Assuntos
Conflitos Armados , Inteligência Artificial , Automação , Armas , Inteligência Artificial/ética , Federação Russa , Ucrânia , Conflitos Armados/ética , Conflitos Armados/legislação & jurisprudência , Armas/ética , Armas/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Automação/ética , Automação/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
According to Carl Schmitt, the antonym of 'The ethics of mankind' contained in outer space law is nomos and polemos, ie the idea that (international) law and politics have as their respective nuclei the sharing of territory and a relation of hostility, both of which combine in conquest, in the sense of taking possession of a territory by the use of armed force. The big question is knowing if outer space escapes or will escape the nomos and polemos, or if it also experiences or will experience the struggle for domination. In order to answer this question, the article examines outer space law concerning the military; then 'the ethics of mankind' vis-à-vis nomos and polemos; finally the militarisation and arsenalisation of outer space, from the angle of anti-missile defences and the relationship to nuclear dissuasion, ie the essence of the problem of defence in outer space.
Assuntos
Meio Ambiente Extraterreno , Militares , Ciência Militar/ética , Voo Espacial/ética , Armas/ética , Humanos , PolíticaAssuntos
Ciência Militar/métodos , Pesquisadores , Ciência/organização & administração , Medidas de Segurança/organização & administração , Universidades/organização & administração , Armas , Inteligência Artificial , Ciência Militar/economia , Ciência Militar/ética , Pesquisadores/economia , Pesquisadores/ética , Pesquisadores/psicologia , Ciência/economia , Ciência/ética , Universidades/economia , Universidades/ética , Armas/economia , Armas/ética , Armas/legislação & jurisprudência , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
Mortality data plays an essential role in shaping humanitarian, legal and ethical responses to conflict situations. The rise of drone warfare poses new questions regarding the accuracy and reliability of mortality data in conflict. This article examines some of the methodological and political challenges to collecting mortality data in drone warfare, and how the way in which drones are framed in public discourse contributes to these challenges.
Assuntos
Aeronaves , Coleta de Dados/métodos , Mortalidade , Política , Guerra , Armas/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Políticas , Saúde Pública , Guerra/ética , Armas/ética , Armas/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Researchers, such as Bandura, have proposed that children's mere exposure to the use of play weapons encourages deviant displays of aggression, but there is very little research to support this hypothesis of 20 years. AIM: To examine the relationship between amount of weapon play and concurrent aggression as well as later violent juvenile crime, while controlling for other variables possibly influencing criminal pathways. METHOD: Using longitudinal survey data collected from mothers and children (n = 2019) from age 5, with follow-up at age 15, correlations between children's play with toy weapons and juvenile criminality were examined. Multivariate regression analyses were employed to determine to what extent early childhood aggression, symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and symptoms of depression were antecedents of juvenile crime. RESULTS: For bivariate analysis between toy weapon play and juvenile criminality, the effect size was small and not significant. The relationship remained not significant once control variables were introduced into the model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The act of pretending to be aggressive in childhood thus plays little role in predicting later criminality after other factors, such as gender, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or depression, have been taken into account. Involvement in imaginative play with toy gun use in early childhood is unlikely to be useful as a risk marker for later criminal behaviour. Play fighting and war toy games may even be considered necessary components within the frame of normal development. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assuntos
Agressão/ética , Crime/ética , Armas/ética , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Fatores de RiscoAssuntos
Inteligência Artificial/ética , Inteligência Artificial/tendências , Robótica/ética , Robótica/tendências , Comunicação , Sistemas de Apoio a Decisões Clínicas , Diagnóstico , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Humanos , Reconhecimento Automatizado de Padrão , Opinião Pública , Pesquisadores , Gestão de Riscos , Simbiose , Armas/éticaAssuntos
Comitês Consultivos/história , Comitês Consultivos/organização & administração , Pesquisa Biomédica/organização & administração , Bombas (Dispositivos Explosivos) , Lesões Encefálicas , Simulação por Computador , Comportamento Cooperativo , Monitoramento Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Substâncias Explosivas/efeitos adversos , Governo Federal , Saúde Global , Disseminação de Informação , Medicina Militar/organização & administração , Medicina Militar/tendências , Militares/educação , Ciência Militar/economia , Ciência Militar/ética , Ciência Militar/história , Ciência Militar/instrumentação , Ciência Militar/métodos , Pesquisadores/organização & administração , Robótica/ética , Robótica/estatística & dados numéricos , United States Department of Defense/economia , Interface Usuário-Computador , Armas/ética , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
"Medicalized" weapons--those that rely on advances in neuroscience, physiology, and pharmacology--offer the prospect of reducing casualties and protecting civilians. They could be especially useful in modern asymmetric wars in which conventional states are pitted against guerrilla or insurgent forces. But may physicians and other medical workers participate in their development?
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Ética Médica , Médicos/ética , Terrorismo/prevenção & controle , Guerra , Armas/ética , Árabes , Humanos , Israel , Líbano , Neurociências , Experimentação Humana não Terapêutica/ética , Farmacologia , Fisiologia , Sociedades Médicas , Estresse Psicológico/etiologia , Estados Unidos , Guerra/ética , Ferimentos e Lesões/etiologiaRESUMO
Just wars are supposed to be proportional responses to aggression: the costs of war must not greatly exceed the benefits. This proportionality principle raises a corresponding 'interpretation problem': what are the costs and benefits of war, how are they to be determined, and a 'measurement problem': how are costs and benefits to be balanced? And it raises a problem about scope: how far into the future do the states of affairs to be measured stretch? It is argued here that weapons innovation always introduces costs, and that these costs cannot be determined in advance of going to war. Three examples, the atomic bomb, the AK-47 and the ancient Greek catapult, are given as examples. It is therefore argued that the proportionality principle is inapplicable prospectively. Some replies to the argument are discussed and rejected. Some more general defences of the proportionality principle are considered and also rejected. Finally, the significance of the argument for Just War Theory as a whole is discussed.
Assuntos
Engenharia/ética , Guerra/ética , Armas/ética , Análise Custo-Benefício/ética , Teoria Ética , Humanos , Princípios MoraisRESUMO
Las heridas penetrantes intracraneales son muy infrecuentes y aún resultan más infrecuentes las causadas por múltiples objetos y de forma intencional. Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 45 años que es traído a urgencias tras haberse disparado cuatro clavos a nivel del cráneo y uno a nivel del tórax con una pistola de clavos. Revisamos la literatura al respecto y describimos cómo fue manejado el caso en nuestro centro con buen resultado funcional (AU)
Multiple and self-inflicted penetrating brain injuries (PBI) rare. PBI are rare. We report the case of multiple self-inflicted PBI in a 45 year-old man caused by a nail gun. He was admitted to after shooting four nails into his head and one into his thorax. We review the literature on the topic and describe how this case was successfully managed in our hospital (AU)