. In the AF, we detected a stem cell-like cluster, a cluster with a predominantly fibroblast-like phenotype and a potential endothelial progenitor cluster. Taken together, our results illustrate the cell phenotypic complexity of the AF and NP in the young bovine IVDs.

Can UVA-light-activated riboflavin-induced collagen crosslinking be transferred from ophthalmology to spine surgery? A feasibility study on bovine intervertebral disc.

BACKGROUND: Collagen cross-links contribute to the mechanical resilience of the intervertebral disc (IVD). UVA-light-activated riboflavin-induced collagen crosslinking (UVA-CXL) is a well-established and effective ophthalmological intervention that increases the mechanical rigidity of the collagen-rich corneal matrix in Keratoconus. This study explores the feasibility, safety and efficacy of translating this intervention in reinforcing the IVD. METHODS: Annulus fibrosus (AF) cells were isolated from bovine IVDs and treated with different combinations of riboflavin (RF) concentrations (0.05-8 mM) and UVA light intensities (0.3-4 mW/cm2). Metabolic activity (resazurin assay), cell viability (TUNEL assay), and gene expression of apoptosis regulators C-FOS and PT5 were assessed immediately and 24 hours after treatment. Biomechanical effects of UVA-CXL on IVDs were measured by indentation analysis of changes in the instantaneous modulus and by peel-force delamination strength analysis of the AF prior and after treatment. RESULTS: Different intensities of UVA did not impair the metabolic activity of AF cells. However, RF affected metabolic activity (p < 0.001). PT53 expression was similar in all RF conditions tested while C-FOS expression decreased 24 hours after treatment. Twenty-four hours after treatment, no apoptotic cells were observed in any condition tested. Biomechanical characterizations showed a significant increase in the annular peel strength of the UVA-CXL group, when compared to controls of UVA and RF alone (p < 0.05). UVA-CXL treated IVDs showed up to 152% higher (p < 0.001) instantaneous modulus values compared to the untreated control. CONCLUSION: This is the first study on UVA-CXL treatment of IVD. It induced significantly increased delamination strength and instantaneous modulus indentation values in intact IVD samples in a structure-function relationship. RF concentrations and UVA intensities utilized in ophthalmological clinical protocols were well tolerated by the AF cells. Our findings suggest that UVA-CXL may be a promising tool to reinforce the IVD matrix.

Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission is involved in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced AF cella poptosis.

This study aimed to assess the negative effect of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) on annulus fibrosus (AF) cells and decipher the mechanism of action of the process. After treating AF cells with various concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) of oxLDL for 24 and 48 hours, their viability was evaluated using cell counting kit-8 and live/dead staining. The percentage of AF cell death was determined with Annexin V/propidium iodide apoptosis staining. The expression of proteins related to the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was determined using Western blot. Additionally, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed with JC-1 staining and dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate ormitoSOX probes, respectively. Mitochondrial morphology was observed with a transmission electron microscope. After treatment with oxLDL, AF cell viability decreased, pro-apoptosis proteins (such as Bax, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3) increased, and anti-apoptosis proteins (Bcl-2) declined. Excessive ROS and diminished MMP were also detected during this process, as were enhanced mitochondrial fission and augmented Drp1 expression. Furthermore, knocking down the expression of Drp1 rescued oxLDL-induced AF cell death. Collectively, these results suggest that oxLDL induces AF cell death through a mitochondria-related pathway. Enhanced mitochondrial fission was involved in oxLDL-induced AF cell death. Targeting Drp1, a target for regulating the process of mitochondrial fission, may be a feasible strategy for preventing intervertebral disc degeneration in hyperlipidemia.

Novel biomarkers of intervertebral disc cells and evidence of stem cells in the intervertebral disc.

OBJECTIVE: Rat intervertebral disc (IVD) is one of the most commonly used and cost-effective alternative models for human IVD. Many IVD related clinical studies need to be pre-tested on rat IVDs. However, studies on the heterogeneous cell clusters of the rat IVD are inadequate, and a further understanding of the marker genes and cell phenotypes of healthy mature IVD cells is essential. METHODS: In this study, we used the 10X Genomics technology to analyze the single-cell transcriptome of purified wild-type rat IVDs. RESULTS: We identified potentially new gene markers of IVDs via single-cell sequencing. Based on the unsupervised cluster analysis of 13,578 single-cell transcripts, 3 known IVD cell types were identified. We provided a complete single-cell gene expression map of the IVD. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence images of rat disc sections confirmed the new marker genes of all cell types. One group of heterologous cell groups expressed multi-functional stem cell (MSC)-specific genes, indicating the stem cell potential of IVD cells. CONCLUSION: We provided the phenotype and marker genes of IVD cells at the single-cell level, reconfirmed existing data, and proposed new marker genes, including MSC marker genes. By identifying more accurate target cells and genes, our results pave the way for further study of the response of individual disc cells to disease states and provide the basis for future disc regeneration therapies.

Isolation of Nucleus Pulposus and Annulus Fibrosus Cells from the Intervertebral Disc.

Cells isolated from the intervertebral disc are often used for in vitro experimentation. Correctly separating the intervertebral disc tissue in annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus is particularly challenging when working with surplus material from surgery or specimens from donors with an advanced age. Moreover, lineage controls are only sparsely reported to verify tissue of origin. Here we describe an approach to intervertebral disc cell isolation from human and bovine origin.

In vitro model of distinct catabolic and inflammatory response patterns of endothelial cells to intervertebral disc cell degeneration.

To evaluate dominant cell-to-cell paracrine interactions, including those of human annulus fibrosus (AF), nucleus pulposus (NP), and endothelial cells (ECs), in the production of inflammatory mediators and catabolic enzymes, ECs was cultured in soluble factors derived from AF or NP cells (AFCM or NPCM, respectively) and vice versa. We analysed IL-6 and -8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and -3, nerve growth factor (NGF)-ß, and brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNFs) with qRT-PCR and ELISA. We implement a microfluidic platform to analyse migration properties of AF and NP cells and ECs in 3D cultures. Our results show that IL-1ß-stimulated AF cells produced significantly higher levels of IL-6 and -8, VEGF, and MMP-1 than IL-1ß-stimulated NP cells. However, production of IL-6 and -8, VEGF, and MMP-3 was significantly higher in NP cells than in AF cells, under the presence of ECs conditioned medium. We observed considerable migration of NP cells co-cultured with ECs through the microfluidic platform. These results suggest that AF cells may play a major role in the initial degeneration of intervertebral disc. Furthermore, it was found that interactions between NP cells and ECs may play a significant role in the development or progression of diseases.

Biomimetic angle-ply multi-lamellar scaffold for annulus fibrosus tissue engineering.

Constructing a biomimetic scaffold that replicates the complex architecture of intervertebral disc annulus fibrosus (AF) remains a major goal in AF tissue engineering. In this study, a biomimetic angle-ply multi-lamellar polycaprolactone/silk fibroin (PCL/SF) AF scaffold was fabricated. Wet-spinning was used to obtain aligned PCL/SF microfiber sheets, and these were excised into strips with microfibers aligned at +30° or -30° relative to the strip long axis. This was followed by stacking two strips with opposing fiber alignment and wrapping them concentrically around a mandrel. Our results demonstrated that the scaffold possessed spatial structure and mechanical properties comparable to natural AF. The scaffold supported rabbit AF cells adhesion, proliferation, infiltration and guided oriented growth and extracellular matrix deposition. In conclusion, our angle-ply multi-lamellar scaffold offers a potential solution for AF replacement therapy and warrants further attention in future investigations.

Effects of photobiomodulation on annulus fibrosus cells derived from degenerative disc disease patients exposed to microvascular endothelial cells conditioned medium.

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration with chronic low back pain is associated with neo-vascularisation into the deeper IVD regions. During this process, endothelial cells (ECs), which are primarily responsible for angiogenesis, interact with the adjacent annulus fibrosus (AF) cells, which are the first line of defence against the invasion of vascular structures into deeper IVD regions. However, the accumulation of inflammatory and catabolic enzymes that results from this interaction promotes matrix degradation and an inflammatory response. Thus, regulating the production of these mediators and catabolic enzymes could ameliorate IVD degeneration. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is a non-invasive stimulation known to have biologically beneficial effects on wound healing, tissue repair, and inflammation. Here, we examined the effects of PBM, administered at various wavelengths (645, 525, and 465 nm) and doses (16, 32, and 64 J/cm2), on EC-stimulated human AF cells. Our results show that PBM selectively inhibited the EC-mediated production of inflammatory mediators, catabolic enzymes, and neurotrophins by human AF cells in a dose- and wavelength-dependent manner. These results suggest that PBM could be a superior and advanced treatment strategy for IVD degeneration.

High-glucose environment accelerates annulus fibrosus cell apoptosis by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor of intervertebral disc degeneration. However, how DM affects annulus fibrosus (AF) biology remains unclear. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of high glucose on AF cell biology. Rat AF cells were cultured in baseline medium and culture medium with 0.2 M glucose. The inhibitor 4-PBA was added along with the high glucose culture medium to study the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in this process. Compared with the control cells, high glucose significantly increased cell apoptosis ratio and caspase-3/9 activity, up-regulated mRNA/protein expression of Bax and caspase-3/cleaved caspase-3, but down-regulated mRNA/protein expression of Bcl-2. Moreover, high glucose increased mRNA and protein expression of CHOP, ATF-6 and GRP78. However, once ER stress was inhibited by the inhibitor 4-PBA in the high glucose group, cell apoptosis ratio and caspase-3/9 activity were decreased, mRNA/protein expression of Bax and caspase-3/cleaved caspase-3 was down-regulated, but mRNA/protein expression of Bcl-2 was up-regulated. In conclusion, high glucose condition can promote AF cell apoptosis through inducing ER stress. The present study helps us understand the mechanism of disc degeneration in DM patients.

Dynamic Bioreactor Culture for Infiltration of Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells within Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Annulus Fibrosus Repair.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the ability of three culture strategies of static culture, intermittent centrifugal culture and dynamic bioreactor culture in promoting the infiltration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) throughout electrospun nanoporous aligned nanoyarn scaffold (AYS). METHODS: AYS was constructed by the method of conjugated electrospinning, using the blended solution of poly (L-lactide-co-caprolactone) (P (LLA-CL)) and gelatin. Then the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were transplanted on the scaffolds. Culture the scaffold-cells using three methods of static culture, intermittent centrifugal culture and dynamic bioreactor culture. After 7 and 14 days in culture, the infiltration depth of the cells were observed and measured by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) or 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. RESULT: In the current study, on the 7th day, the BMSCs in the scaffolds of static culture group, intermittent centrifugal culture group, and dynamic bioreactor culture group infiltrated to an average depth of 11.88 ± 1.82 µm, 21.17 ± 13.17 µm, and 26.27 ± 7.42 µm, respectively. There were differences between the bioreactor culture group with the static culture group and the intermittent centrifugal culture group. On the time point of 14 days, the depth of infiltration of BMSCs in dynamic bioreactor culture was the most (115.13 ± 25.44 µm, P < 0.05), and the infiltration of the cells in the intermittent centrifugal culture group was 42.53 ± 13.07 µm, deeper than that of the static culture group (24.53 ± 6.06, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Dynamic bioreactor culture may be a preferred method for tissue engineering approaches involving scaffolds with a low porosity, such as those needed for repair of the annulus fibrosus (AF).

Piezoelectricity in the Intervertebral disc.

Lower back pain is a major global health challenge that can often be caused by degeneration of the Intervertebral Disc (IVD). While IVD biomechanics are a key factor in the degenerative cycle, many mechanotransduction pathways remain unknown, in particular the electro-mechanical coupling in the loaded tissue. However, despite evidence for a role in the mechanically-induced remodelling of similar tissue, piezoelectricity has been overlooked in the IVD. In this study, we investigate the piezoelectric properties of the Annulus Fibrosus (AF) and the Nucleus Pulposus (NP) by measuring the direct piezoelectric effect of mechanically-induced electrical potential change. To verify these findings, we conducted Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) to measure the inverse effect of electrically-induced deformation. We demonstrate that, for the first time, piezoelectricity is generated throughout the IVD. Piezoelectric effects were greater in the AF than the NP, owing to the organised collagen networks present. However, the piezoresponse found in the NP indicates piezoelectric properties of non-collagenous proteins that have not yet been studied. The voltage generated by longitudinal piezoelectricity in-vivo has been calculated to be ~1 nV locally, indicating that piezoelectric effects may directly affect cell alignment in the AF and may work in conjunction with streaming potentials throughout the IVD. In summary, we have highlighted an intricate electro-mechanical coupling that appears to have distinct physiological roles in the AF and NP. Further study is required to elucidate the cell response and determine the potential role of piezoelectric effects in regeneration and preventative measures from degeneration.

Proliferation, Migration, and ECM Formation Potential of Human Annulus Fibrosus Cells Is Independent of Degeneration Status.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the proliferating, migratory and extracellular matrix (ECM) forming potential of annulus fibrosus cells derived from early (edAFC) or advanced (adAFC) degenerative tissue and their usability as a possible cell source for regenerative approaches for AF closure. DESIGN: EdAFC (n = 5 Pfirrman score of 2-3) and adAFC (n = 5 Pfirrman score of 4-5) were isolated from tissue of patients undergoing spine stabilizing surgery. Cell migration on stimulation with human serum (HS), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and transforming growth factor ß-3 (TGFB3) was assessed by migration assay and proliferation was assessed on stimulation with HS. Induction of ECM synthesis was evaluated by gene expression analysis of AF-related genes in three-dimensional scaffold cultures that have been stimulated with 5% PRP or 10 ng/mL TGFB3 and histologically by collagen type I, type II, alcian blue, and safranin-O staining. RESULTS: EdAFC and adAFC were significantly attracted by 10% HS and 5% PRP. Additionally, both cell groups proliferated under stimulation with HS. Stimulation with 10 ng/mL TGFB3 showed significant induction of gene expression of collagen type II and aggrecan, while 5% PRP decreased the expression of collagen type I. Both cell groups showed formation of AF-like ECM after stimulation with TGFB3, whereas stimulation with PRP did not. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that AF cells retain their potential for proliferation, migration, and ECM formation independent of the degeneration status of the tissue. Proliferation, migration, and ECM synthesis of the endogenous AF cells can be supported by different supplements. Hence, endogenous AF cells might be a suitable cell source for a regenerative repair approaches.

miR-640 aggravates intervertebral disc degeneration via NF-κB and WNT signalling pathway.

OBJECTIVES: Low back pain becomes a common orthopaedic disease today. It is mainly induced by the degeneration of the intervertebral disc. In this study, we tried to reveal the pathogenesis of the degeneration and the relative therapeutic strategy, which are still elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected 15 degenerative intervertebral tissues and five healthy donors. Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells were subcultured. miR-640 expression was determined by qPCR. Computer analysis and luciferase reporter assay were used to confirm miR-640 target genes. Immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical staining was used to trace the proinflammatory cytokines and key transductor of signalling pathways. We also used ß-galactosidase staining, flow cytometry, and cell viability assay to monitor the degenerative index. RESULTS: miR-640 overexpressed in patients derived degenerative nucleus pulposus tissues and cells. The inflammatory environment promoted miR-640 expression via NF-κB signalling pathway. In addition, miR-640 targeted to LRP1 and enhances NF-κB signal activity, which built a positive feedback loop. miR-640 inhibited the expression of ß-catenin and EP300, therefore, restrained WNT signal and induced the degeneration in nucleus pulposus cells. miR-640 inhibitor treatment exhibited the effects of anti-inflammation, reverse WNT signalling pathway exhaustion, and remission of degenerative characteristics in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: miR-640 plays an important role in the degeneration of intervertebral disc and the relative inflammatory microenvironment. It is a promising potential therapeutic target for the low back pain biotherapy.

Biaxial mechanics of 3D fiber deposited ply-laminate scaffolds for soft tissue engineering part I: Experimental evaluation.

Tissue engineering strategies require the provision of a micromechanical state of stress that is conducive to the generation and maintenance of healthy mature tissue. Of particular interest, angle-ply biomimetic scaffolds augmented with cellular content have been proposed for annulus fibrosus (AF) engineering in order to repair the intervertebral disc. However, the influence of the inherent variability of fabricated constructs and physiological conditions on overall scaffold mechanics, micromechanical environment within the scaffold, and consequent cellular differentiation is relatively unknown. In this study, melt extrusion 3D fiber-deposition (3DF) was used to fabricate five different polycaprolactone angle-ply scaffold architectures which were subject to multiaxial tensile testing and linear elastic orthotropic constitutive fitting. All scaffold groups predicted stiffnesses similar to previously reported native AF moduli in biaxial and uniaxial tensile strain. However, no single scaffold group in this study simultaneously achieved all target AF mechanics in all loading regimes. In equibiaxial tension, the biaxial stiffness ratio of native AF (EEr = 0.55 to 0.62) was predicted between fiber angles of 30° and 35°, which is similar to the collagen orientation in native AF. In global equibiaxial loading, an apparent asymptote in the transverse moduli (EEx ranging -380 MPa to 700 MPa) was observed near the 40° fiber angle scaffolds in equibiaxial tensile strain, attributed to stiffening from the transverse loading. These results highlight that tissue engineering scaffold designs should target replication of physiologically-relevant native tissue mechanics and demonstrate the importance of designing constructs that are unaffected by anticipated variations in manufacturing and clinical application.

PGC-1α acts as an mediator of Sirtuin2 to protect annulus fibrosus from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress through restraining mitophagy.

Apoptosis of annulus fibrosus (AF) is observed widely in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) which causes weaken of tension in the annulus of intervertebral disc. Previous studies reported that apoptosis of AF is induced mainly by oxidative stress. SIRT2 is a major regulator of mitochondria to mediate ROS production. However, the mechanism of SIRT2 in IVDD remains unclear. Here, the expression of SIRT2 was detected in AF cells exposed to tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) by western blotting. Autophagic flux and apoptosis were assessed by western blotting, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence respectively. Safranin O staining, HE, and immunohistochemical were used to assess the IVDD after 3, 6 and 9 months of surgical procedure in vivo. The expression of SIRT2 was decreased in AF cells treated with TBHP. Repression of mitophagy alleviated the apoptosis of AF cells caused by TBHP. Overexpression of PGC-1α prevented AF cells from apoptosis and mitophagy after applying Lenti-PGC-1α to transfect AF cells. These protections of PGC-1α were reduced by FCCP. Furthermore, the expression of PGC-1α was reduced and the level of mitophagy was increased in IVDD models. In conclusion, this study indicates that the regulation of PGC-1α expression provide a new theoretical basis for the mechanism of IVDD.

Substrate stiffness- and topography-dependent differentiation of annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells is regulated by Yes-associated protein.

Annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue engineering has attracted increasing attention as a promising therapy for degenerative disc disease (DDD). However, regeneration of AF still faces many challenges due to the tremendous complexity of this tissue and lack of in-depth understanding of the structure-function relationship at cellular level within AF is highly required. In light of the fact that AF is composed of various types of cells and has gradient mechanical, topographical and biochemical features along the radial direction. In this study, we aimed to achieve directed differentiation of AF-derived stem cells (AFSCs) by mimicking the mechanical and topographical features of native AF tissue. AFSCs were cultured on four types of electrospun poly(ether carbonate urethane)urea (PECUU) scaffolds with various stiffness and fiber size (soft, small size; stiff, small size; soft, large size and stiff, large size). The results show that with constant fiber size, the expression level of the outer AF (oAF) phenotypic marker genes in AFSCs increased with the scaffold stiffness, while that of inner AF (iAF) phenotypic marker genes showed an opposite trend. When scaffold stiffness was fixed, the expression of oAF phenotypic marker genes in AFSCs increased with fiber size. While the expression of iAF phenotypic marker genes decreased. Such substrate stiffness- and topography-dependent changes of AFSCs was in accordance with the genetic and biochemical distribution of AF tissue from the inner to outer regions. Further, we found that the Yes-associated protein (YAP) was translocated to the nucleus in AFSCs cultured with increasing stiffness and fiber size of scaffolds, yet it remained mostly phosphorylated and cytosolic in cells on soft scaffolds with small fiber size. Inhibition of YAP down-regulated the expression of tendon/ligament-related genes, whereas expression of the cartilage-related genes was upregulated. The results illustrate that matrix stiffness is a potent regulator of AFSC differentiation. Moreover, we reveal that fiber size of scaffolds induced changes in cell adhesions and determined cell shape, spreading area, and extracellular matrix expression. In all, both mechanical property and topography features of scaffolds regulate AFSC differentiation, possibly through a YAP-dependent mechanotransduction mechanism. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Physical cues such as mechanical properties, topographical and geometrical features were shown to profoundly impact the growth and differentiation of cultured stem cells. Previously, we have found that the differentiation of annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells (AFSCs) could be regulated by the stiffness of scaffold. In this study, we fabricated four types of poly(ether carbonate urethane)urea (PECUU) scaffolds with controlled stiffness and fiber size to explore the potential of induced differentiation of AFSCs. We found that AFSCs are able to present different gene expression patterns simply as a result of the stiffness and fiber size of scaffold material. This work has, for the first time, demonstrated that larger-sized and higher-stiffness substrates increase the amount of vinculin assembly and activate YAP signaling in pre-differentiated AFSCs. The present study affords an in-depth comprehension of materiobiology, and be helpful for explain the mechanism of YAP mechanosensing in AF in response to biophysical effects of materials.

Extensive mechanical tension promotes annulus fibrosus cell senescence through suppressing cellular autophagy.

Background: Mechanical load contributes a lot to the initiation and progression of disc degeneration. Annulus fibrosus (AF) cell biology under mechanical tension remains largely unclear.Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate AF cell senescence under mechanical tension and the potential role of autophagy.Methods: Rat AF cells were cultured and experienced different magnitudes (5% elongation and 20% elongation) of mechanical tension for 12 days. Control AF cells were kept static. Cell proliferation, telomerase activity, cell cycle fraction, and expression of senescence-related molecules (p16 and p53) and matrix macromolecules (aggrecan and collagen I) were analyzed to evaluate cell senescence. In addition, expression of Beclin-1 and LC3, and the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I were analyzed to investigate cell autophagy.Results: Compared with the control group and 5% tension group, 20% tension group significantly decreased cell proliferation potency and telomerase activity, increased G1/G0 phase fraction, and up-regulated gene/protein expression of p16 and p53, whereas down-regulated gene/protein expression of aggrecan and collagen I. In addition, autophagy-related parameters such as gene/protein expression of Beclin-1 and LC3, and the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I, were obviously suppressed in the 20% tension group.Conclusion: High mechanical tension promotes AF cell senescence though suppressing cellular autophagy. The present study will help us to better understand AF cell biology under mechanical tension and mechanical load-related disc degeneration.