Editor's Choice - Nationwide Analysis of Patients Undergoing Iliac Artery Aneurysm Repair in the Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE: The new 2019 guideline of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) recommends consideration for elective iliac artery aneurysm (eIAA) repair when the iliac diameter exceeds 3.5 cm, as opposed to 3.0 cm previously. The current study assessed diameters at time of eIAA repair and ruptured IAA (rIAA) repair and compared clinical outcomes after open surgical repair (OSR) and endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). METHODS: This retrospective observational study used the nationwide Dutch Surgical Aneurysm Audit (DSAA) registry that includes all patients who undergo aorto-iliac aneurysm repair in the Netherlands. All patients who underwent primary IAA repair between 1 January 2014 and 1 January 2018 were included. Diameters at time of eIAA and rIAA repair were compared in a descriptive fashion. The anatomical location of the IAA was not registered in the registry. Patient characteristics and outcomes of OSR and EVAR were compared with appropriate statistical tests. RESULTS: The DSAA registry comprised 974 patients who underwent IAA repair. A total of 851 patients were included after exclusion of patients undergoing revision surgery and patients with missing essential variables. eIAA repair was carried out in 713 patients, rIAA repair in 102, and symptomatic IAA repair in 36. OSR was performed in 205, EVAR in 618, and hybrid repairs and conversions in 28. The median maximum IAA diameter at the time of eIAA and rIAA repair was 43 (IQR 38-50) mm and 68 (IQR 58-85) mm, respectively. Mortality was 1.3% (95% CI 0.7-2.4) after eIAA repair and 25.5% (95% CI 18.0-34.7) after rIAA repair. Mortality was not significantly different between the OSR and EVAR subgroups. Elective OSR was associated with significantly more complications than EVAR (intra-operative: 9.8% vs. 3.6%, post-operative: 34.0% vs. 13.8%, respectively). CONCLUSION: In the Netherlands, most eIAA repairs are performed at diameters larger than recommended by the ESVS guideline. These findings appear to support the recent increase in the threshold diameter for eIAA repair.

Endovascular Treatment of Peripheral Vascular Blowout Syndrome in End-Stage Malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Vascular blowout syndrome (VBOS) is a life-threatening condition secondary to direct tumor encasement or invasion in advanced stage malignancies. Endovascular management can be used as an alternative to surgical treatment in this fragile patient population, providing a minimally invasive measure both acutely and prophylactically. METHODS: Three patients with peripheral VBOS secondary to advanced stage malignancies underwent successful endovascular treatment. Technical success was obtained in all patients with nonsignificant perioperative complications. RESULTS: Endovascular management controlled immediate life-threatening hemorrhage and enabled these high-risk patients to undergo other adjunctive therapeutic modalities. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular treatment can offer a safe and effective palliative measure of peripheral VBOS secondary to neoplastic erosion in patients with advanced stage malignancies.

Peripartum Iliac Arterial Aneurysm and Rupture in a Patient with Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Diagnosed by Next-Generation Sequencing.

Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (vEDS), a genetic disorder caused by mutations in procollagen type III gene (COL3A1), may lead to fatal vascular complication during peripartum period because of the arterial fragility. We experienced a case of vEDS with peripartum life-threatening arterial rapture diagnosed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and successfully treated the vascular complications. A 25-year-old female in pregnancy at 34 weeks had sudden and acute pain in the left lower abdomen. After successful delivery, her computed tomography scan showed a dissecting aneurysm of the left common iliac artery (CIA). Four days after delivery, she presented in hemorrhagic shock induced by arterial rupture in the CIA. Since her clinical presentations inferred vEDS even in the absence of familial history, we performed NGS-based genetic screening for inherited connective tissue disorders including vEDS with informed consent. Even though we started intensive medication, her iliac aneurysm was progressively enlarging within 3 weeks. After an urgent molecular diagnosis for vEDS (a splice-site mutation), cautious endovascular therapy for her CIA aneurysm was successfully performed. This is the first report for pretreatment molecular diagnosis of vEDS using NGS in an emergent situation of severe vascular complications.

[Open and endovascular repair of iliac artery aneurysms]. / Arteria iliaca aneurysma nyitott és endovascularis kezelése.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Iliac artery aneurysms make up 2% of all aneurysms. There are only a few data available on the results of surgical treatment, therefore the optimal treatment is unclear. Our objective was the retrospective analysis of the perioperative morbidity and mortality of patients who underwent iliac artery surgery as well as the comparison of elective open surgery and endovascular iliac aneurysm repair (EVIAR). METHOD: Retrospective analysis of patients who underwent surgery for iliac artery aneurysm between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2014. RESULTS: During the 10-year period, 62 patients with a mean age of 68.9 years underwent elective surgery for iliac artery aneurysm (54 males, 87.1%). In 10 cases acute surgery was performed due to aneurysm ruptures (13.9%), 3 patients died within the perioperative period (30%). Regarding anatomical localisation, aneurysm developed mostly on the common iliac artery (80.6%). As an elective surgery, 35 patients (56.5%) underwent open surgery, 25 (40.3%) underwent EVIAR and other endovascular interventions were performed in 2 cases (3.2%). Postoperative complications (1 patient [4.0%] vs. 17 patients [48.5%]; p<0.001) and intensive care treatment (29 patients [82.8%] vs. 2 patients [8.0%]; p<0.001) were significantly rarer after EVIAR than after open surgery. Furthermore, EVIAR resulted in considerably shorter postoperative hospital stays (4.7 ± 2.3 days vs. 11.8 ± 12.2 days; p = 0.006) and significantly less blood transfusion demand (1 patient [4.0%] vs. 26 patients [74.2%]; p<0.001). There were no significant differences regarding long-term survival rates between EVIAR and open surgery (81.4% vs. 71.4%; p = 0.95). CONCLUSION: In case of the surgical treatment of iliac artery aneurysms, owing to the lower complication rates and shorter postoperative length of stay, EVIAR is primarily recommended. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(13): 520-525.

Hypogastric artery aneurysm - a case report.

Isolated hypogastric artery aneurysm (internal iliac artery aneurysm) is a rare disease, more often associated with the occurrence of aneurysms in other localities. It typically occurs in older men. Rupture as the most serious complication is associated with high mortality, which is many times higher than the mortality in case of elective repair. Nearly half of the patients are asymptomatic and eventual symptoms tend to be very diverse. Therefore, in the diagnostic process, it is necessary to consider this disease even in case of symptoms apparently unrelated to the arterial system. Treatment is surgical or endovascular. The report presents the case of a female patient with an isolated aneurysm of the hypogastric artery treated endovascularly. Key words: aneurysm hypogastric artery - stentgraft diagnosis.

How to overcome challenging iliac artery anatomy in endovascular repair for AAA.

Challenging iliac anatomy is a major limitation of endovascular repair for aortic aneurysms. Stenotic lesions, excessive calcification, tortuosity, and aneurysmal dilatation jeopardize technical success of device implantation and long-term success. This review addresses technical options in treating patients with stenotic or aneurysmatic iliac arteries. Endovascular solutions and hybrid procedures are included to demonstrate the wide scope of endovascular therapy that may be offered to patients with unfavorable iliac anatomy.

EVAR with Flared Iliac Limbs has a High Risk of Late Type 1b Endoleak.

INTRODUCTION: Re-interventions are still the Achilles' heel of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Ectatic common iliac arteries (CIA) can be treated with flared iliac limbs but a dilated artery used as sealing zone could increase the risk of a late type 1b endoleak. The aim of the present analysis was to evaluate the risk of late type 1b endoleak after EVAR in patients with CIA limbs ≥20 mm compared with those <20 mm. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients treated by EVAR at the study institution between 2006 and 2012, including patients with available information about the type of iliac stent grafts and a minimum follow-up (FU) of 3 years with contrast enhanced CT, or those that had developed a type 1b endoleak earlier. The cohort was divided into two groups: Group I included iliac limbs with a distal diameter <20 mm, and Group II included all iliac limbs with a distal diameter ≥20 mm. RESULTS: Of 692 limbs (346 patients), 239 limbs (34.5%) from 129 patients were included in the analysis. Mean CT FU was 53 months, 178 had an iliac stent graft diameter <20 mm (Group I), and 61 a diameter of ≥20 mm (Group II). Mean oversizing for iliac limbs was 17.2% (IQR 14) and there was no case of immediate type 1b endoleak. For the whole group, 18 type 1b endoleaks occurred during FU (7.5%) after a mean of 37.7 months (range 4-96). Eleven of 61 (18%) iliac limbs in Group II developed a type 1b endoleak during FU in contrast to 7/178 (3.9%) in Group I (OR 5.3, 95% CI 1.98-14.59, p = 0,001). The ROC curve analysis indicated a limb diameter of 19 mm as a cutoff value for a higher probability of developing a type 1b endoleak. CONCLUSION: Patients treated with iliac limbs ≥20 mm had a fivefold higher risk of late (mean 37 months) type 1b endoleak compared with patients treated with a distal iliac limb diameter <20 mm.

Fate of Enlarged Iliac Arteries After Endovascular or Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

PURPOSE: To examine the fate of untreated ectatic and aneurysmal common iliac arteries (CIAs) after open treatment and endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). METHODS: Databases of scientific literature were searched between January 1980 and February 2016 to identify publications on the follow-up of ectatic and aneurysmal CIAs after open or endovascular AAA repair. The primary outcome measure was the increase of iliac artery diameter during follow-up. The secondary outcome was the subsequent reintervention rate during follow-up. RESULTS: Only 3 open AAA and 3 EVAR studies containing 1239 patients met the inclusion criteria for analysis. In the open AAA group, ectatic iliac arteries (defined as 12-18 mm) had a diameter progression of 1.7 to 1.8 mm during a follow-up period of 51.6 to 85.2 months. The aneurysmal iliac arteries (>18 mm) in the open repair group showed a faster growth (2.3-3.0 mm) in a follow-up period of 50.4 to 85.2 months. The pooled assessment of arteries ≥18 mm had a mean growth of 2.56 mm at 60 months of follow-up. In the entire open AAA cohort, the reintervention rate for CIA transformation was <1%. In the EVAR studies, arbitrary cutoff sizes of 16 to 20 mm for ectatic arteries and >20 mm for aneurysmal arteries were used. During a follow-up of 39.2 to 60 months, the diameter progression was 1.5 mm for the 16-mm iliac arteries and 2.7 mm for the 20-mm iliac arteries. The need for endovascular reinterventions was similar in patients with previously normal or enlarged CIAs. CONCLUSION: After open AAA repair, the overall size of CIA aneurysms grows slowly, but enlarged CIAs >20 mm in EVAR patients show faster growth during follow-up. However, the need for secondary interventions was similar in patients with normal or enlarged CIAs post EVAR.

In Vitro and Pilot In Vivo Evaluation of a Bioactive Coating for Stent Grafts Based on Chondroitin Sulfate and Epidermal Growth Factor.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential of a bioactive coating based on chondroitin sulfate (CS) and tethered epidermal growth factor (EGF) for improvement of healing around stent grafts (SGs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The impact of the bioactive coating on cell survival was tested in vitro on human vascular cells using polyethylene terephthalate films (PET) as a substrate. After being transferred onto a more "realistic" material (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene [ePTFE]), the durability and mechanical behavior of the coating and cell survival were studied. Preliminary in vivo testing was performed in a canine iliac aneurysm model reproducing type I endoleaks (three animals with one control and one bioactive SG for each). RESULTS: CS and EGF coatings significantly increased survival of human smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts compared with bare PET or ePTFE (P < .05). The coating also displayed good durability over 30 days according to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cell survival tests. The coating did not affect mechanical properties of ePTFE and was successfully transferred onto commercial SGs for in vivo testing. No difference was observed on computed tomography and macroscopic examinations in endoleak persistence at 3 months, but the bioactive coating deposited on the abluminal surface of the SG (exposed to the vessel wall) increased the percentage of healed tissue in the aneurysm. No adverse effect, such as neointima formation or thrombosis, was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The bioactive coating promoted in vitro cell survival, displayed good durability, and was successfully transferred onto a commercial SG. Preliminary in vivo results suggest improved healing around bioactive SGs.

Ruptured aneurysm of the external iliac vein.

Primary iliac venous aneurysm is an extremely rare vascular abnormality that is associated with the likelihood of rupture, embolism, and thrombosis. In this report, we describe the case of a ruptured aneurysm of the external iliac vein in a 63-year-old woman who was admitted to the emergency department and diagnosed by computed tomography. Computed tomography indicated a 4 × 5-cm ruptured aneurysm in the right external iliac vein that was surrounded by hematoma in the right side of the pelvis. The aneurysm was successfully treated by tangential aneurysmectomy and lateral venorrhaphy.

Vascular inflammation in a growing iliac artery aneurysm.

We have used a multimodality imaging approach to assess the inflammatory component of a growing iliac artery aneurysm in a 53-year-old man who presented with related ureteral obstruction. Research suggests that episodic and heterogeneous inflammatory processes are important for the progression of aneurysms. The combined PET and MRI evaluation of inflammation that we present here is a novel approach to vascular imaging that is well suited for emerging hybrid PET/MRI systems.

Single-center experience in the endovascular management of isolated iliac artery aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Isolated iliac artery aneurysms (IAA) are relatively uncommon and represent 2-7% of all intra-abdominal aneurysms. Surgery is the gold standard treatment for IAA. However, endovascular stent-graft placement is gaining acceptance as an alternative to surgery especially in patients with high surgical risk. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of endovascular management of isolated IAA having various anatomic and pathologic bases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 2008 and 2011, 31 patients who underwent endovascular treatment for isolated IAA were retrospectively analyzed. The mean aneurysm size was 43 mm (range, 30-71 mm). The age ranged from 37 to 87 years (mean, 70.0 years). Isolated IAAs were treated in one of three different ways: (i) infrarenal aortic stent-graft placement with limb extension; (ii) stent-graft placement for isolated iliac artery coverage; and (iii) embolization with a coil and a vascular plug combined with femoral-femoral bypass grafting. All patients were assessed by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). The mean follow-up period was 25.1 months (range, 1-60 months). RESULTS: Common iliac artery involvement was seen in 28 patients. Ten (35.7%) of those patients also had an internal IAA. Three patients had an isolated internal IAA. Infrarenal stent-graft placement was performed in 25 patients. Stent-graft placement for coverage of the only iliac artery was performed in five patients. One patient, who had a mycotic aneurysm of the right common iliac artery underwent coil embolization of the ipsilateral common iliac artery with concurrent femoral-femoral bypass graft. Five of the 31 patients (16.1%) with stent grafts had type II endoleaks at the time of the last imaging study, one of those patients underwent percutaneous embolization with glue. None of the patients showed major procedure-related complications. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous management of IAA is effective and safe with various techniques depending on the anatomical and pathologic features of the isolated IAA.

Predicting aortic complications after endovascular aneurysm repair.

BACKGROUND: Lifelong surveillance is standard after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR), but remains costly, heterogeneous and poorly calibrated. This study aimed to develop and validate a scoring system for aortic complications after EVAR, informing rationalized surveillance. METHODS: Patients undergoing EVAR at two centres were studied from 2004 to 2010. Preoperative morphology was quantified using three-dimensional computed tomography according to a validated protocol, by investigators blinded to outcomes. Proportional hazards modelling was used to identify factors predicting aortic complications at the first centre, and thereby derive a risk score. Sidak tests between risk quartiles dichotomized patients to low- or high-risk groups. Aortic complications were reported by Kaplan-Meier analysis and risk groups were compared by log rank test. External validation was by comparison of aortic complications between risk groups at the second centre. RESULTS: Some 761 patients, with a median age of 75 (interquartile range 70-80) years, underwent EVAR. Median follow-up was 36 (range 11-94) months. Physiological variables were not associated with aortic complications. A morphological risk score incorporating maximum aneurysm diameter (P < 0·001) and largest common iliac diameter (measured 10 mm from the internal iliac origin; P = 0·004) allocated 75 per cent of patients to a low-risk group, with excellent discrimination between 5-year rates of aortic complication in low- and high-risk groups at both centres (centre 1: 12 versus 31 per cent, P < 0·001; centre 2: 12 versus 45 per cent, P = 0·002). CONCLUSION: The risk score uses commonly available morphological data to stratify the rate of complications after EVAR. The proposals for rationalized surveillance could provide clinical and economic benefits.

Right iliac aortic aneurysmal hemorrhage as a complication of lumbar discectomy.

BACKGROUND: Vascular injury is rarely reported but can be a life-threatening complication after lumbar disc surgery. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report a case of the rupture of a pseudoaneurysm of the right common iliac artery after spinal surgery for herniation of an intervertebral disc. It was successfully treated by prompt surgical repair. CONCLUSION: This case reminds us of this rare but possible complication, and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and urgent intervention.

Endovascular aneurysmal models at the external iliac artery of dogs.

INTRODUCTION: Establishing an aneurysm model using simple and easy operative techniques is desirable to develop new endovascular treatment devices such as stent grafts. We developed an aneurysm model using the external iliac arteries (EIAs) of adult Beagles, a relatively large animal that we thought would be easy to handle, using simple and less complicated endovascular procedures. In addition, we evaluated the generated aneurysm model histologically and determined the factors that were necessary for creating more dilated aneurysms. METHODS: Experimental animals consisted of 16 beagles (average weight, 14.0 kg). The animals were divided into four groups (S, E, B+S, and B+E). Eight Beagles were in the S and E groups, without balloon dilation. S group Beagles were injected with normal saline into the right EIA and served as a control group. Elastase was injected into the left EIA of the same Beagles (E group). Eight Beagles were in the B+S and B+E groups with balloon dilation. After balloon dilation, normal saline was injected into right EIA of the B+S group. Elastase was injected into the left EIA of the same Beagles (B+E). After 4 weeks, we measured the EIA diameter using abdominal ultrasound imaging from a body surface. Both sides of the EIA were harvested. We evaluated the dilation rate of the EIA diameter, and histologically, evaluated the disappearance of the internal elastic lamina, degeneration and disappearance of medial smooth muscle and the external elastic lamina, and neointimal thickening. RESULTS: Inner diameters were dilated more in the B+E group vs the other groups. The B+E group internal elastic lamina had almost disappeared, with significantly more severe degeneration and disappearance of external elastic lamina. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a muscular artery aneurysm model using the EIA arteries of adult Beagles and a simple endovascular procedure. Histologically, internal and external elastic lamina degeneration was an important factor to create significantly dilated aneurysms in this muscular artery model.

Mycotic aneurysm of the right iliac artery: imaging diagnosis and correlation with pathological findings.

We report the case of a 55-year-old woman who presented at the emergency department with hypogastric pain, fever, clinical signs of sepsis and a critical inflammation syndrome in her blood test values. CT-scan of the abdomen demonstrated an infected aneurysm of the right iliac artery. The patient underwent surgery with a favorable outcome. Histological examination of resected artery was performed and compared to the CT features. The authors review the literature and stress the importance of early diagnosis and treatement.

Microsurgically induced pure arterial aneurysm model in rats.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to develop a reliable and reproducible arterial aneurysm model for microsurgical training and further research with dimensions comparable to those encountered in aneurysms in humans. METHODS: The arterial aneurysm models were created microsurgically at the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta using a graft of the carotid artery in 20 Wistar rats. RESULTS: The aneurysms were created successfully and no complications occurred. The average volume of this arterial aneurysm model was 35.19±5.64 mm (3). The time required to create this kind of aneurysm was 192±14.4 min. The central zone of blood inflow into the aneurysm was not affected by any thrombus formation. CONCLUSION: The presented model at the aortic bifurcation in the rat is reliable and immediately available for microsurgical and technical training as well as for scientific studies on aneurysms. Since this kind of model also reproduces arterial aneurysms, basic techniques such as suturing and microtechniques needed for the dissection and repair of vessels can be taught during its creation.