RESUMO
Aspirin is currently the most widely used drug worldwide, and has been clearly one of the most important pharmacological achievements of the twentieth century. Historians of medicine have traced its birth in 1897, but the fascinating history of aspirin actually dates back >3500â¯years, when willow bark was used as a painkiller and antipyretic by Sumerians and Egyptians, and then by great physicians from ancient Greece and Rome. The modern history of aspirin precursors, salicylates, began in 1763 with Reverend Stone - who first described their antipyretic effects - and continued in the 19th century with many researchers involved in their extraction and chemical synthesis. Bayer chemist Felix Hoffmann synthesized aspirin in 1897, and 70â¯years later the pharmacologist John Vane elucidated its mechanism of action in inhibiting prostaglandin production. Originally used as an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drug, aspirin then became, for its antiplatelet properties, a milestone in preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The aspirin story continues today with the growing evidence of its chemopreventive effect against colorectal and other types of cancer, now awaiting the results of ongoing primary prevention trials in this setting. This concise review revisits the history of aspirin with a focus on its most remote origins.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/história , Antipiréticos/história , Aspirina/história , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/história , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/história , Salix , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/síntese química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Antipiréticos/síntese química , Antipiréticos/isolamento & purificação , Antipiréticos/uso terapêutico , Aspirina/síntese química , Aspirina/isolamento & purificação , Aspirina/uso terapêutico , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/síntese química , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/isolamento & purificação , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/uso terapêutico , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , Humanos , Casca de Planta , Folhas de Planta , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/síntese química , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/isolamento & purificação , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/uso terapêutico , Salix/químicaRESUMO
The story of the discovery of aspirin stretches back more than 3500 years to when bark from the willow tree was used as a pain reliever and antipyretic. It involves an Oxfordshire clergyman, scientists at a German dye manufacturer, a Nobel Prize-winning discovery and a series of pivotal clinical trials. Aspirin is now the most commonly used drug in the world. Its role in preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease has been revolutionary and one of the biggest pharmaceutical success stories of the last century.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Antipiréticos/uso terapêutico , Aspirina/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/uso terapêutico , Salix , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/história , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Antipiréticos/história , Antipiréticos/farmacologia , Aspirina/história , Aspirina/farmacologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/história , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Descoberta de Drogas/história , Previsões , Doenças Hematológicas/história , Doenças Hematológicas/prevenção & controle , Hemorragia/induzido quimicamente , Hemorragia/história , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , Casca de Planta , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/história , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacologiaAssuntos
Analgésicos/farmacologia , Anticoagulantes/farmacologia , Antipiréticos/farmacologia , Aspirina/farmacologia , Casca de Planta/química , Preparações de Plantas/farmacologia , Salix/química , Analgésicos/história , Anticoagulantes/história , Antipiréticos/história , Aspirina/história , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , Humanos , Fitoterapia/história , Fitoterapia/métodosRESUMO
Studies in the field of forensic pharmacology and toxicology would not be complete without some knowledge of the history of drug discovery, the various personalities involved, and the events leading to the development and introduction of new therapeutic agents. The first medicinal drugs came from natural sources and existed in the form of herbs, plants, roots, vines and fungi. Until the mid-nineteenth century nature's pharmaceuticals were all that were available to relieve man's pain and suffering. The first synthetic drug, chloral hydrate, was discovered in 1869 and introduced as a sedative-hypnotic; it is still available today in some countries. The first pharmaceutical companies were spin-offs from the textiles and synthetic dye industry and owe much to the rich source of organic chemicals derived from the distillation of coal (coal-tar). The first analgesics and antipyretics, exemplified by phenacetin and acetanilide, were simple chemical derivatives of aniline and p-nitrophenol, both of which were byproducts from coal-tar. An extract from the bark of the white willow tree had been used for centuries to treat various fevers and inflammation. The active principle in white willow, salicin or salicylic acid, had a bitter taste and irritated the gastric mucosa, but a simple chemical modification was much more palatable. This was acetylsalicylic acid, better known as Aspirin®, the first blockbuster drug. At the start of the twentieth century, the first of the barbiturate family of drugs entered the pharmacopoeia and the rest, as they say, is history.