Management of anthelmintics to the control of gastrointestinal infections in goats / Manejo de anti-helmínticos no controle de infecções gastrintestinais em cabras

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the active ingredient oxfendazole and the association of this with levamisol, reduction of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and larvae of helminths in the feces of goats without defined breed (SPRD) created pasture under continuous grazing grass (Panicum maximum), and the action time after application of medicines. The treatments were: no animals wormed (ND); animals wormed with oxfendazole (DO); and animal wormed with oxfendazole association and levamisole (DOL). Between the treated groups, the group where the goats were submitted to association of active ingredients (DOL), was shown to be 16.75% more efficient compared to the group treated with oxfendazole (DO). A peak reduction Trichostrongylus and Haemonchus larvae at 3th and 9th days, respectively, after application of an anthelmintic in relation to worming day. Nevertheless, until the 9th day was not observed efficacy above 95%, can be considered a likely resistance to the principles used. Although it has not reached the expected efficacy, this combination was more effective in reducing larvae of Trichostrongylus genus, when compared to isolated use of the drug. Could be an alternative to the recommendation of anthelmintics association in the control of gastrointestinal infections in goats raised on pasture.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a eficácia do princípio ativo oxfendazole e da associação deste com o levamisol, na redução de ovos por gramas de fezes (OPG) e de larvas de helmintos nas fezes de cabras sem padrão racial definido (SPRD) criadas em pasto sob pastejo contínuo de Capim Colonião (Panicum maximum), bem como o tempo de ação após a aplicação dos medicamentos. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: animais não desverminados (ND); animais desverminados com oxfendazole (DO); e animais desverminados com associação de oxfendazole e levamisol (DOL). Entre os grupos tratados, o grupo em que as cabras foram submetidas à associação dos princípios ativos (DOL) mostrou-se 16,75% mais eficaz comparado ao grupo tratado com oxfendazole (DO). Houve um pico de redução de larvas de Haemonchus e Trichostrongylus no terceiro e nono dia, respectivamente, após a aplicação do anti-helmíntico, em relação ao dia da vermifugação. Apesar disso, até o nono dia não foi observado eficácia acima de 95%, podendo considerar uma provável resistência aos princípios utilizados. Embora não tenha atingido a eficácia esperada, esta associação foi mais eficaz na redução de larvas do gênero Trichostrongylus, quando comparado à utilização do composto químico isolado, podendo ser uma alternativa à recomendação da associação de anti-helmínticos no controle de infecções gastrintestinais em cabras criadas(AU)

Management of anthelmintics to the control of gastrointestinal infections in goats / Manejo de anti-helmínticos no controle de infecções gastrintestinais em cabras

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the active ingredient oxfendazole and the association of this with levamisol, reduction of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and larvae of helminths in the feces of goats without defined breed (SPRD) created pasture under continuous grazing grass (Panicum maximum), and the action time after application of medicines. The treatments were: no animals wormed (ND); animals wormed with oxfendazole (DO); and animal wormed with oxfendazole association and levamisole (DOL). Between the treated groups, the group where the goats were submitted to association of active ingredients (DOL), was shown to be 16.75% more efficient compared to the group treated with oxfendazole (DO). A peak reduction Trichostrongylus and Haemonchus larvae at 3th and 9th days, respectively, after application of an anthelmintic in relation to worming day. Nevertheless, until the 9th day was not observed efficacy above 95%, can be considered a likely resistance to the principles used. Although it has not reached the expected efficacy, this combination was more effective in reducing larvae of Trichostrongylus genus, when compared to isolated use of the drug. Could be an alternative to the recommendation of anthelmintics association in the control of gastrointestinal infections in goats raised on pasture.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a eficácia do princípio ativo oxfendazole e da associação deste com o levamisol, na redução de ovos por gramas de fezes (OPG) e de larvas de helmintos nas fezes de cabras sem padrão racial definido (SPRD) criadas em pasto sob pastejo contínuo de Capim Colonião (Panicum maximum), bem como o tempo de ação após a aplicação dos medicamentos. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: animais não desverminados (ND); animais desverminados com oxfendazole (DO); e animais desverminados com associação de oxfendazole e levamisol (DOL). Entre os grupos tratados, o grupo em que as cabras foram submetidas à associação dos princípios ativos (DOL) mostrou-se 16,75% mais eficaz comparado ao grupo tratado com oxfendazole (DO). Houve um pico de redução de larvas de Haemonchus e Trichostrongylus no terceiro e nono dia, respectivamente, após a aplicação do anti-helmíntico, em relação ao dia da vermifugação. Apesar disso, até o nono dia não foi observado eficácia acima de 95%, podendo considerar uma provável resistência aos princípios utilizados. Embora não tenha atingido a eficácia esperada, esta associação foi mais eficaz na redução de larvas do gênero Trichostrongylus, quando comparado à utilização do composto químico isolado, podendo ser uma alternativa à recomendação da associação de anti-helmínticos no controle de infecções gastrintestinais em cabras criadas

Atom, atom-type and total molecular linear indices as a promising approach for bioorganic and medicinal chemistry: theoretical and experimental assessment of a novel method for virtual screening and rational design of new lead anthelmintic.

Helminth infections are a medical problem in the world nowadays. In this paper a novel atom-level chemical descriptor has been applied to estimate the anthelmintic activity. Total and local linear indices and linear discriminant analysis were used to obtain a quantitative model that discriminates between anthelmintic and non-anthelmintic drug-like compounds. The discriminant model has an accuracy of 90.11% in the training set, with a high Matthews' correlation coefficient (MCC=0.80). To assess the robustness and predictive power of the obtained model, internal (leave-n-out) and external validation process was performed. The QSAR model correctly classified 88.55% of compounds in this external prediction set, yielding a MCC of 0.77. Another LDA model was carried out to outline some conclusions about the possible modes of action of anthelmintic drugs. It has an accuracy of 93.50% in the training set, and 80.00% in the external prediction set. After that, the developed model was used in the virtual--in silico--screening and several compounds from the Merck Index, Negwer's Handbook and Goodman and Gilman were identified by the model as anthelmintic. Finally, the experimental assay of an organic chemical (a furylethylene derivative) by an in vivo test permits us to carry out an assessment of the model. An accuracy of 100% with the theoretical predictions was observed. These results suggest that the proposed method will be a good tool for studying the biological properties of drug candidates during the early state of the drug-development process.

A survey of dairy cattle worm control practices in southeast Brazil.

A survey on the nematode control strategies utilized by dairy farmers in Southeastern Brazil, a region accounting for 46.4% of the national milk production, was conducted through interviews with farmers. To select the producers to be interviewed the region was split into 16 non-contiguous clusters, according to the level of milk production. A systematic sample was then selected in each of the clusters. The interview questionnaire consisted of one-way, multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Data collected were represented by numbers and digitized on a data base (Epi Info, version 5.01b) and analyzed. Out of the 89 farmers interviewed, 37.5% deworm their herd after clinical signs and 62.5% preventively. Generally, anthelmintics are applied from one to 12 times a year (average of 3.79 times a year) in all age categories of animals. Of the anthelmintics used in the last deworming, imidazothiazole was used exclusively by 17.1% of the farmers, benzimidazole by 9.8% and avermectin by 18.3%, while 55.8% used more than one anthelmintic class to deworm their animals. To choose the dosage, most farmers consult the product label (94.8%) and determine the volume to be applied, based on an estimate of the average body weight of each animal (62.9%). Improvements in the general appearance of the herd and weight gains of growing animals were observed by most farmers after deworming (87.3%). However, most of them (66.2%) recalled interrupting the use of some compound in the last few years, due to the detection of no improvement following treatment (32.7%), rising costs of the medication (28.6%), adverse reaction (8.2%), product not available at the time of purchase (4.1%) and decision to change the compound in use (10.2%). Most farmers (95.3%) intend to continue using the same control measures in the following year. Veterinarians play an important role in the farmer's choice to deworm their animals, as many seek advice from them. Therefore, programs aimed at technology transfer should include continuous updates on the subject, especially for veterinarians.

Tratamiento de las enteroparasitosis / Treatment of the intestinal parasites

La parasitosis intestinal es un grave problema de salud mundial que afecta principalmente a los países subdesarrollados carentes de recursos económicos, sanitarios y educacionales. El Perú no escapa a esta situación por lo que es necesario que los profesionales de la salud tengan conocimientos clínicos, epidemiológicos y terapéuticos básicos para ser aplicados eficientemente en beneficio de la comunidad. Se presenta una revisión actualizada del tratamiento de las enteroparasitosis en un esquema terapéutico y adecuado a nuestra realidad

A field evaluation of anthelmintics for control of cyathostomes of horses in Brazil.

The anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin (IVM), piperazine citrate (PPZ) and fenbendazole (FBZ) alone, and combinations of FBZ with varying dosages of PPZ, was evaluated for the control of strongyles of Mangalarga equids. In all cases of positive strongly egg counts per gram of faeces (EPG) before and after treatment, pure populations of cyathostome larvae with eight gut cells were consistently observed in faecal cultures. The faecal egg count reductions (FECR) were evaluated between Day 7 and Day 56 post-treatment. Significant differences (P less than or equal to 0.05) were found between Day 7 and Day 49 when comparing the mean EPG values of IVM with those of the other anthelmintics. PPZ alone and the combination of FBZ (7.5 mg kg-1) and PPZ (55 mg base kg-1) did not show significant differences during the trial; both groups exhibiting an FECR of greater than 90% between Day 7 and Day 30. Horses treated with the combinations of FBZ (7.5 mg kg-1) and PPZ at either 40 or 25 mg base kg-1, and with FBZ alone at either 7.5 or 15 mg kg-1, showed an FECR of less than 90% 2 weeks after treatment. The emergence of a degree of resistance of strongyles to FBZ and PPZ in a segment of the cyathostomes in this population is suggested.

Tratamiento de las parasitosis intestinales humanas / Treatment of human intestinal parasitoses

Se presenta una revision actualizada sobre las drogas usadas en el tratamiento de las parasitosis intestinales, esencialmente en aquellas que se encuentran en Colombia. Inicialmente se mencionan las parasitosis, primero las causadas por helmintos y luego las producidas por protozoos y para cada una de ellas se da el nombre de las drogas utiles. Luego se dedica un parrafo a cada una de las drogas, mencionando lo principal en cuanto a su composicion quimica, absorcion, eliminacion, efectos secundarios, toxicidad, precauciones, utilidad terapeutica y dosificacion. Se publica una amplia lista de referencias que permite ampliar los datos sobre el tema.