Anatomical study of the latissimus dorsi muscle flap / Estudio anatómico del colgajo del músculo latísimo del dorso

SUMMARY: The latissimus dorsi is a broad muscle that originates from the inferior thoracic spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inferior ribs. It inserts on the inferior aspect of the intertubercular groove of the humerus through a thin tendon. The study was conducted on 10 cadavers (7 male and 3 female). These specimens were dissected and examined to study the gross anatomical characteristics of the latissimus dorsi muscle. The dimensions of the latissimus dorsi muscle and its surface area were measured in all the cadavers. The branching pattern of the thoracodorsal vessels was recorded. The pedicle length and caliper were measured using Vernier calipers. On the 20 dissected sides, the thoracodorsal artery was found to be one of the terminal branches of the subscapular artery that originates in the axillary region. In 19 (95 %) cases, the thoracodorsal artery terminated in a bifurcation, giving off a medial and a lateral branch. The average size of the elevated flap of the latissimus dorsi muscle was 18 cm x 36 cm. The average pedicle length was 9.5 cm (range: 5 cm-14 cm), and the average diameter at its origin was 2.5 mm (range: 1.5 mm-3.5 mm). The average diameter of the vena comitans was 3.3 mm. The current study focuses on the anatomical features of the latissimus dorsi muscle and its blood supply to increase the success rate of operations in clinical practice.

RESUMEN: El músculo latísimo del dorso se origina en los procesos espinosos de las vértebras torácicas inferiores, la fascia toracolumbar, la cresta ilíaca y las costillas inferiores y se inserta en el surco intertubercular del húmero a través de un delgado tendón. El estudio se realizó en 10 cadáveres (7 mujeres y 3 hombres). Estos especímenes fueron disecados y examinados para estudiar las características anatómicas macroscópicas del músculo latísimo del dorso. En todos los cadáveres se midieron las dimensiones del músculo y su superficie. Se registró el patrón de ramificación de los vasos toracodorsales. La longitud del pedículo y el calibre se midieron con paquímetro Vernier. En los veinte lados disecados, se encontró que la arteria toracodorsal era una de las ramas terminales de la arteria subescapular que se originaba en la región axilar. En 19 (95 %) casos, la arteria toracodorsal terminaba bifurcándose en dos ramas, una rama medial y otra lateral. El tamaño promedio del colgajo elevado del músculo latísimo del dorso era de 18 cm x 36 cm. La longitud promedio del pedículo era de 9,5 cm (rango: 5 cm-14 cm), y el diámetro promedio en su origen era de 2,5 mm (rango: 1,5 mm-3,5 mm). El diámetro medio de la vena comitans era de 3,3 mm. El estudio actual se centra en las características anatómicas del músculo latísimo del dorso y su irrigación para aumentar la tasa de éxito de las operaciones en la práctica clínica.

Retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral para reconstrução de lesão cutânea em região de cotovelo de cão: Relato de caso / Use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair cutaneous defect in a dog elbow: Case report

Os retalhos cutâneos são técnicas de escolha para reconstrução de grandes defeitos. Objetivou-se relatar o emprego do retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral em paciente com ferida cirúrgica ocasionada imediatamente após exérese de neoformação na região da articulação do cotovelo. Foi atendido paciente canino macho, 10 anos, pesando 12 kg, apresentando neoformação em tecidos moles, de grande volume, localizada na região medial do cotovelo. Como tratamento definitivo, implementou-se a exérese marginal da neoplasma seguida de reconstrução com a técnica de retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral. A técnica possibilitou completa síntese e oclusão do defeito, obtendo-se ótima recuperação pós operatória, não sendo observada deiscência de sutura ou necrose do retalho. Conclui-se que a implementação do retalho da artéria torácica lateral foi uma técnica viável na reconstrução em cotovelo após a exérese do neoplasma no paciente relatado, observando resultados satisfatórios quanto aos aspectos funcionais e cosméticos, após o período cicatricial.(AU)

Skin flaps are suitable methods of wound closure in large cutaneous defects. I The present study aims to report the use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair an elbow wound secondary to a neoplasm resection. A 10-year-old male dog weighing 12 kg was presented with a large soft tissue neoplasm in the medial aspect of the elbow. The patient underwent surgical resection of the neoplasm using the lateral thoracic cutaneous flap to achieve a complete defect closure, resulting in an excellent postoperative wound healing without suture failure or skin flap necrosis. It is concluded that the implementation of the lateral thoracic artery flap was a viable technique in elbow reconstruction after neoplasm excision in the reported patient, with satisfactory results regarding functional and cosmetic aspects after the healing period.(AU)

Retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral para reconstrução de lesão cutânea em região de cotovelo de cão: Relato de caso / Use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair cutaneous defect in a dog elbow: Case report

Os retalhos cutâneos são técnicas de escolha para reconstrução de grandes defeitos. Objetivou-se relatar o emprego do retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral em paciente com ferida cirúrgica ocasionada imediatamente após exérese de neoformação na região da articulação do cotovelo. Foi atendido paciente canino macho, 10 anos, pesando 12 kg, apresentando neoformação em tecidos moles, de grande volume, localizada na região medial do cotovelo. Como tratamento definitivo, implementou-se a exérese marginal da neoplasma seguida de reconstrução com a técnica de retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral. A técnica possibilitou completa síntese e oclusão do defeito, obtendo-se ótima recuperação pós operatória, não sendo observada deiscência de sutura ou necrose do retalho. Conclui-se que a implementação do retalho da artéria torácica lateral foi uma técnica viável na reconstrução em cotovelo após a exérese do neoplasma no paciente relatado, observando resultados satisfatórios quanto aos aspectos funcionais e cosméticos, após o período cicatricial.

Skin flaps are suitable methods of wound closure in large cutaneous defects. I The present study aims to report the use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair an elbow wound secondary to a neoplasm resection. A 10-year-old male dog weighing 12 kg was presented with a large soft tissue neoplasm in the medial aspect of the elbow. The patient underwent surgical resection of the neoplasm using the lateral thoracic cutaneous flap to achieve a complete defect closure, resulting in an excellent postoperative wound healing without suture failure or skin flap necrosis. It is concluded that the implementation of the lateral thoracic artery flap was a viable technique in elbow reconstruction after neoplasm excision in the reported patient, with satisfactory results regarding functional and cosmetic aspects after the healing period.

Retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral para reconstrução de lesão cutânea em região de cotovelo de cão: Relato de caso / Use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair cutaneous defect in a dog elbow: Case report

Os retalhos cutâneos são técnicas de escolha para reconstrução de grandes defeitos. Objetivou-se relatar o emprego do retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral em paciente com ferida cirúrgica ocasionada imediatamente após exérese de neoformação na região da articulação do cotovelo. Foi atendido paciente canino macho, 10 anos, pesando 12 kg, apresentando neoformação em tecidos moles, de grande volume, localizada na região medial do cotovelo. Como tratamento definitivo, implementou-se a exérese marginal da neoplasma seguida de reconstrução com a técnica de retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral. A técnica possibilitou completa síntese e oclusão do defeito, obtendo-se ótima recuperação pós operatória, não sendo observada deiscência de sutura ou necrose do retalho. Conclui-se que a implementação do retalho da artéria torácica lateral foi uma técnica viável na reconstrução em cotovelo após a exérese do neoplasma no paciente relatado, observando resultados satisfatórios quanto aos aspectos funcionais e cosméticos, após o período cicatricial.

Skin flaps are suitable methods of wound closure in large cutaneous defects. I The present study aims to report the use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair an elbow wound secondary to a neoplasm resection. A 10-year-old male dog weighing 12 kg was presented with a large soft tissue neoplasm in the medial aspect of the elbow. The patient underwent surgical resection of the neoplasm using the lateral thoracic cutaneous flap to achieve a complete defect closure, resulting in an excellent postoperative wound healing without suture failure or skin flap necrosis. It is concluded that the implementation of the lateral thoracic artery flap was a viable technique in elbow reconstruction after neoplasm excision in the reported patient, with satisfactory results regarding functional and cosmetic aspects after the healing period.

Does moderate coronary stenosis affect the fate of the left internal thoracic artery graft?

Abstract Introduction: In this study we try to observe the fate of the left internal thoracic artery grafts that were bypassed to left anterior descending artery with moderate stenosis identified with fractional flow reserve (FFR) technique. Doppler ultrasonography was chosen as a noninvasive screening method. Methods: A total of 30 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting depending on results of the fractional flow reserve between January 2007 and January 2012, were subjected to transthoracic color Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation irrespective of the presence of symptoms, and the presence of a systolic-diastolic flow pattern was investigated using the supraclavicular approach. Results: The left internal thoracic artery graft was found to be functional in 63.3% of patients within a mean period of 35.1±19.7 months between coronary bypass and color Doppler ultrasonography. This period was found to be 29.4±19.6 months in the functional graft group, and 44.7±16.6 months in the dysfunctional graft group (P=0.046). Preoperative complaints of angina were reported to fall from 88.9% to 16.7% in the functional graft group, when compared to the postoperative period (P<0.001), but fell from 90.9% to 36.4% in the dysfunctional graft group (P=0.034). Conclusion: Functional left internal thoracic artery graft rates of the study population were found to be lower than the studies reported in the literature.

Lateral costal artery: clinical importance of an accessory thoracic artery

Abstract The lateral costal artery has sometimes been identified as the culprit for the "steal phenomenon" after coronary artery bypass grafting, besides being occasionally used for myocardial revascularization. Its branches make anastomoses with the internal thoracic artery through lateral intercostal arteries. We aim to report, on three cases, the clinical significance of a well-developed lateral costal artery after coronary artery bypass grafting. Two out of three patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery in our center between June 2010 and August 2017, applied to us with stable angina pectoris, while the third one was diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome after applying to the emergency department. In coronary cineangiography, in all three cases, a well-developed accessory vessel arising from the proximal 2.5 cm segment of the left internal thoracic artery coursed as far as the 6th rib was detected, and it was confirmed to be the lateral costal artery. A stable angina pectoris in two of the patients was thought to be the result of steal phenomenon caused by the well-developed lateral costal artery. In the two cases with stable angina pectoris the lateral costal artery was obliterated via coil embolization. In the other case with the proximal left anterior descending artery stenosis, before percutaneous coronary intervention, the lateral costal artery was obliterated via coil embolization and the occluded subclavian artery was stented. Routine visualization in cineangiography and satisfactory surgical exploration of the left internal thoracic artery could be very helpful to identify any possible accessory branch of the left internal thoracic artery like the lateral costal artery.

Does Moderate Coronary Stenosis Affect the Fate of the Left Internal Thoracic Artery Graft?

INTRODUCTION: In this study we try to observe the fate of the left internal thoracic artery grafts that were bypassed to left anterior descending artery with moderate stenosis identified with fractional flow reserve (FFR) technique. Doppler ultrasonography was chosen as a noninvasive screening method. METHODS: A total of 30 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting depending on results of the fractional flow reserve between January 2007 and January 2012, were subjected to transthoracic color Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation irrespective of the presence of symptoms, and the presence of a systolic-diastolic flow pattern was investigated using the supraclavicular approach. RESULTS: The left internal thoracic artery graft was found to be functional in 63.3% of patients within a mean period of 35.1±19.7 months between coronary bypass and color Doppler ultrasonography. This period was found to be 29.4±19.6 months in the functional graft group, and 44.7±16.6 months in the dysfunctional graft group (P=0.046). Preoperative complaints of angina were reported to fall from 88.9% to 16.7% in the functional graft group, when compared to the postoperative period (P<0.001), but fell from 90.9% to 36.4% in the dysfunctional graft group (P=0.034). CONCLUSION: Functional left internal thoracic artery graft rates of the study population were found to be lower than the studies reported in the literature.

Lateral Costal Artery: Clinical Importance of an Accessory Thoracic Artery.

The lateral costal artery has sometimes been identified as the culprit for the "steal phenomenon" after coronary artery bypass grafting, besides being occasionally used for myocardial revascularization. Its branches make anastomoses with the internal thoracic artery through lateral intercostal arteries. We aim to report, on three cases, the clinical significance of a well-developed lateral costal artery after coronary artery bypass grafting. Two out of three patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery in our center between June 2010 and August 2017, applied to us with stable angina pectoris, while the third one was diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome after applying to the emergency department. In coronary cineangiography, in all three cases, a well-developed accessory vessel arising from the proximal 2.5 cm segment of the left internal thoracic artery coursed as far as the 6th rib was detected, and it was confirmed to be the lateral costal artery. A stable angina pectoris in two of the patients was thought to be the result of steal phenomenon caused by the well-developed lateral costal artery. In the two cases with stable angina pectoris the lateral costal artery was obliterated via coil embolization. In the other case with the proximal left anterior descending artery stenosis, before percutaneous coronary intervention, the lateral costal artery was obliterated via coil embolization and the occluded subclavian artery was stented. Routine visualization in cineangiography and satisfactory surgical exploration of the left internal thoracic artery could be very helpful to identify any possible accessory branch of the left internal thoracic artery like the lateral costal artery.

Lateral-bilateral costal branch (R. costalis lateralis): a clinically relevant anatomical variation / Rama costal lateral bilateral (R. costalis lateralis): una variación anatómica clínicamente relevante

SUMMARY: The lateral costal branch (LCB) is a variation present in 15-30 % of the population. This blood vessel runs parallel and laterally to the internal thoracic artery from which it originates. Knowledge about the LCB is relevant for thoracic surgeons. In this study we present the findings from the dissection in a practical teaching exercise of the cadaver of a 62-year-old male. The thoracic contents were accessed by raising the anterolateral thoracic wall, the pulmonary pedicles were dissected and both lungs were removed. We observed bilaterally the trajectory of the LCB at the level of the medial axillary line parallel to the internal thoracic artery. On the right side, the LCB originates from the internal thoracic artery at the level of the first rib and extends to the eighth intercostal space, with a length of 26 cm and a caliber of 1.95 mm, communicating with the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries. The left branch originates from the internal thoracic close to their origin artery and extends until the sixth intercostal space, with a length of 14 cm and a caliber of 1.55 mm. it connects with the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries. On both sides the arteries were accompanied by a pair of satellite veins. The lateral costal arteries form part of the circulation of the thoracic wall, constituting an accessory arterial system with a trajectory parallel to the internal thorax and the aorta. Knowledge of it is relevant for invasive procedures, and myocardial revascularization procedure.

RESUMEN: La rama costal lateral es una variación presente en el 15-30 % de los casos, y sigue paralelo y lateral a la arteria torácica interna, de la cual se origina, siendo su conocimiento relevante para los cirujanos de tórax. Se presenta un hallazgo durante una disección en una actividad práctica docente, en un cadáver de sexo masculino de 62 años. Se accedió al contenido torácico levantando la pared esternocostal, procedimiento que comenzó con disección de la piel y musculatura hasta exponer ambas clavículas, se realizó un corte transversal de éstas en su tercio lateral para posteriormente realizar sección bilateral desde la primera hasta la octava costilla siguiendo la línea axilar anterior. Una vez revertida la pared esternocostal, se seccionaron los pedículos pulmonares, y se retiraron ambos pulmones. Se observó bilateralmente en la pared torácica el trayecto de un paquete vascular a nivel de la línea axilar media paralela a la arteria torácica interna. En el lado derecho se originaba a 2 cm del trayecto de la arteria torácica interna y se extendía hasta el octavo espacio intercostal con una longitud de 26 cm y un calibre de 1,95 mm, estableciendo comunicaciones con las arterias intercostales anteriores y posteriores, agotándose en ellas. La rama izquierda se originaba a 1,5 cm del trayecto iniciado por la arteria torácica interna extendiéndose hasta el sexto espacio intercostal; presentó un calibre de 1,55 mm y una de longitud de 14 cm, estableciendo comunicaciones con las arterias intercostales anteriores y posteriores, agotándose en ellas. En ambos lados las arterias eran acompañadas por un par de venas satélites. Las arterias costales laterales forman parte de la circulación de la pared torácica, constituyendo un sistema arterial accesorio al de la arteria torácica interna y la aorta. Su conocimiento es relevante en procedimientos invasivos, además de tener un alto valor docente y formativo.

Origem e distribuição das principais artérias do membro torácico de Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus, 1766) / Origin and distribution of the main arteries of the thoracic limb of Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus, 1766)

The aim of this study is to describe the arteries of the thoracic limb of paca (Cuniculos paca Linanaeus, 1766) by dissecting the region. We used 10 adult paca, males and females, weighting between five to 10 kg obtained from the breeding group at the Wild Animals Sector of FCAV, Unesp, Jaboticabal-SP. The animals were injected with latex by the left common carotid artery to fill and stain all the arterial system, followed by the fixation in 10% formaldehyde and preservation in 30% saline solution for anatomical dissection of the main arteries of the aortic arch, arm, forearm, identifying the origin and distribution of these vessels. The results were photodocumented and discussed based on literature about domestic animals and wild rodent. In general, the arteries of the thoracic limb of paca are similar to the domestic carnivores, rat and guinea pig.(AU)

Objetivou-se descrever as artérias do membro torácico da paca (Cuniculos paca Linanaeus, 1766), mediante a dissecação da região. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 10 pacas adultas, machos ou fêmeas, pesando entre cinco e 10 kg do plantel de pacas do setor de Animais Silvestres da FCAV, Unesp, Jaboticabal-SP. Nos animais, injetou-se látex pela artéria carótida comum esquerda para preencher e corar todo o sistema arterial, seguido pela fixação em formaldeído a 10% e conservação em solução salina a 30% para dissecação anatômica das principais artérias do arco aórtico, braço e antebraço, identificando-se a origem e distribuição destes vasos. Os resultados foram foto documentados e discutidos com base na literatura sobre os animais domésticos, e roedores selvagens. De forma geral, as artérias do membro torácico da paca, assemelham-se com as dos carnívoros domésticos, do rato e da cobaia.(au)

Origem e distribuição das principais artérias do membro torácico de Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus, 1766) / Origin and distribution of the main arteries of the thoracic limb of Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus, 1766)

Objetivou-se descrever as artérias do membro torácico da paca (Cuniculos paca Linanaeus, 1766), mediante a dissecação da região. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 10 pacas adultas, machos ou fêmeas, pesando entre cinco e 10 kg do plantel de pacas do setor de Animais Silvestres da FCAV, Unesp, Jaboticabal-SP. Nos animais, injetou-se látex pela artéria carótida comum esquerda para preencher e corar todo o sistema arterial, seguido pela fixação em formaldeído a 10% e conservação em solução salina a 30% para dissecação anatômica das principais artérias do arco aórtico, braço e antebraço, identificando-se a origem e distribuição destes vasos. Os resultados foram foto documentados e discutidos com base na literatura sobre os animais domésticos, e roedores selvagens. De forma geral, as artérias do membro torácico da paca, assemelham-se com as dos carnívoros domésticos, do rato e da cobaia.(AU)

The aim of this study is to describe the arteries of the thoracic limb of paca (Cuniculos paca Linanaeus, 1766) by dissecting the region. We used 10 adult paca, males and females, weighting between five to 10 kg obtained from the breeding group at the Wild Animals Sector of FCAV, Unesp, Jaboticabal-SP. The animals were injected with latex by the left common carotid artery to fill and stain all the arterial system, followed by the fixation in 10% formaldehyde and preservation in 30% saline solution for anatomical dissection of the main arteries of the aortic arch, arm, forearm, identifying the origin and distribution of these vessels. The results were photodocumented and discussed based on literature about domestic animals and wild rodent. In general, the arteries of the thoracic limb of paca are similar to the domestic carnivores, rat and guinea pig.(AU)

TDAP: Island versus propeller.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) island flap is a safe and reliable method for breast reconstruction. TDAP propeller flap has been described as a modification of the conventional island technique that saves time and does not require microsurgical skills. However, a substantial portion of the propeller flap remains under the axilla and is not used for breast augmentation. The aim of this study is to identify the differences in the reaching distances between the propeller and island TDAP flaps. METHODS: In five cadaveric specimens and 10 breast reconstruction patients, an initial propeller flap was harvested and rotated to the anterior thorax; the distance from the tip of the flap to the anterior midline was recorded as the "midline-reaching deficit;" the flap was then converted into a conventional island flap, and the new midline-reaching deficit was recorded. Differences between groups were compared with paired two-tailed t-tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: In the cadaveric specimens, the mean midline-reaching deficit was 4.8 ± 2.4 cm with the propeller TDAP and -0.6 ± 2.0 cm with the conventional island TDAP (P < 0.001). In the clinical cases, the mean midline-reaching deficit was 8.1 ± 1.0 cm with the propeller TDAP and -0.3 ± 1.1 cm with the island TDAP (P < 0.000000001). DISCUSSION: We observed that the midline-reaching deficit could be reduced by 7-9 cm with the conventional island TDAP in comparison to the propeller TDAP. This should be considered when reconstructing the medial inner part of the breast.

Lymph fasciocutaneous lateral thoracic artery flap: anatomical study and clinical use.

BACKGROUND: The lateral thoracic flap was first studied in the mid-1970s but its use has been limited because of pedicle anatomical variations. However, after the development of lymph node transfer surgery, the axilla/upper lateral thorax presented as a promising donor area. Through a detailed anatomical study, the lateral thoracic flap was evaluated regarding its vascularization and composition. Later, it was used for pedicle and free flap reconstructions. METHODS: A total of 40 flaps were dissected in fresh cadavers and the characteristics of the lateral thoracic pedicle and its relationship to the upper lateral thoracic axillary lymph nodes (LTLN) were analyzed. We performed six pedicle flap reconstructions around the shoulder area and a free lymph node transfer for lower limb lymphedema. RESULTS: In the cadaveric dissections, the lateral thoracic pedicle branched off the axillary vessels and was found to be a primary level I axillary lymph node irrigator before reaching the skin. The cutaneous portion of the artery was present in 87.5% of the dissections. Arterial caliber was an average of 1.3 and venous, 2.6 mm. Five to seven lymph nodes were isolated with each pedicle and a lymph fasciocutaneous flap could be designed. In seven clinical cases, all of the flaps survived. Functioning lymph nodes were visualized on lymphoscintigraphy after their transfer to the ankle. Donor area had an inconspicuous evolution. CONCLUSION: Lateral thoracic flap is a feasible flap with low donor area morbidity in a concealed region that can be harvested with upper LTLN for transplantation.

Migration of a Kirschner wire into the thoracic ascendent aorta artery.

The orthopedic metallic pins and wires migration for the chest cavity is uncommon and rarely reported in medical literature although it is potentially lethal, especially when they reach the heart or mediastinum great vessels. We reported a case of Kirschner wire withdrawal, for right postero-lateral thoracotomy, which were transfixating ascendent thoracic aorta artery, in its due to its migration of left clavicle, where it was placed to fix an occurred fracture 10 years before.

Migração de fio de Kirschner transfixando artéria aorta torácica ascendente / Migration of a Kirschner wire into the thoracic ascendent aorta artery

A migração de pinos e hastes metálicas ortopédicos para a cavidade torácica é rara e pouco descrita na literatura médica, embora seja potencialmente fatal, principalmente quando atingem o coração ou grandes vasos intratorácicos. Reportamos um caso de migração de fio de Kirschner, implantado na clavícula direita há 10 anos, transfixando a aorta torácica em sua porção ascendente, sendo retirado por toracotomia póstero-lateral esquerda.

The orthopedic metallic pins and wires migration for the chest cavity is uncommon and rarely reported in medical literature although it is potentially lethal, especially when they reach the heart or mediastinum great vessels. We reported a case of Kirschner wire withdrawal, for right postero-lateral thoracotomy, which were transfixanting ascendent thoracic aorta artery, in its due to its migration of left clavicle, where it was placed to fix an occurred fracture 10 years before.

Estudo da inervação e vascularização do membro torácico de Columba livia / Study of innervation and vascularization of the thoracic limb of Columba livia

No estudo referente aos territórios vásculo-nervos os em membro torácico de Pombos (Columba livia) foram utilizados 10 animais. Após a retirada de penas e pele, procedeu-se à identificação dos nervos no membro torácico direito, iniciando-se pela aplicação de compressas de ácido acético glacial 3% e dissecação de cada ramo do plexo braquial e seus músculos de inervação. Para a identificação dos territórios vasculares realizou-se a abertura da cavidade toraco abdominal, canulação do coração seguida de injeção de látex sintético via ventrículo esquerdo, dissecação dos vasos, medição e confecção de esquemas dos resultados. O plexo braquial é composto pelos nervos axilar, radial, peitoral e medianoulnar, em que os dois primeiros são responsáveis pela inervação da musculatura extensora, enquanto os dois últimos responsabilizam-se pela motricidade da musculatura flexora. Ainda pode ser observado um plexo acessório. O tronco braquiocefálico surge da Aorta ascendente, sendo encontrado um tronco direito e um esquerdo, emitindo as artérias carótida comum e subclávia como troncos principais. Destes surgem vasos que irrigam a cabeça, a região cervical e os membros torácicos. Em todas as aves observou-se uma constância na irrigação e inervação da musculatura, articulações e ossos do membro torácico, onde se pode presumir que existe uma constante na delimitação dos territórios vásculo-nervosos.

In the referring study of the vasculo-nervous territories in the thoracic of pigeons (Columba livia) 10 animals had been used. After the withdrawal of feathers and skin, proceeded the identification from the nerves in the right thoracic limb, initiating for the application of compresses of glacial acetic acid solution 3% and dissection of each branch of brachial plexus and its muscles of innervation. For the identification of the vascular territories it was become fulfilled opening of the toracoabdominal cavity, followed of synthetic latex injection saw ventricle left, dissection of the vases, measurement and confection of projects of the results. The brachial plexus is composed for the axillary, radial, pectoral and median-ulnar nerves, where the two first ones are responsible for the innervation of the extensor musculature, while the two last ones make responsible for the movements of the flexor musculature. And still can be observed one accessory plexus.The brachiocephalic trunk appears of the ascending aorta, being found a trunk right and a left, emitting the commom carotid and subclavies arteries as main trunk. Of the vases appear that irrigate the head, the cervical region and the thoracic limbs. In all birds was observed constancy in the irrigation and innervation of the musculature, joints and bones of the thoracic limb, where if it we can presume that existes a constant in the delimitation of the territories vasculo-nervous

Estudo da inervação e vascularização do membro torácico de Columba livia / Study of innervation and vascularization of the thoracic limb of Columba livia

No estudo referente aos territórios vásculo-nervos os em membro torácico de Pombos (Columba livia) foram utilizados 10 animais. Após a retirada de penas e pele, procedeu-se à identificação dos nervos no membro torácico direito, iniciando-se pela aplicação de compressas de ácido acético glacial 3% e dissecação de cada ramo do plexo braquial e seus músculos de inervação. Para a identificação dos territórios vasculares realizou-se a abertura da cavidade toraco abdominal, canulação do coração seguida de injeção de látex sintético via ventrículo esquerdo, dissecação dos vasos, medição e confecção de esquemas dos resultados. O plexo braquial é composto pelos nervos axilar, radial, peitoral e medianoulnar, em que os dois primeiros são responsáveis pela inervação da musculatura extensora, enquanto os dois últimos responsabilizam-se pela motricidade da musculatura flexora. Ainda pode ser observado um plexo acessório. O tronco braquiocefálico surge da Aorta ascendente, sendo encontrado um tronco direito e um esquerdo, emitindo as artérias carótida comum e subclávia como troncos principais. Destes surgem vasos que irrigam a cabeça, a região cervical e os membros torácicos. Em todas as aves observou-se uma constância na irrigação e inervação da musculatura, articulações e ossos do membro torácico, onde se pode presumir que existe uma constante na delimitação dos territórios vásculo-nervosos.(AU)

In the referring study of the vasculo-nervous territories in the thoracic of pigeons (Columba livia) 10 animals had been used. After the withdrawal of feathers and skin, proceeded the identification from the nerves in the right thoracic limb, initiating for the application of compresses of glacial acetic acid solution 3% and dissection of each branch of brachial plexus and its muscles of innervation. For the identification of the vascular territories it was become fulfilled opening of the toracoabdominal cavity, followed of synthetic latex injection saw ventricle left, dissection of the vases, measurement and confection of projects of the results. The brachial plexus is composed for the axillary, radial, pectoral and median-ulnar nerves, where the two first ones are responsible for the innervation of the extensor musculature, while the two last ones make responsible for the movements of the flexor musculature. And still can be observed one accessory plexus.The brachiocephalic trunk appears of the ascending aorta, being found a trunk right and a left, emitting the commom carotid and subclavies arteries as main trunk. Of the vases appear that irrigate the head, the cervical region and the thoracic limbs. In all birds was observed constancy in the irrigation and innervation of the musculature, joints and bones of the thoracic limb, where if it we can presume that existes a constant in the delimitation of the territories vasculo-nervous.(AU)