RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Advanced practice providers (APPs), including physician assistants/associates (PAs), nurse practitioners (NPs) and other non-physician roles, have been developed largely to meet changing healthcare demand and increasing workforce shortages. First introduced in primary care in the US, APPs are prevalent in secondary care across different specialty areas in different countries around the world. In this scoping review, we aimed to summarise the factors influencing the development, recruitment, integration, retention and career development of APP roles in hospital health care teams. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review and searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Ovid Global Health, Ovid PsycINFO and EBSCOhost CINAHL to obtain relevant articles published between Jan 2000 and Apr 2023 that focused on workforce management of APP roles in secondary care. Articles were screened by two reviewers independently. Data from included articles were charted and coded iteratively to summarise factors influencing APP development, recruitment, integration, retention and career development across different health system structural levels (macro-, meso- and micro-level). RESULTS: We identified and analysed 273 articles that originated mostly from high-income countries, e.g. the US (n = 115) and the UK (n = 52), and primarily focused on NP (n = 183) and PA (n = 41). At the macro-level, broader workforce supply, national/regional workforce policies such as work-hour restrictions on physicians, APP scope of practice regulations, and views of external collaborators, stakeholders and public representation of APPs influenced organisations' decisions on developing and managing APP roles. At the meso-level, organisational and departmental characteristics, organisational planning, strategy and policy, availability of resources, local experiences and evidence as well as views and perceptions of local organisational leaders, champions and other departments influenced all stages of APP role management. Lastly at the micro-level, individual APPs' backgrounds and characteristics, clinical team members' perceptions, understanding and relationship with APP roles, and patient perceptions and preferences also influenced how APPs are developed, integrated and retained. CONCLUSIONS: We summarised a wide range of factors influencing APP role development and management in secondary care teams. We highlighted the importance for organisations to develop context-specific workforce solutions and strategies with long-term investment, significant resource input and transparent processes to tackle evolving healthcare challenges.
Assuntos
Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Humanos , Seleção de Pessoal , Profissionais de Enfermagem/provisão & distribuição , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Prior studies suggest that physician assistants/associates (PAs) are more likely than physicians to work in underresourced areas. However, data characterizing the current PA workforce in health professional shortage areas (HPSAs) and medically underserved areas (MUAs) are lacking. METHODS: We analyzed the 2022 cross-sectional dataset from a comprehensive national database to examine the demographic and practice characteristics of PAs working in HPSAs/MUAs compared to those in other settings. Analyses included descriptive and bivariate statistics, along with multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Nearly 23% of PAs reported practicing in HPSAs/MUAs. Among PAs in HPSAs/MUAs, over a third (34.6%) work in primary care settings, 33.3% identify as men, 15.6% reside in rural/isolated areas, and 14.0% are from an underrepresented in medicine (URiM) background. Factors associated with higher odds of practicing in a HPSA/MUA included residing in rural/isolated settings, URiM background, and speaking a language other than English with patients. CONCLUSIONS: As the PA profession grows, knowledge of these attributes may help inform efforts to expand PA workforce contributions to address provider shortages.
Assuntos
Área Carente de Assistência Médica , Assistentes Médicos , Humanos , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Assistentes Médicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados Unidos , Serviços de Saúde Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Recursos Humanos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Mão de Obra em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
ABSTRACT: The clinical role of a clinical officer in Uganda is very similar to that of a physician associate/assistant in the United States. This article describes the qualifications and workforce role of clinical officers in Uganda, as well as their use in two primary care programs that provide effective, low-cost medical care to a growing population with an increasing burden of chronic disease.
Assuntos
Atenção Primária à Saúde , Uganda , Humanos , Papel Profissional , Assistentes Médicos/educação , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Physician assistants/associates (PAs) provide services in diverse medical specialties globally, including psychiatry. While health professionals in psychiatry have been described for many years, little is known about PAs practicing in this discipline. METHODS: We describe US PAs practicing in psychiatry using robust national data from the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants (NCCPA). Analyses included descriptive and inferential statistics comparing PAs in psychiatry to PAs in all other medical and surgical specialties. RESULTS: The percentage of PAs practicing in psychiatry has increased from 1.1% (n = 630) in 2013 to 2.0% (n = 2 262) in 2021. PAs in psychiatry differed from PAs practicing in all other specialties in the following: they identified predominately as female (71.4% vs. 69.1%; p = 0.016), were more racially diverse (Asian [6.6% vs. 6.0%], Black/African American [5.5% vs. 3.4%], multi-race [2.8% vs. 2.1%], and other races [Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, or other; 3.7% vs. 3.6%]; p < 0.001), and resided in the South (43.8% vs. 34.1%; p < 0.001). PAs in psychiatry vs. all other specialties were more likely to work in office-based private practice settings (41.6% vs. 37.3%; p < 0.001) and nearly twice as likely to provide telemedicine services for their patients (62.7% vs. 32.9%; p < 0.001). While one-third (31.9%) of PAs in psychiatry experienced one or more burnout symptoms, and 8.1% considered changing their current position, the vast majority of PAs in psychiatry (86.0%) were satisfied with their position. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the attributes of PAs in psychiatry is essential in medical labor supply and demand research. Our findings suggest that the number of PAs working in psychiatry is steadily increasing. These PAs were predominantly female, exhibited greater racial diversity, and were primarily located in the South and Midwest regions of the US. A striking difference was that PAs in psychiatry were almost twice as likely to provide telemedicine services for their patients. Although nearly a third of PAs in psychiatry acknowledged having one or more symptoms of burnout, few were considering changing their employment, and the vast majority reported high job satisfaction.
Assuntos
Assistentes Médicos , Psiquiatria , Humanos , Feminino , Assistentes Médicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Masculino , Estados Unidos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mão de Obra em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
This study characterized adult primary care medical assistant (MA) staffing. National Survey of Healthcare Organizations and Systems (n = 1,252) data were analyzed to examine primary care practice characteristics associated with MA per primary care clinician (PCC) staffing ratios. In 2021, few practices (11.4%) had ratios of 2 or more MAs per PCCs. Compared with system-owned practices, independent (odds ratio [OR] = 1.76, P <0.05) and medical group-owned (OR = 2.09, P <0.05) practices were more likely to have ratios of 2 or more MAs per PCCs, as were practices with organizational cultures oriented to innovation (P <0.05). Most primary care practices do not have adequate MA staffing.
Assuntos
Atenção Primária à Saúde , Humanos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Estados Unidos , Admissão e Escalonamento de Pessoal , Recursos Humanos , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Assistentes Médicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Cultura OrganizacionalRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether enough primary care providers are in close proximity to where dual-eligible beneficiaries live to provide the capacity needed for integrated care models. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary data analysis using dual-eligible enrollment data and health care workforce data. METHODS: We determined the density of dual-eligible beneficiaries per 1000 population in 2017 for each of 3142 US counties. County-level supply of primary care physicians (PCPs), primary care nurse practitioners, and physician assistants was determined. RESULTS: One-third of the 791 counties with the highest density of dual-eligible beneficiaries had PCP shortages. Counties with the highest density of dual-eligible beneficiaries and the fewest primary care clinicians of any type were concentrated in Southeastern states. These areas also had some of the highest coronavirus disease 2019 outbreaks within their states. CONCLUSIONS: States in the Southeastern region of the United States with some of the most restrictive scope-of-practice laws have an inadequate supply of primary care providers to serve a high concentration of dual-eligible beneficiaries. The fragmented care of the dually eligible population leads to extremely high costs, prompting policy makers to consider integrated delivery models that emphasize primary care. However, primary care workforce shortages will be an enduring challenge without scope-of-practice reforms.
Assuntos
Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde/normas , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/normas , Profissionais de Enfermagem/provisão & distribuição , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Médicos de Atenção Primária/provisão & distribuição , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Âmbito da Prática/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Medicaid , Medicare , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The nation's undersupply of urology services disproportionately affects Medicare beneficiaries compared to the general population. Advanced Practice Providers (APPs), most commonly nurse practitioners and physician assistants may be a vehicle to meet this need. The increased use of APPs in urology is hampered by physician discomfort with delegating responsibility to APPs. This discomfort may be compounded by complexities with billing issues and interstate variation in scope of practice regulations. To expand access to urological services while simultaneously ensuring service quality, it is imperative that urologists engage with APPs individually and as a specialty.
Assuntos
Profissionais de Enfermagem , Assistentes Médicos , Papel Profissional , Urologistas/provisão & distribuição , Urologia , Humanos , Licenciamento , Profissionais de Enfermagem/economia , Profissionais de Enfermagem/provisão & distribuição , Assistentes Médicos/economia , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Âmbito da Prática , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Pediatras/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Medicina Estatal/legislação & jurisprudência , Recursos Humanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Organização e Administração/normas , Pediatras/tendências , Assistentes Médicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Medicina Estatal/organização & administração , Reino Unido , Recursos Humanos/tendênciasRESUMO
The physician assistant or physician associate (PA) profession is being adopted in many countries. At a time of improved communication and international exchange of educational methods, no central repository of PA numbers exists. The authors set out to consolidate basic information on PAs. The purpose of the project was to support efforts underway that include the global development of PAs. The prevalence of PAs in each country was obtained using an informant methodology strategy and supplemented with reports and internet validation. Eighteen countries have a PA (similar healthcare professionals with different titles were not included), for an estimated total of more than 132,000 clinically active PAs and 366 training programs. In most countries, PA expansion was reported as being underway.
Assuntos
Censos , Mão de Obra em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Internacionalidade , Assistentes Médicos , Humanos , Assistentes Médicos/educação , Assistentes Médicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand the association between physician assistant (PA) state scope of practice (SOP) laws and (1) PA program growth and (2) PA graduate demographics. METHODS: Scope of practice laws were categorized as ideal, average, and restrictive. Descriptive statistics by year and SOP categories were determined for the number of states, population density, PA programs, and PA graduate number, gender, race, and mean age. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze demographic data by SOP categories. Adjusted risk ratios were generated for the number of PA programs and SOP categories. RESULTS: The number of PA programs is not associated with ideal SOP states. As of 2017, only 10 states have restrictive SOP laws. A minority of PA students now graduate from states with restrictive SOP laws. CONCLUSION: There is heterogeneity in PA SOP laws throughout the United States but only a minority of PA graduates now come from restrictive SOP states. This study provides foundational information prior to the implementation of optimal team practice.
Assuntos
Assistentes Médicos/educação , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Âmbito da Prática/legislação & jurisprudência , Adulto , Bases de Dados Factuais , Demografia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Historically, physician assistants (PAs) or their equivalent have been used to offset shortages of healthcare providers in many parts of the world. Poland, having been strongly influenced by Russia and the Soviet Union, revived the feldsher in the post-world war era. With a successful expansion of medical schools, the eventual surplus of physicians meant feldshers were no longer needed. In the early 2000s, Poland found itself in yet another medical provider crisis and turned toward the creation of the Polish PA profession.
Assuntos
Assistentes Médicos/história , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Atenção à Saúde , Feminino , Pessoal de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Masculino , Área Carente de Assistência Médica , Assistentes Médicos/tendências , Polônia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this project was to evaluate demand for PAs by examination of job postings. We compared proportions of PAs in primary care with proportions of job postings in primary care in 2014 and 2016 and described job postings for PAs by specialty in 2014 and 2016. METHODS: Internet job postings for PAs supplied by Burning Glass Technologies were evaluated for practice specialty. Job postings were compared with existing filled positions by specialty as reported by the National Commission for the Certification of Physician Assistants. RESULTS: In both years, more than 25% of PAs in practice were in primary care and fewer than 20% of job openings were in primary care. More than half of postings were in medical and surgical subspecialties. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide insights into which specialties have emerging high demand for PAs. The demand for PAs appears to remain much stronger for specialty jobs than for primary care jobs.
Assuntos
Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Assistentes Médicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Especialização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Fatores de Tempo , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Israeli emergency medicine is undergoing change. The paramedic is experiencing high separation rates because the position is understaffed, overworked, and underpaid. Physician assistants (PAs) were introduced into the emergency department by training paramedics and to date they seem satisfied with this new role. Experience in other countries indicates that PAs can improve access to care, reduce errors, increase efficiency and have satisfying roles in health systems. The Israeli health system will need to determine if additional roles for PAs will be accepted by the public and physicians alike.
Assuntos
Pessoal Técnico de Saúde/provisão & distribuição , Admissão e Escalonamento de Pessoal/normas , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Pessoal Técnico de Saúde/educação , Humanos , Israel , Admissão e Escalonamento de Pessoal/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistentes Médicos/educaçãoRESUMO
The United States is experiencing an opioid use disorder epidemic. The Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act allows nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) to obtain a Drug Enforcement Administration waiver to prescribe medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for opioid use disorder. This study projected the potential increase in MAT availability provided by NPs and PAs for rural patients. Using workforce and survey data, and state scope of practice regulations, the number of treatment slots that could be provided by NPs and PAs was estimated for rural areas. NPs and PAs are projected to increase the number of rural patients treated with buprenorphine by 10,777 (15.2%). Census Divisions varied substantially in the number of projected new treatment slots per 10,000 population (0.8-10.6). The New England and East South Central Census Divisions are projected to have the largest population-adjusted increase. NPs and PAs have considerable potential to reduce substantial MAT access disparities.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Buprenorfina/uso terapêutico , Profissionais de Enfermagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Assistentes Médicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviços de Saúde Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , New England , Profissionais de Enfermagem/provisão & distribuição , Tratamento de Substituição de Opiáceos , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Few patients with opioid use disorder receive medication for addiction treatment. In 2017 the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act enabled nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) to obtain federal waivers allowing them to prescribe buprenorphine, a key medication for opioid use disorder. The waiver expansion was intended to increase patients' access to opioid use treatment, which was particularly important for rural areas with few physicians. However, little is known about the adoption of these waivers by NPs or PAs in rural areas. Using federal data, we examined waiver adoption in rural areas and its association with scope-of-practice regulations, which set the extent to which NPs or PAs can prescribe medication. From 2016 to 2019 the number of waivered clinicians per 100,000 population in rural areas increased by 111 percent. NPs and PAs accounted for more than half of this increase and were the first waivered clinicians in 285 rural counties with 5.7 million residents. In rural areas, broad scope-of-practice regulations were associated with twice as many waivered NPs per 100,000 population as restricted scopes of practice were. The rapid growth in the numbers of NPs and PAs with buprenorphine waivers is a promising development in improving access to addiction treatment in rural areas.
Assuntos
Buprenorfina/uso terapêutico , Prescrições de Medicamentos , Profissionais de Enfermagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Assistentes Médicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviços de Saúde Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Bases de Dados Factuais , Humanos , Profissionais de Enfermagem/provisão & distribuição , Tratamento de Substituição de Opiáceos , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Médicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Médicos/provisão & distribuição , População Rural , Âmbito da Prática/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
Improving racial and ethnic diversity in the physician assistant (PA) profession is important to providing better care for underserved communities. The recruitment and retention of minority PA faculty is one aspect of helping to attract and retain a more diverse student body. Previous research has indicated that minority status is associated with the increased attrition of PA faculty but has not provided insight into the specific factors involved in the retention or attrition of minority PA faculty. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to describe the experience of minority PA faculty through a critical race theory lens. We used a phenomenological approach using structured interviews of minority PA faculty. Better understanding of the experience of minority PA faculty might lead to improved efforts at recruiting and supporting a more diverse faculty workforce. We conducted 13 interviews of PA faculty representing a variety of underrepresented minorities, geographic regions, types of schools, and stages of their careers. Major themes that emerged across the participants' experiences included opportunities for success in the form of both internal and external support systems and mentorship. As a corollary, barriers to the retention of minority PA faculty including a lack of institutional support, gaps in mentorship, and lack of a solid support network were cited.
Assuntos
Diversidade Cultural , Docentes de Medicina/provisão & distribuição , Docentes de Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Grupos Minoritários/estatística & dados numéricos , Seleção de Pessoal/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Assistentes Médicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To describe the composition of the US provider workforce for adults with cancer older than 65 years and to determine whether there were differences in patients who received care from different providers (eg, nurse practitioners [NPs], physician assistants [PAs], and specialty physicians). DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Adults within the 2013 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registries linked to the Medicare claims database. PARTICIPANTS: Medicare beneficiaries who received ambulatory care for any solid or hematologic malignancies. MEASUREMENTS: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), diagnosis codes were used to identify Medicare patient claims for malignancies in older adults. Providers for those ambulatory claims were identified using taxonomy codes associated with their National Provider Identifier number. RESULTS: A total of 2.5 million malignancy claims were identified for 201, 237 patients, with 15, 227 providers linked to claims. NPs comprised the largest group (31.5%; n = 4,806), followed by hematology/oncology physicians (27.7%; n = 4,222), PAs (24.7%; n = 3767), medical oncologists (10.9%; n = 661), gynecological oncologists (2.6%; n = 403), and hematologists (2.4%; n = 368). Rural cancer patients were more likely to receive care from NPs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.65-2.05) or PAs (OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.40-1.77) than from physicians. Patients in the South were more likely to receive care from NPs (OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.24-1.49). CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of older adults with cancer receive care from NPs and PAs, particularly those who reside in rural settings and in the southern United States. Workforce strategies need to integrate these provider groups to effectively respond to the rising need for cancer care within the older adult population.
Assuntos
Neoplasias/enfermagem , Profissionais de Enfermagem/provisão & distribuição , Assistentes Médicos/provisão & distribuição , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Medicare , Programa de SEER , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Leading organizations committed to improving health and healthcare in the United States agree that a more diverse healthcare workforce is needed to combat widespread disparities affecting underrepresented minority and underserved populations. Until the 1990s, a higher proportion of underrepresented minorities entered PA programs than other healthcare professions programs, such as medical school. However, in recent years, the PA profession has struggled to increase diversity among its ranks. This article reviews the rationale for greater diversity in the PA workforce, discusses the obstacles that underrepresented minority students and PA educators face, and makes recommendations to address diversity. The PA profession's rapid growth presents an opportunity to expedite change through community outreach, sustained commitment to diversity, research, and policy change.