RESUMO
Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant global health challenge with high morbidity and mortality rates. This study investigates the role of LY6G6D, a member of the LY6/uPAR superfamily, in CRC. Employing a bioinformatic approach, we analyzed LY6G6D expression across different cancer types, compared it with known oncogenes in CRC, explored the involved genomic alterations, and assessed associated clinicopathological characteristics. LY6G6D exhibited aberrant expression, particularly elevated in CRC adenocarcinoma and highly specific to tumor tissues when compared with other oncogenes, despite its comparatively low frequency of genomic alteration. Subsequently, tumor immune infiltration analysis revealed distinct associations, primarily indicating a negative correlation, suggesting immune down-regulation. Survival analysis in context of LY6G6D was conducted with Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves, indicating a 10% risk of disease recurrence in the case of elevated expression. Additionally, we constructed a 3D protein model of LY6G6D through ab-inito approach. The protein model was validated, followed by conservation analysis and active site identification. Active site identification of LY6G6D's final predicted model revealed some similar sites that were estimated to be conserved. Target-guided drug molecules were collected and molecular docking was executed, proposing Cardigin (Digitoxin) and Manzamine A as potential therapeutic candidates. In conclusion, LY6G6D emerges as a significant biomarker for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in CRC, highlighting its multifaceted role in tumorigenesis. The proposed drugs present avenues for further investigations.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais , Neoplasias Colorretais , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Humanos , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Antígenos Ly/metabolismo , Antígenos Ly/genética , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/metabolismo , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/genéticaRESUMO
SLURP1 and SLURP2 are both small secreted members of the Ly6/u-PAR family of proteins and are highly expressed in keratinocytes. Loss-of-function mutations in SLURP1 lead to a rare autosomal recessive palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK), Mal de Meleda (MdM), which is characterized by diffuse, yellowish palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. Some individuals with MdM experience pain in conjunction with the hyperkeratosis that has been attributed to fissures or microbial superinfection within the affected skin. By comparison, other hereditary PPKs such as pachyonychia congenita and Olmsted syndrome show prevalent pain in PPK lesions. Two mouse models of MdM, Slurp1 knock-out and Slurp2X knock-out, exhibit robust PPK in all four paws. However, whether the sensory experience of these animals includes augmented pain sensitivity remains unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that both models exhibit hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli as well as spontaneous pain behaviors in males and females. Anatomical analysis revealed slightly reduced glabrous skin epidermal innervation and substantial alterations in palmoplantar skin immune composition in Slurp2X knock-out mice. Primary sensory neurons innervating hindpaw glabrous skin from Slurp2X knock-out mice exhibit increased incidence of spontaneous activity and mechanical hypersensitivity both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, Slurp knock-out mice exhibit polymodal PPK-associated pain that is associated with both immune alterations and neuronal hyperexcitability and might therefore be useful for the identification of therapeutic targets to treat PPK-associated pain.
Assuntos
Antígenos Ly , Ceratodermia Palmar e Plantar , Camundongos Knockout , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tipo Uroquinase , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Antígenos Ly/genética , Antígenos Ly/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hiperalgesia/genética , Hiperalgesia/fisiopatologia , Ceratodermia Palmar e Plantar/genética , Ceratodermia Palmar e Plantar/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Limiar da Dor/fisiologia , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tipo Uroquinase/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismoRESUMO
The identification of targets that are expressed on the cell membrane is a main goal in cancer research. The Lymphocyte Antigen 6 Family Member G6D (LY6G6D) gene codes for a protein that is mainly present on the surface of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Therapeutic strategies against this protein like the development of T cell engagers (TCE) are currently in the early clinical stage. In the present work, we interrogated public genomic datasets including TCGA to evaluate the genomic and immunologic cell profile present in tumors with high expression of LY6G6D. We used data from TCGA, among others, and the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER2.0) platform for immune cell estimations and Spearman correlation tests. LY6G6D expression was exclusively present in CRC, particularly in the microsatellite stable (MSS) subtype, and was associated with left-side tumors and the canonical genomic subgroup. Tumors with mutations of APC and p53 expressed elevated levels of LY6G6D. This protein was expressed in tumors with an inert immune microenvironment with an absence of immune cells and co-inhibitory molecules. In conclusion, we described clinical, genomic and immune-pathologic characteristics that can be used to optimize the clinical development of agents against this target. Future studies should be performed to confirm these findings and potentially explore the suggested clinical development options.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais , Neoplasias Colorretais/imunologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Humanos , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Feminino , Masculino , Proteína da Polipose Adenomatosa do Colo/genética , Proteína da Polipose Adenomatosa do Colo/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Mutação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/genética , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/metabolismo , Antígenos Ly/metabolismo , Antígenos Ly/genética , Antígenos B7/genética , Antígenos B7/metabolismoRESUMO
Monocytes, as well as downstream macrophages and dendritic cells, are essential players in the immune system, fulfilling key roles in homeostasis as well as in inflammatory conditions. Conventionally, driven by studies on reporter models, mouse monocytes are categorized into a classical and a non-classical subset based on their inversely correlated surface expression of Ly6C/CCR2 and CX3CR1. Here, we aimed to challenge this concept by antibody staining and reporter mouse models. Therefore, we took advantage of Cx3cr1GFP and Ccr2RFP reporter mice, in which the respective gene was replaced by a fluorescent reporter protein gene. We analyzed the expression of CX3CR1 and CCR2 by flow cytometry using several validated fluorochrome-coupled antibodies and compared them with the reporter gene signal in these reporter mouse strains. Although we were able to validate the specificity of the fluorochrome-coupled flow cytometry antibodies, mouse Ly6Chigh classical and Ly6Clow non-classical monocytes showed no differences in CX3CR1 expression levels in the peripheral blood and spleen when stained with these antibodies. On the contrary, in Cx3cr1GFP reporter mice, we were able to reproduce the inverse correlation of the CX3CR1 reporter gene signal and Ly6C surface expression. Furthermore, differential CCR2 surface expression correlating with the expression of Ly6C was observed by antibody staining, but not in Ccr2RFP reporter mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that phenotyping strategies for mouse monocyte subsets should be carefully selected. In accordance with the literature, the suitability of CX3CR1 antibody staining is limited, whereas for CCR2, caution should be applied when using reporter mice.
Assuntos
Receptor 1 de Quimiocina CX3C , Citometria de Fluxo , Monócitos , Receptores CCR2 , Animais , Receptores CCR2/metabolismo , Receptores CCR2/genética , Monócitos/metabolismo , Receptor 1 de Quimiocina CX3C/metabolismo , Receptor 1 de Quimiocina CX3C/genética , Camundongos , Anticorpos/imunologia , Genes Reporter , Fenótipo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Antígenos Ly/metabolismo , Antígenos Ly/genéticaRESUMO
In mice, γδ-T lymphocytes that express the co-stimulatory molecule, CD27, are committed to the IFNγ-producing lineage during thymic development. In the periphery, these cells play a critical role in host defense and anti-tumor immunity. Unlike αß-T cells that rely on MHC-presented peptides to drive their terminal differentiation, it is unclear whether MHC-unrestricted γδ-T cells undergo further functional maturation after exiting the thymus. Here, we provide evidence of phenotypic and functional diversity within peripheral IFNγ-producing γδ T cells. We found that CD27+ Ly6C- cells convert into CD27+Ly6C+ cells, and these CD27+Ly6C+ cells control cancer progression in mice, while the CD27+Ly6C- cells cannot. The gene signatures of these two subsets were highly analogous to human immature and mature γδ-T cells, indicative of conservation across species. We show that IL-27 supports the cytotoxic phenotype and function of mouse CD27+Ly6C+ cells and human Vδ2+ cells, while IL-27 is dispensable for mouse CD27+Ly6C- cell and human Vδ1+ cell functions. These data reveal increased complexity within IFNγ-producing γδ-T cells, comprising immature and terminally differentiated subsets, that offer new insights into unconventional T-cell biology.
Assuntos
Antígenos Ly , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta , Membro 7 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral , Animais , Camundongos , Antígenos Ly/metabolismo , Antígenos Ly/genética , Membro 7 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismo , Membro 7 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genética , Membro 7 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/imunologia , Humanos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/genética , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interleucina-27/metabolismo , Interleucina-27/genética , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sca-1 is controversial as a mammary stem cell marker in the literature, which may be due to the different isolation protocols and culture media used in different laboratories. The object of our study is to establish the Medium to promote the proliferation of mammary stem cell and explore the possibility of Sca-1 as mammary stem cell marker. METHODS: We used BM medium supplemented with different concentration of 17Β-oestradiol and GH to find out MaECM medium which promoted the proliferation of mouse mammary epithelial cells and inhibited the growth of fibroblasts. Flow cytometry was used to isolate Sca-1(+) and Sca-1(-) cell populations from cultured mammary epithelial cells. Mammary fat pad transplantation and Mammosphere- forming assay were done to confirm the stem cell potential of Sca-1(+) cells. Differentiating culture was used to detect the differentiation potential of Sca-1(+) cells. Real-time PCR was carried out to analyse the expression of mammary stem cell-related genes in Sca-1(+) cells. RESULTS: We first selected the medium suitable for mammary stem cell growth. Stem cell medium BM was used to culture mammary organoids, which generated many fibroblasts. We established MaECM medium supplemented with oestrogen and growth hormone (GH), in which oestrogen promoted mammary epithelial cell proliferation and inhibited fibroblast growth, and GH obviously enhanced the effect of oestrogen on mammary epithelial cell proliferation. Flow cytometry showed that 50% of cells were Sca-1(+) under the culture of MaECM medium. We confirmed that Sca-1(+) cells regenerated mammary outgrowths when transplanted in vivo, formed mammospheres in vitro and differentiated into luminal epithelial cells with milk-secreting function and myoepithelial cells under Matrigel culture. Furthermore, gene expression analysis by Real-time PCR revealed that Sca-1(+) cells expressed markedly higher levels of mammary stem cell-related genes in comparison to Sca-1(-) cells. CONCLUSION: Our research demonstrates that Sca-1(+) mammary stem cells can be more easily isolated when cultured in the presence of oestrogen and GH (AU)