Bio-Banding in Judo: The Mediation Role of Anthropometric Variables on the Maturation Effect.

Young judo athletes are bio-banding based on age and body mass and compete in weight classes. The purposes of this study were to investigate the influences of maturation on physical performance in young judokas through controlling the chronological age and body mass, and to examine the mediating role of anthropometric variables. Sixty-seven judokas, aged 11.0-14.7, were measured for 11 anthropometric and seven physical performance variables. Pearson partial correlations were conducted to verify the relationship between the maturational indicator and the dependent variables. Mediation analyses were performed to identify the extent to which anthropometric variables mediate the relationship. The maturation effect remained on the aerobic capacity and handgrip strength (p < 0.05). Fat mass (b = 80.335, 95%CI 11.580-204.270) and fat-free mass (b = 108.256, 95%CI 39.508-207.606) totally mediated the effect on aerobic capacity. Fat mass (b = 0.023, 95%CI 0.004-0.057), fat-free mass (b = 0.029, 95%CI 0.011-0.058), stature (b = 0.031, 95%CI 0.008-0.061), arm span (b = 0.021, 95%CI 0.003-0.044), and inferior members length (b = 0.022, 95%CI 0.005-0.049) totally mediated the effect on handgrip strength. The effect of biological maturation is noticeable even after age and body mass control, being mediated by anthropometric variables related to body composition and size.

Posiciones y técnicas de proyección de los judokas de la Universidad Médica de Holguín / Judo´s projection techniques and positions at the Medical University of Holguín

Introducción: el presente trabajo aborda un tema de gran vigencia, en el entrenamiento deportivo actual. El desarrollo de la preparación técnica y táctica de estudiantes- atletas de ambos sexos, de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín (UCMHo), en el deporte de Judo. La investigación aporta una metodología sobre las técnicas de proyección en posiciones de transición, durante el entrenamiento y las competencias.Objetivo: elaborar una metodología que logre la ejecución de las técnicas de proyección en posiciones de transición, en los estudiantes- atletas de judo de la UCMHo. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio pre-experimental de tipo exploratorio con una muestra de 16 estudiantes-atletas de la UCMHo, donde se realizó un ensayo inicial, luego se aplicó la metodología en un periodo de un año y, posteriormente, se realizó una evaluación de los resultados obtenidos. Resultados: al realizar una comparación entre los resultados logrados entre el ensayo inicial y la evaluación de la técnica que nos ocupa (la metodología), se pudo constatar una mejoría, pues en la parte preparatoria 5 sujetos fueron evaluados de excelente (E), 4 de muy bien (MB) y 5 de bien (B). En la parte principal predominaron los evaluados de bien (B) y muy bien (MB); y en la final se dispersan, pues 6 obtienen evaluación de muy bien (MB), 5 de bien (B), y 5 de regular. Conclusiones: el trabajo clarifica la utilidad de las técnicas como objeto de estudio en los entrenamientos, y su posible concertación en competencias.Todo esto fue analizado y utilizado por los entrenadores y especialistas de la provincia de Holguín, como argumento o documento de trabajo, según su aplicación, en el futuro competitivo de los atletas de Judo.(AU)

Introduction: this work shows a main topic in the sports training: the development of the technique and tactic in both sex students- athletes of Judo, at the Medical University of Holguín. The investigation brings about projection methodology techniques, during transition positions training.Objective: to improve techniques learning and execution methodology of the students-athletes, at the Medical University of Holguín.Methods: application of scientific methods like theoretical analysis and synthesis, sistemic-structure, induction and deduction and historical-logical; empirical such as: observation, interviews, surveys, experts criteria and statistics operations, using Microsoft Excel. Methodology includes the elaboration and application of 5 projection techniques during transition positions. To demonstrate this theory, 16 athletes showed their methodological steps, variants, combinations, defense and most common mistakes.Results: the 5 techniques used by practitioners and trainers of Judo increased their responses during competitions.Conclusions: roles clarify techniques´ utility for training, and their possible aplication at competitions. In Holguin province, trainers and specialists analized documents and their applications in Judo future competitions.(AU)

Análisis de la resiliencia, autoconcepto y motivación en judo según el género / Analise da resilencia, do auto-conceitoe da motivaçao no judo como género / Analysis of resilence, self-concept and motivation in judo as gender

El objetivo de estudio fue determinar y analizar las relaciones existentes entre el clima motivacional, autoconcepto físico y resiliencia, en base al género. Participaron 148 judocas con una edad media de 23.09 años (DT = 6.731) de Chile. Completaron los cuestionarios de clima motivacional (PMCSQ-2), autoconcepto físico (AF-5) y resiliencia (CD-RISC). Para el análisis estadístico se emplearon las ecuaciones estructurales, realizándose mediante multigrupos (masculino y femenino). Los resultados indicaron una bondad de ajuste aceptable del modelo, se determinó que la correlación entre el clima tarea y clima ego es mayor en mujeres, ellas consideran que cuando aumenta el clima motivacional se incrementa su propio autoconcepto físico y se genera un incremento en los sentimientos de satisfacción hacia la tarea y que en los hombres el aumento del autoconcepto físico provoca mayores niveles de resiliencia que en las mujeres (AU)

The aim of the study was to determine and analyze the relationships between motivational climate, physical self-concept and resilience, based on gender. 148 judokas participated with a mean age of 23.09 years (SD = 6.731) of Chile. Completed questionnaires motivational climate (PMCSQ-2), physical self (AF-5) and resilience (CD-RISC). For statistical analysis, structural equations were used, performed by multi-group (male and female). The results indicated acceptable goodness of fit of the model, it was determined that the correlation between climate and ego climate task is higher in women, they consider that when the motivational climate increases increases its own physical self and generated an increase in feelings satisfaction to the task and that men increased physical self causes higher levels of resilience than in women (AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar e analisar as relações entre clima motivacional, autoconceito físico e resiliência, com base no gênero. 148 judocas participaram com média de idade de 23,09 anos (DP = 6,731) do Chile. Questionários preenchidos clima motivacional (PMCSQ-2), auto físico (AF-5) e resiliência (CD-RISC). Para análise estatística, foram utilizadas equações estruturais, realizadas por multi-grupo (masculino e feminino). Os resultados indicaram uma qualidade aceitável de ajuste do modelo, determinouse que a correlação entre clima e ego clima tarefa é maior em mulheres, eles consideram que quando o clima motivacional aumenta aumenta seu próprio self físico e gerou um aumento na satisfação de sentimentos para o Tarefa e que os homens aumentaram o auto físico provoca níveis mais elevados de resiliência do que nas mulheres (AU)

Evaluación de la atención en deportistas de artes marciales. Expertos vs. novatos / Measuring attention in martial art athletes. Experts versus novices / Avaliação da atenção em desportistas de artes marciais: especialistas vs. iniciantes

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las diferencias en el desempeño de una tarea de atención en relación con la pericia en artes marciales. Participaron 12 deportistas de artes marciales expertos y 13 novatos. Se les aplicó el Test of Variables of Attention (Greenberg, 1996) y se analizaron los datos de la prueba para cada variable, condición y segmentos en los que se divide, con un método estadístico no-paramétrico de permutaciones. Las comparaciones intergrupos indicaron una tendencia a que el puntaje global de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH) de la prueba fuera mejor en los expertos que en los novatos. Se hizo un análisis intragrupo para conocer el comportamiento de cada grupo a lo largo de la prueba; los resultados indicaron que los deportistas expertos muestran mayor consistencia en el número de aciertos y tiempos de reacción a lo largo de la prueba, lo que se traduce como un mejor desempeño cuando se compara con la forma en que los deportistas novatos responden a la tarea. Los resultados sugieren que el entrenamiento físico y mental de las disciplinas de artes marciales podría producir una mejora en las capacidades de atención de los deportistas

The aim of this study is to determine differences in the performance of an attention-related task involving martial arts skills. 12 expert martial arts athletes and 13 novices took part, performing the Test of Variables of Attention (Leark, Greenberg, Kindschi, Dupuy and Hughes, 2007). Using a non-parametric statistical permutation method, the test data for each variable, condition and segment of the test was analysed. Comparisons of the groups showed a trend toward a higher global Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) score by the expert athletes as compared with the novices. In order to find out each group’s performance during the test, a statistical intra-group analysis was performed. Generally, the results revealed more consistent accuracy and response times by the experts than by the novice athletes. The results suggest that physical and mental training in the martial arts may increase the attention skills of sportsmen and women

O objectivo do estudo foi determinar as diferenças no desempenho de uma tarefa atencional tendo em conta a perícia em artes marciais. Participaram no estudo 12 desportistas especialistas em artes marciais e 13 iniciantes. Foi aplicado aos participantes o Test of Variables of Attention (Greenberg, 1996) e analisaram-se os dados do teste para cada variável, condição e segmentos em que se dividem, através de um método estatístico nãoparamétrico de permutações. As comparações intergrupos indicaram uma tendência para que a pontuação global de Transtorno do Défice de Atenção e Hiperactividade (TDAH) fosse maior nos especialistas do que nos iniciantes. Foi realizada uma análise intragrupo para conhecer o comportamento de cada grupo ao longo da prova; os resultados indicaram que os desportistas especialistas revelaram maior consistência no número de acertos e tempos de reacção ao longo da prova, o que se traduz num melhor desempenho quando comparados com a forma como os desportistas iniciantes respondem à tarefa. Os resultados sugerem que o treino físico e mental das disciplinas de artes marciais poderia produzir uma melhoria nas capacidades atencionais dos desportistas

O caminho-via marcial no cinema japonês: estudos sobre a representação do Budo em Sanshiro Sugata e Kuro Obi / The martial way at the japanese cinema: studies about the Budo's representation in Sanshiro Sugata and Kuro Obi / El camiño-vía marciales de cine japonés:estudios sobre la representación de Budo em Sanshiro Sugata y Kuro Ob

Este trabalho objetiva realizar uma reflexão sobre a presença do Budo no cinema japonês. Para tal, escolheu-sea metodologia de análise de filmes proposta por Penafria (2009). Como procedimento complementar, foram escolhidas duas obras cinematográficas japonesas de distintos momentos: Sanshiro Sugata (1943) e Kuro Obi (2007), mas que retratam o período histórico de intensas transformações desta sociedade, demarcados pelo período Meiji (1868-1912), Taisho (1912-1926) e Showa (1926 até o presente). Diante da apropriação parcial, centrada na dimensão técnica-estética das práticas marciais orientais, considerou-se que estas obras demonstram os princípios éticos-filosóficos presentes no judô e karate do formados pela religiosidade e moralidade que sustentavam a sociedade japonesa daquele período e que legitimam os elementos constituintes da identidade nacional deste país.

This research intends to realize a reflection about the presence of Budo in the Japanese cinema.For this, it was chosen the films methodology analysis proposed by Penafria (2009). As a complementary proceeding, two Japanese cinematographic works of distinct moments were chosen: Sanshiro Sugata(1943) and Kuro Obi (2007), but they portray the historical period of intense transformations in this society, demarcated by the Meiji period (1868-1912), Taisho (1912-1926) and Showa (1926 until nowadays). Ahead the partial appropriation centered on the technique-esthetic dimension of the oriental martial practices, it was considered that these two works shows the ethical-philosophical principles contained in judo and karate do, formed by the religiousness and morality that supported the Japanese society in that period and that legitimates the constituents elements of national identity of this country.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo desarrollar una reflexión sobre la presencia de Budo en el cine japonés. Para ello, eligió la metodología Del análisis fílmico propuesto por Penafria (2009). Como un procedimiento complementario, eligió dos distintos momentos cinematográficos japoneses: Sanshiro Sugata (1943) y Kuro Obi (2007), sino que retratan el período histórico de intensa transformación de esta sociedad marcada por el período Meiji (1868-1912),Taisho (1912-1926) e Showa (1926 hasta el presente).Dada la apropiación parcial centrado en la dimensión técnico-estético de las prácticas marciales orientales, se consideró que estas obras demuestra los princípios ético-filosóficos presentes en judo y karate do formado por la religiosidad y la moralidad que mantenía La sociedad japonesa de aquel período y que legitima lós elementos constitutivos de la identidad nacional de este país.

La percepción de judocas de distinto nivel de pericia respecto a las actividades de entrenamiento específicas que contribuyen al rendimiento / Judoka´s perception of different levels of expertise respect to Specific training activities that contribute to performance

Introducción y objetivos: El presente estudio se centra en el marco teórico de la excelencia en el desempeño deportivo, el cual, abordamos mediante la teoría de la practica deliberada. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la percepción que tienen los judocas respecto a sus actividades de entrenamiento, identificar las actividades de entrenamiento que bajo la percepción de los judocas más influyen en la mejora del rendimiento y comprobar la relación existente entre las dimensiones de concentración, esfuerzo físico, diversión y rendimiento. Método: La muestra de estudio estuvo compuesta por judocas de nivel regional (n = 9), nacional (n = 27) e internacional (n= 40). Para la recogida de datos se utilizó el cuestionario como instrumento de medida. El cuestionario comienza con información general relativa al rendimiento deportivo de cada sujeto. Posteriormente, el estudio se centra en la percepción que tienen los judocas respecto a las actividades de entrenamiento específicas que llevan a cabo en torno a 4 dimensiones (concentración, esfuerzo físico, diversión e importancia para mejorar el rendimiento). Resultados: Los judocas de nivel regional (M=9.37) nacional (M= 8.69) e internacional (M= 9.20) percibieron la competición como el elemento que más importancia tiene para mejorar el rendimiento. Además, lo consideraron muy placentero, independientemente de que requiriera de gran esfuerzo físico y concentración. Conclusiones: Bajo la óptica de los judocas existe una visión relativamente homogénea respecto a qué actividades de entrenamiento contribuyen más a mejorar el rendimiento. Este hecho, sugiere que si las claves del éxito no son diferentes bajo la percepción de judocas con diferente nivel de habilidad, será el tiempo de dedicación al entrenamiento de cada uno de los factores de rendimiento, una de las claves más importantes para el desarrollo de la pericia, sustentando la idea de la práctica como variable explicativa principal de la adquisición de la habilidad (AU)

Introduction and Objectives: This study focuses on the theoretical framework for excellence in sports performance, which we deal with the theory of deliberate practice. The objective of this research is to analyze the perception of judo about their training activities, identify training activities in the perception of the most influential Judoka in improving the performance and confirmed the correlation between the dimensions of concentration, physical effort, fun and performance. Method: The study sample consisted of judo at the regional (n= 9), national (n = 27) and international (n = 40). For data collection questionnaire was used as a measuring device. The questionnaire begins with general information on the athletic performance of each subject. Subsequently, the study focuses on perceptions about the judo specific training activities carried out around 4 dimensions (concentration, physical effort, fun and importance to improve performance). Results: The regional-level judo athletes (M = 9.37) national (M = 8.69) and international (M = 9.20) perceived the competition as the most crucial element to improve performance. Moreover, considered it very enjoyable, whether requiring great physical effort and concentration. Conclusions: From the perspective of judo there is a relatively homogenous view on what training activities contribute more to improve performance. This fact suggests that if the keys to success are no different in the perception of players with different skill levels, will be the time devoted to training each performance factors, one of the most important keys to development expertise, supporting the idea of practice as the main explanatory variable of skill acquisition (AU)

The injury profile of Karate World Championships: new rules, less injuries.

The aim of this paper is to document the injury rate in high-level modern competitive karate after a change of competition rules was implemented in the year 2000, and to compare it with the injury rate found before the rules were changed. A prospective recording of the injuries resulting from 2,762 matches in three consecutive World Karate Championships (representing 7,425 min of active fighting) was performed, and compared with the results from 2,837 matches from the three last World Karate Championships (representing 7,631 min of active fighting) held before the change of competition rules. In total, 497 injuries were recorded, with an incidence of 0.180 injuries per match or 6.7 per 100 min of active fighting. There were 1,901 male category fights (in which 383 injuries were recorded), and 861 female category fights (in which 114 injuries were recorded). The global injury incidence was almost double with the old rules compared to the one with the new rules [OR 1.99, 95% CI (1.76-2.26); p < 0.00001]. In male category, the risk of injury was higher before the rules were changed [OR 1.81, 95% CI (1.56-2.09); p < 0.00001], and also in female category [OR 2.71; 95% CI (2.64-2.80); p < 0.00001]. The rate of severe injuries was not different before and after the change of rules. The implementation of the new competition rules in competitive karate has been associated with a significant reduction in injury rate, making competition safer for athletes.

A Constituição de um subcampo do esporte: o caso do taekwondo / La constitución de un sub campo del deporte: el caso de taekwondo / The taekwondo case: the constitution of a subfield of the sports

Este trabalho discute a relação do Taekwondo com o esporte moderno. Identificaram-se fatores históricos, sociais e políticos envolvidos em seu possível processo de esportivização. Optou-se pelo referencial teórico de Pierre Bourdieu e Norbert Elias. Utilizou-se a técnica de entrevista semiestruturada com os “mestres”. Considerou-se: a) que evidências advindas de um processo evolutivo social não planejado formam a configuração na qual o Taekwondo assentou seu arcabouço corporal, cultural e social; b) sua divulgação como subcampo esportivo dá o valor diplomático e simbólico necessário para a divulgação de uma moral nacional garantindo sua passagem pelo mundo; c) sua exposição alavancou um processo de imposição da nacionalidade coreana como forma de violência simbólica.

The present work discusses the relation of Taekwondo with modern sports. Historical, social and political elements involved in an eventual process of “sportivization” were identified. The option was to work with the theoretic referential of Pierre Bourdieu and Norbert Elias and also a semi- structured technique interview with the masters was used. Considerations: a) its evidences occurred to a social evolutionary process not planned, created the configuration in which Taekwondo placed its corporal, cultural and social framework. b) its diffusion as a sports sub field offers the diplomatic and symbolical necessary values towards a diffusion of a national moral that confirms its entry to the world. c) its exposition led off to an imposing process of the corean nationality as a symbolic violence aspect.

El trabajo presente discute la relación de Taekwondo con lo deporte moderno. Históricos, sociales y políticos elementos implicados en un proceso eventual de esportivización se identificaron. La opción fue trabajar con el referencial teórico de Pierre Bourdieu y Norbert Elias y también un medido estructurado de técnica se utilizó. Las consideraciones: a) sus evidencias ocurrieron a un proceso evolutivo social no planeado, creó la configuración en la que Taekwondo colocó a su cabo, armazón cultural y social. b) su difusión como un sub-campo de deporte ofrece los valores diplomáticos y simbólicos necesarios hacia una difusión de una moral nacional que confirma su entrada al mundo. c) su exposición empezó a un proceso imponente de la nacionalidad coreana como un aspecto simbólico de violencia.

Effects of the new karate rules on the incidence and distribution of injuries.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence and distribution of injuries in karate before and after the implementation of new rules established by the World Karate Federation in 2000. METHODS: Injury incidence was followed up during the official karate competition seasons of 1997 and 2002 in Croatia. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the age and sex of the competitor and localisation and severity of injury. Data were analysed separately for female and male competitors and age categories < 18 and > or = 18 years. RESULTS: A total of 2023.5 and 2584 minutes of active fighting (exposure time) was assessed for 1997 and 2002 respectively. The overall injury incidence rate (IR) was similar in 1997 and 2002 (10.28 and 9.82/100 exposure minutes respectively). The relative risk (RR) of injury was significantly higher in 1997 than in 2002 for competitors younger than 18 years (RR 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11 to 2.16). The overall RR of head injury was significantly higher in 1997 than in 2002 (RR 1.96, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.49), but the RR of leg injury was significantly lower in 1997 than in 2002 (RR 0.16, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.28). Most injuries (> 98%) were categorised as mild (grade 1) in both periods studied. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study confirm the importance of the new competition rules in the distribution and prevention of injuries in martial arts. Strict judging and heavy penalties for uncontrolled blows, particularly for the youngest competitors, can significantly decrease the risk of injury.

Relationship between years of training and judged performance in Shotokan karate black-belts.

The relation between length of training and Dan rank was significant for 110 male black-belts, although the complication of tied ranks was noted.

Exploring the basis for Tai Chi Chuan as a therapeutic exercise approach.

For many centuries Tai Chi has been a martial art form, practiced primarily in Oriental cultures. For the past 300 years this movement approach has been used as an exercise form, practiced by millions of Chinese elderly people. To date, virtually no information exists about the therapeutic elements of this intriguing movement sequence. This article provides a historical review of existing documentation of reputed Tai Chi benefits. The 108 "forms" of Tai Chi Chuan are reduced to 10 composite forms for ease of application of these forms to older individuals within a reasonable time frame. An effort is set forth to identify the potential therapeutic elements within these forms.