Circumscribed supplementary motor area injury with gait apraxia including freezing of gait and shuffling gait: a case report.

Clinical findings in cases of injury circumscribed with SMA is no consensus. We report the case of a 60-year-old male with circumscribed SMA injury who showed freezing of gait, and shuffling gait. Twenty-one days after onset, the patient showed difficulties with the left leg swing in gait initiation (freezing of gait). In steady-state gait, the stride of the left leg swing was short (shuffling gait). Thirty-four days after onset, this phenomenon was not observed during gait. Circumscribed SMA injury can cause gait apraxia, including freezing and shuffling gait, such as in extensive SMA injury in the medial frontal cortex.

Enfermedad de Van Neck-Odelberg: una causa más de cojera en la infancia / Van Neck-Odelberg disease: a cause of limp in childhood

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A rare case of Bruns syndrome with bilateral superior oblique palsy and dorsal midbrain syndrome.

We report a case of an 11-year-old boy referred for evaluation of esotropia associated with a 4-year history of intermittent headaches and vomiting triggered by sudden movements, such as sneezing and coughing. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed 3 years previously was reported to be normal. A thorough clinical examination revealed the clinical features of Dorsal midbrain syndrome with Bruns syndrome and bilateral superior oblique palsy. Advanced MRI sequences revealed a freely mobile intraventricular cysticercus causing obstructive panhydrocephalus.

¿Mides la velocidad de la marcha en tu práctica diaria? Una revisión / Do you measure gait speed in your daily clinical practice? A review

La velocidad de la marcha (VM) a paso habitual es una medida fácil, rápida, económica, fiable e informativa. Con un cronómetro, como los que actualmente se encuentran en todos los móviles, dos marcas en el suelo y una mínima estandarización, un profesional sanitario obtiene una medida más objetiva y rápida respecto a muchas de las escalas habituales de valoración de las actividades de la vida diaria, por ejemplo. La VM es uno de los pilares del fenotipo de fragilidad y está fuertemente relacionada con la sarcopenia. Es un potente marcador de caídas, discapacidad incidente y de muerte, útil sobre todo como cribado en el ámbito comunitario o de atención primaria. Paralelamente, en los últimos años empieza a tener evidencia también en el pronóstico de procesos médicos agudos o en el paciente posquirúrgico, y se está estudiando la utilidad de esta herramienta en los pacientes con demencia, a la luz de su relación con las alteraciones cognitivas. La VM cumple los requerimientos fundamentales para una buena herramienta de cribado. Sin embargo, no se utiliza en la práctica clínica. ¿Por qué? Esta revisión, que no pretende ser sistemática ni exhaustiva, tiene diferentes objetivos: 1)revisar la relación entre VM y fragilidad; 2)revisar las principales técnicas de mediciön; 3)aportar evidencia en diferentes perfiles clínicos (personas mayores aparentemente sanas, con deterioro cognitivo, con cáncer, con otras patologías o problemas de salud) y en diferentes ámbitos (comunitario, hospitalización, rehabilitación), y 4)reflexionar de manera crítica sobre por qué todavía no se utiliza de manera rutinaria y qué faltaría para potenciar esta utilización (AU)

Gait speed (GS), measured at usual pace, is an easy, quick, reliable, non-expensive and informative measurement. With a standard chronometer, like those that currently found in mobile phones, and with two marks on the floor, trained health professionals obtain a more objective and quick measurement compared with many geriatric scales used in daily practice. GS is one of the pillars of the frailty phenotype, and is closely related to sarcopenia. It is a powerful marker of falls incidence, disability and death, mostly useful in the screening of older adults that live in the community. In recent years, the evidence is reinforcing the usefulness of GS in acute care and post-surgical patients. Its use in patients with cognitive impairment is suggested, due to the strong link between cognitive and physical function. Although GS meets the criteria for a good geriatric screening tool, it is not much used in clinical practice. Why? This review has different aims: (I) disentangling the relationship between GS and frailty; (II) reviewing the protocols to measure GS and the reference values; (III) reviewing the evidence in different clinical groups (older adults with frailty, with cognitive impairment, with cancer or other pathologies), and in different settings (community, acute care, rehabilitation), and (IV) speculating about the reasons for its poor use in clinical practice and about the gaps to be filled (AU)

Quiste coloide y síndrome de Bruns / Colloid cyst and Bruns syndrome

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A practical method for the detection of freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE: Freezing of gait (FOG), increasing the fall risk and limiting the quality of life, is common at the advanced stage of Parkinson's disease, typically in old ages. A simple and unobtrusive FOG detection system with a small calculation load would make a fast presentation of on-demand cueing possible. The purpose of this study was to find a practical FOG detection system. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A sole-mounted sensor system was developed for an unobtrusive measurement of acceleration during gait. Twenty patients with Parkinson's disease participated in this study. A simple and fast time-domain method for the FOG detection was suggested and compared with the conventional frequency-domain method. The parameters used in the FOG detection were optimized for each patient. RESULTS: The calculation load was 1,154 times less in the time-domain method than the conventional method, and the FOG detection performance was comparable between the two domains (P=0.79) and depended on the window length (P<0.01) and dimension of sensor information (P=0.03). CONCLUSION: A minimally constraining sole-mounted sensor system was developed, and the suggested time-domain method showed comparable FOG detection performance to that of the conventional frequency-domain method. Three-dimensional sensor information and 3-4-second window length were desirable. The suggested system is expected to have more practical clinical applications.

Hidrocefalia de pressão normal: visão atual sobre a fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento / Normal pressure hydrocephalus: current view on pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment

Introdução: A hidrocefalia de pressão normal (HPN), descrita em 1964 por Salomón Hakim, é uma doença insidiosa que acomete, sobretudo, idosos e manifesta-se através da tríade clínica de distúrbios da marcha, demência e incontinência urinária, associada a achados radiológicos de ventriculomegalia e achados laboratoriais de pressão liquórica normal. Objetivo: apresentar as principais hipóteses relacionadas à fisiopatologia, diagnóstico por imagem e tratamento da HPN empregadas atualmente. Métodos: a revisão da literatura foi realizada através das bases de dados MEDLINE e PubMed, onde foi utilizado o recurso MeSH(Medical Subject Headings) para a seleção de artigos dos últimos seis anos. Resultados: tanto as bases fisiopatológicas quanto os critérios diagnósticos da HPN ainda não estão totalmente estabelecidos. O principal tratamento consiste na derivação liquórica. Conclusões: é fundamental que o diagnóstico da HPN seja realizado precocemente e que os pacientes com maiores chance de responder à derivação liquórica sejam identificados.

Introduction: The normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), described in 1964 by Salomón Hakim, is an insidious disease that affects mainly elderly people and is manifested by the clinical triad of gait disorders, dementia and urinary incontinence associated with radiological findings of ventriculomegaly and laboratory findings of normal CSF pressure. Objective: present the main hypotheses related to the pathophysiology, imaging diagnosis and treatment of NPH in practice today. Methods: the literature review was conducted through MEDLINE and PubMed, where was used the MeSH resource (Medical Subject Headings) for the selection of articles from the last 6 years. Results: both the pathophysiology and diagnostic criteria of NPH has not beenfully established. The main treatment consists of the CSF shunt. Conclusion: it is essential that the diagnosis of NPH be realized early and that patients with higher chance to improve after CSF shunt are identified.

[Multi-infarct disorder presenting as corticobasal degeneration (DCB): vascular pseudo-corticobasal degeneration?]. / Infarctus cérébraux multiples se présentant comme une dégénérescence cortico-basale: pseudo dégénérescence cortico-basale vasculaire?

We report on five patients with a clinical presentation of corticobasal degeneration (CBD), including gradually progressive, asymmetric, L-DOPA-resistant parkinsonism associated variously with apraxia, focal action myoclonus, focal dystonia, cortical sensory loss and alien limb phenomenon. Some patients also presented an atypical CBD clinical history or signs - notably sudden onset. The disease was however not suggestive of another diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed extensive vascular lesions. Only five similar cases have been published to our knowledge. Although we cannot exclude underlying CBD pathology, our cases illustrate the fact that multi-infarct pathology can masquerade as CBD or alter the clinical phenotype of the disease.

Walking difficulties in patients with Alzheimer's disease might originate from gait apraxia.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether gait apraxia is a possible cause for some of the walking abnormalities shown by patients with Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: 60 patients with Alzheimer's disease, selected as being free from overt extrapyramidal impairment or other potential causes of walking deficits, were assessed with a new test evaluating aspects of walking and related movements. Norms for this test were collected from a sample of 182 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: 40% of the Alzheimer group performed below the cut off score on this test, and half performed poorly. Performance of the Alzheimer group in the walking skills test correlated highly with scores in a test assessing limb apraxia and with dementia severity. CONCLUSIONS: Gait apraxia may be the cause of walking disorders found in a subgroup of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Its detection is made easier by the use of a standardised test, but still relies heavily on the exclusion of other causes of walking deficits. It is a recognisable and independent form of apraxia.