Alterações no VCM e suas correlações com os valores de RDW-SD e RDW-CV em caninos e felinos / Variation in MCV and its correlation with RDW-SD and RDW-CV values in dogs and cats

A anemia é uma síndrome caracterizada pela diminuição do número de hemácias, hematócrito e/ou concentração de hemoglobina. Conforme o Volume Corpuscular Médio (VCM), as anemias podem ser classificadas em microcíticas, normocíticas ou macrocíticas. O RDW (Amplitude de Distribuição dos Eritrócitos) também é utilizado para ajudar na classificação das anemias, refletindo a anisocitose da população eritrocitária. Neste estudo retrospectivo objetivou-se determinar a correlação entre o RDW-SD (Desvio Padrão), RDW-CV (Coeficiente de Variação), macrocitose e microcitose em caninos e felinos atendidos na rotina clínica do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Luterana do Brasil. Para a realização deste estudo, selecionou-se 662 laudos de hemogramas realizados (434 caninos e 228 felinos), com faixa etária de seis meses até 10 anos, foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 ­ Anemia microcítica (255 caninos e 61 felinos); Grupo 2 ­ Anemia macrocítica (179 caninos e 167 felinos). Posteriormente, correlacionou-se os grupos com os valores de RDW-SD e RDW-CV. As análises de correlação foram realizadas utilizando o teste Spearman, para a análise de significância foi utilizado o T Student, no programa IBM SPSS®Statistics. Na análise estatística do grupo canino, não houve correlação da microcitose com o RDW-SD, enquanto o RDW-CV apresentou uma correlação inversamente proporcional, razoável. No grupo macrocítico canino, a análise de correlação com o RDW-SD foi moderada e diretamente proporcional, e com o RDW-CV foi moderada e diretamente proporcional. No grupo felino, não houve correlação entre microcitose e RDW-SD, e com o RDW-CV houve uma correlação razoável e inversamente proporcional. Entre macrocitose em felinos e o RDW-SD houve uma correlação moderada e diretamente proporcional, já o RDW-CV apresentou uma correlação razoável e diretamente proporcional. Conclui-se que os caninos e felinos do grupo microcítico apresentam uma correlação com o RDW-CV. Contudo, os caninos com macrocitose apresentaram correlação tanto para o RDW-CV quanto para o RDW-SD, e os felinos apresentaram uma maior correlação com o RDW-SD.

Anemia is a syndrome characterized by a low red blood cell count, hematocrit and/or hemoglobin concentration. According to the Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), anemias can be classified as microcytic, normocytic or macrocytic. The RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width) is also used to help classify anemias, reflecting the anisocytosis of the erythrocyte population. This retrospective study aimed to determine the correlation between RDW-SD (Standard Deviation), RDW-CV (Coefficient of Variation), macrocytosis and microcytosis in canines and felines treated in the clinical routine of the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Luterana do Brasil. To carry out this study, 662 blood count reports were selected (434 canines and 228 felines), aged between six months and 10 years, divided into two groups: Group 1 ­ Microcytic anemia (255 canines and 61 felines); Group 2 ­ Macrocytic anemia (179 canines and 167 felines). Subsequently, the groups were correlated with the values of RDW-SD and RDW-CV. Correlation analyzes were performed using the Spearman test, for the analysis of significance the T Student was used, in the IBM SPSS® Statistics program. In the statistical analysis of the canine group, there was no correlation between microcytosis and the RDW-SD, while the RDW-CV showed a reasonable, inversely proportional correlation. In the canine macrocytic group, correlation analysis with RDW-SD was moderate and directly proportional, and with RDW-CV it was moderate and directly proportional. In the feline group, there was no correlation between microcytosis and RDW-SD, and with RDW-CV there was a reasonable and inversely proportional correlation. There was a moderate and directly proportional correlation between macrocytosis in felines and RDW-SD, whereas RDW-CV presented a reasonable and directly proportional correlation. It is concluded that the canines and felines of the microcytic group present a correlation with the RDW-CV. However, canines with macrocytosis showed a correlation for both RDW-CV and RDW-SD, and felines showed a greater correlation with RDW-SD.

VCM, RDW-SD e RDW-CV em cães e gatos saudáveis da cidade de Canoas (RS) / MCV, RDW-SD and RDW-CV in healthy dogs and cats from the city of Canoas (RS) / VCM, RDW-SD y RDW-CV em perros y gatos sanos de la ciudad de Canoas (RS)

A Amplitude de Distribuição dos Eritrócitos na automação é medida como RDW-CV (como Coeficiente de Variação) e RDW-SD (como Desvio Padrão), avaliando a variação do volume dos eritrócitos. Embora o RDW-CV seja amplamente utilizado na medicina veterinária como auxílio no diagnóstico da anisocitose, o RDW-SD é raramente utilizado. O estabelecimento dos valores de referência dos três parâmetros poderá auxiliar na diferenciação de algumas anemias e facilitar o diagnóstico das doenças. Foram coletados os dados de 425 cães (240 fêmeas e 185 machos) e 96 gatos (62 fêmeas e 34 machos) saudáveis atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da ULBRA (Canoas/RS), e posteriormente os animais foram divididos em três grupos etários: grupo 1 (3 a 12meses), grupo 2(1 a 8 anos) e grupo 3 (acima de 8 anos). Objetivou-se o estabelecimento de valores de referências para as espécies, assim como a análise de diferença estatística de fêmeas e machos e dos grupos etários para as variáveis estudadas. O programa IBM SPSS® Statistics foi utilizado para as análises estatísticas.

The red blood cell distribution width in automation is measured as RDW-CV (as Coefficient of Variation) and RDW-SD (as Standard Deviation) to assess the variation in erythrocyte volume. Although RDW-CV is widely used in veterinary medicine for the diagnosis of anisocytosis, RDW-SD is rarely used. The establishment of reference values for the parameters may help to differentiate some anemias and facilitate the diagnosis of diseases. Data were collected from 425 healthy dogs (240 females and 185 males) and 96 healthy cats (62 females and 34 males) attended at the ULBRA's Veterinary Hospital (Canoas/RS), and later the animals were divided into three age groups: group 1 (3 to 12 months), group 2 (1 to 8 years) and group 3 (over 8 years). The objective was to establish reference values for the species, as well as to analyze the statistical difference of females and males and of the age groups for the studied variables. The IBM SPSS® Statistics program was used for statistical analysis.

La amplitude de distribución de eritrócitos em automatización se mide como RDW-CV (como coeficiente de variación) y RDW-SD (como desviación estándar), evaluando la variación en el volumen de los eritrocitos. Aunque RDW-CV se usa ampliamente en medicina veterinaria como ayuda en el diagnóstico de anisocitosis, RDW-SD rara vez se usa. El establecimiento de valores de referencia para los tres parámetros puede ayudar a diferenciar alguna anemia y facilitar el diagnóstico de enfermedades. Se recogieron datos de 425 perros sanos (240 hembras y 185 machos) y 96 gatos (62 hembras y 34 machos) tratados en el Hospital Veterinario ULBRA (Canoas/RS), y posteriormente los animales se dividieron en tres grupos de edad: grupo 1 (3 a 12 meses), grupo 2 (1 a 8 años) y grupo 3 (mayores de 8 años). El objetivo fue establecer valores de referencia para la especie, así como el análisis de diferencia estadística entre hembras y machos y grupos de edad para las variables estudiadas. Para los análisis estadísticos se utilizó el programa IBM SPSS® Statistics.

Pancitopenia induzida em um cão pelo uso concomitante de fármacos mielotóxicos / Pancytopenia in a dog induced by concomitant use of myelotoxic drugs

Background: The indiscriminate use of drugs is an issue in Veterinary Medicine, as it has serious consequences for theanimals. Many drugs are myelotoxic and cause a decrease in the production of blood cells, which may be irreversible insome cases. The present work reports a case of pancytopenia induced by the concomitant use of myelotoxic drugs (estrogen, metamizole and phenobarbital) in a dog and describes findings on myelotoxicity, hematological alterations andtreatment success.Case: A 7-year-old Lhasa Apso bitch was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Paraná, Curitibacampus, with hematuria and a history of treatment with phenobarbital [2 mg/kg twice a day (bis in die, BID)], metamizole[25 mg/kg 3 times a day (ter in die, TID)], and use of estrogen hormone (estradiol cypionate). At physical examination, theanimal was normohydrated and exhibited normal palpable lymph nodes, pale mucous membranes, galactorrhea, and a bodytemperature of 36°C. A complete blood count including reticulocyte count and a total plasma protein (TPP) exam wererequested. The results revealed pancytopenia (18% hematocrit, 1,400 total leucocytes/µL, and 22,000 reticulocytes/µL).An abdominal ultrasound exam did not detect any relevant alterations. In view of the results obtained, medullary aplasiawas suspected. A bone marrow aspiration was performed. A myelogram revealed a decrease in cellularity (erythrocyticand granulocytic hypoplasia), with presence of rare erythroid and granulocytic precursors. The diagnosis was medullaryaplasia. The animal was treated, and the evolution of the hematological alterations was monitored. The treatment consistedof administration of erythropoietin (100UI/kg subcutaneously every 48 h), prednisone (2 mg/kg BID), Leucogen (3 mg/kg BID), interferon (0.2 IU/kg BID) and Eritrós Dog Tabs [1 tablet once a day (semel in die, SID)]. After 5 days of treatment, the...(AU)

Pancitopenia induzida em um cão pelo uso concomitante de fármacos mielotóxicos / Pancytopenia in a dog induced by concomitant use of myelotoxic drugs

Background: The indiscriminate use of drugs is an issue in Veterinary Medicine, as it has serious consequences for theanimals. Many drugs are myelotoxic and cause a decrease in the production of blood cells, which may be irreversible insome cases. The present work reports a case of pancytopenia induced by the concomitant use of myelotoxic drugs (estrogen, metamizole and phenobarbital) in a dog and describes findings on myelotoxicity, hematological alterations andtreatment success.Case: A 7-year-old Lhasa Apso bitch was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Paraná, Curitibacampus, with hematuria and a history of treatment with phenobarbital [2 mg/kg twice a day (bis in die, BID)], metamizole[25 mg/kg 3 times a day (ter in die, TID)], and use of estrogen hormone (estradiol cypionate). At physical examination, theanimal was normohydrated and exhibited normal palpable lymph nodes, pale mucous membranes, galactorrhea, and a bodytemperature of 36°C. A complete blood count including reticulocyte count and a total plasma protein (TPP) exam wererequested. The results revealed pancytopenia (18% hematocrit, 1,400 total leucocytes/µL, and 22,000 reticulocytes/µL).An abdominal ultrasound exam did not detect any relevant alterations. In view of the results obtained, medullary aplasiawas suspected. A bone marrow aspiration was performed. A myelogram revealed a decrease in cellularity (erythrocyticand granulocytic hypoplasia), with presence of rare erythroid and granulocytic precursors. The diagnosis was medullaryaplasia. The animal was treated, and the evolution of the hematological alterations was monitored. The treatment consistedof administration of erythropoietin (100UI/kg subcutaneously every 48 h), prednisone (2 mg/kg BID), Leucogen (3 mg/kg BID), interferon (0.2 IU/kg BID) and Eritrós Dog Tabs [1 tablet once a day (semel in die, SID)]. After 5 days of treatment, the...

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in Quarter horses used for barrel racing / Volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e amplitude da distribuição do tamanho dos eritrócitos (RDW) em equinos da raça Quarto de Milha usados em provas de três tambores

Twenty-two Quarter Horses, eight females and 14 males, 4.88±2.42 years old and weighting 430.0±31.4 kg, were evaluated before (T0), 5 minutes (T1), 30 minutes (T2), and 120 minutes (T3) after a barrel racing exercise to determine the influence of physical exercise on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW). Variables were analyzed and comparisons were made using Tukey test, considering p 0.05. Comparisons between males and females were done using t-test. Mean MCV values were 46.5 ± 2.0 fl for T0, 47.6 ± 2.2 fl for T1, 46.6 ± 1.8 fl for T2, and 46.7 ± 1.9 fl for T3 for males, and 46.3 ± 0.6 fl on T0, 47.7 ± 0.9 fl on T1, 46.7 ± 0.8 fl on T2, and 46.4 ± 0.8 fl on T2 for females. Mean RDW values were 28.8 ± 8.1% for T0, 30.8 ± 9.5% for T1, 28.2 ± 8.1% for T2, and 26.6 ± 8.0% for T3 for males, and 28.0 ± 7.3% for T0, 27.1 ± 8.1% for T1, 28.1 ± 8.1% for T2, and 28.6 ± 7.2% for T3 on females. A significant increase for MCV on both males and females was observed. No differences were observed between values recorded on males and females for MCV and RDW. It was possible to conclude the physical activity imposed on the present research leaded to a homogeneous macrocytosis.(AU)

Vinte e dois equinos da raça Quarto de Milha, 8 fêmeas e 14 machos, 4,88±2,42 anos e 429,1±31,9 kg, foram avaliados antes (T0) e imediatamente após (T1) e com 30 (T2) e 120 minutos (T3) após uma prova de três tambores para determinar a influência do exercício físico sobre o volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e a amplitude da distribuição do tamanho dos eritrócitos (RDW). Variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e a comparações entre médias pelo teste de Tukey e a comparações entre machos e fêmeas pelo teste-t, considerando-se p 0,05. Os valores de VCM foram 46,5±2,0 fl, 47,6±2,2 fl, 46,6±1,8 fl e 46,7±1,9 fl em machos e 46,3±0,6 fl, 47,7±0,9 fl, 46,7±0,8 fl e 46,4±0,8 fl em fêmeas, respectivamente, em T0, T1, T2 e T3. Para RDW, foram registrados valores de 28,8±8,1%, 30,8±9,5%, 28,2±8,1% e 26,6±8,0% em machos e 28,0±7,3%, 27,1±8,1%, 28,1±8,1% e 28,6±7,2%, em fêmeas, respectivamente, em T0, T1, T2 e T3. Houve aumento significativo somente de VCM nos equinos de ambos os sexos. Não foram observadas diferenças entre machos e fêmeas para VCM e RDW. Foi possível concluir que o exercício físico imposto levou a uma macrocitose homogênea.(AU)

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in Quarter horses used for barrel racing / Volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e amplitude da distribuição do tamanho dos eritrócitos (RDW) em equinos da raça Quarto de Milha usados em provas de três tambores

Twenty-two Quarter Horses, eight females and 14 males, 4.88±2.42 years old and weighting 430.0±31.4 kg, were evaluated before (T0), 5 minutes (T1), 30 minutes (T2), and 120 minutes (T3) after a barrel racing exercise to determine the influence of physical exercise on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW). Variables were analyzed and comparisons were made using Tukey test, considering p 0.05. Comparisons between males and females were done using t-test. Mean MCV values were 46.5 ± 2.0 fl for T0, 47.6 ± 2.2 fl for T1, 46.6 ± 1.8 fl for T2, and 46.7 ± 1.9 fl for T3 for males, and 46.3 ± 0.6 fl on T0, 47.7 ± 0.9 fl on T1, 46.7 ± 0.8 fl on T2, and 46.4 ± 0.8 fl on T2 for females. Mean RDW values were 28.8 ± 8.1% for T0, 30.8 ± 9.5% for T1, 28.2 ± 8.1% for T2, and 26.6 ± 8.0% for T3 for males, and 28.0 ± 7.3% for T0, 27.1 ± 8.1% for T1, 28.1 ± 8.1% for T2, and 28.6 ± 7.2% for T3 on females. A significant increase for MCV on both males and females was observed. No differences were observed between values recorded on males and females for MCV and RDW. It was possible to conclude the physical activity imposed on the present research leaded to a homogeneous macrocytosis.

Vinte e dois equinos da raça Quarto de Milha, 8 fêmeas e 14 machos, 4,88±2,42 anos e 429,1±31,9 kg, foram avaliados antes (T0) e imediatamente após (T1) e com 30 (T2) e 120 minutos (T3) após uma prova de três tambores para determinar a influência do exercício físico sobre o volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e a amplitude da distribuição do tamanho dos eritrócitos (RDW). Variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e a comparações entre médias pelo teste de Tukey e a comparações entre machos e fêmeas pelo teste-t, considerando-se p 0,05. Os valores de VCM foram 46,5±2,0 fl, 47,6±2,2 fl, 46,6±1,8 fl e 46,7±1,9 fl em machos e 46,3±0,6 fl, 47,7±0,9 fl, 46,7±0,8 fl e 46,4±0,8 fl em fêmeas, respectivamente, em T0, T1, T2 e T3. Para RDW, foram registrados valores de 28,8±8,1%, 30,8±9,5%, 28,2±8,1% e 26,6±8,0% em machos e 28,0±7,3%, 27,1±8,1%, 28,1±8,1% e 28,6±7,2%, em fêmeas, respectivamente, em T0, T1, T2 e T3. Houve aumento significativo somente de VCM nos equinos de ambos os sexos. Não foram observadas diferenças entre machos e fêmeas para VCM e RDW. Foi possível concluir que o exercício físico imposto levou a uma macrocitose homogênea.

Copper deficiency in Creole goat kids.

Serum copper determination is important to confirm hypocupremia. Twenty healthy kids constituted the Control Group, and sixteen kids with symptoms of copper deficiency, the Problem Group. Animals from the Problem Group showed a low number of red blood cells (RBC) and variations in RBC size and shape. The values found for hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) in the Control Group were 10.42 +/- 1.34 g.dL(-1) and 33.07 +/- 1.11 g.dL(-1) respectively, while the levels of the Problem Group were 7.95 +/- 1.21 g.dL(-1) and 29.45 +/- 0.78 g.dL(-1), respectively. The kids from the Problem Group presented an important increase in monocytes, neutrophiles and leukocytes; precursor cells of the neutrophile were also observed. The anemia of these animals was hypochromic and macrocytic. Our results indicate that Creole kids with serum copper levels > 450 microg.L(-1) improved after treatment with copper glycinate. The six goats with cupremia < 450 microg.mL(-1) were unable to improve their deficiency and died.

Hematology of natural bovine trypanosomosis in the Brazilian Pantanal and Bolivian wetlands.

We report hematological changes observed in natural cases of bovine trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma vivax in beef and dairy cattle from Bolivian wetlands and Pantanal, Brazil. The main hematologic changes produced by T. vivax infections were anemia and severe leucopenia. The cattle presented macrocytic hypochromic anemia. The leukocyte changes were characterized by relative lymphocytosis and monocytosis and decrease in the neutrophil counts. The clinical signs were lachrymation, progressive weakness, marked weight loss, inappetence, diarrhea and abortions during the third trimester of pregnancy.

[Hematological studies on cows pasturing on Brachiaria radicans napper in winter time (author's transl)]. / Investigações hematológicas em bovinos alimentados com a Brachiaria radicans Napper no periodo do inverno.

A group of six adult cows Holstein-Frision was left grazing on a pasture formed exclusively with Brachiaria radicans Napper. This investigation was was undertaken during the rather dry winter with the graminea showing a low nitrat content. The animals failed to present any of the typical simptoms of intoxication and the weekly clinical and hematologycal examinations detected a hyperchromic macrocytic anaemia eventually jointed to anisocytosis and basophylic stippling in the red cells. The anaemia was controlled by removing the animals from the pasture.

[Studies on guinea pig fed on Brachiaria sp. (Tanner Grass) (author's transl)]. / Estudos sobre cobaias alimentadas com Brachiaria SP. (Tanner grass).

The investigation was developed with 80 female guinea pigs weighing about hundred grams. housed in groups of 15 or 20 animals. The daily treatments were: Brachiaria sp. (Tanner Grass), Brachiaria sp. (Tanner Grass) and meal, Brachiaria decumbens Stapf and the grass Napier. The guinea pigs fed on Brachiaria sp. did not show any symptomas observed in cattle grazing on that graminea. Liver and kidney damage detected upon histological investigation on those animals were different from those observed on intoxicated cattle. The metahemoglobinemic anemia also were not detected on guinea pigs feed on Brauchiaria sp. (Tanner Grass) (1, 2, 3, 7). The urine collected from these animals showed a dark colour, this pigmentation were not found in cattle urine. The dark urine colour of cattle grazing for about one month on "Tanner Grass" was due to hemoblobinuria. The survival time of the guinea pigs feed only with B. decumbens Stapf and the grass Napier was smoller as compared with the animals receiving Brachiaria sp. (Tanner Grass). The syndrome on cattle, the effect on guinea pig added to some other aspect like the fact that plant became more toxic (2) when green and luxurious suggest a similarity with the toxic activity of some species of Brassicas such as B. oleracea var. acephala D.C., B. olerace var. capitata L. and B napus L. (5, 8).