RESUMO
Corneal transplantation is a triumph of modern ophthalmology. The possibility of corneal transplantation was first raised in 1797 but a century passed before Zirm achieved the first successful penetrating graft in 1905. Gibson reported the first corneal graft in Australia from Brisbane in 1940 and English established the first eye bank there a few years later. Corneal transplantation evolved steadily over the twentieth century. In the second half of the century, developments in microsurgery, including surgical materials such as monofilament nylon and strong topical steroid drops, accounted for improvements in outcomes. In 2013, approximately 1500 corneal transplants were done in Australia. Eye banking has evolved to cope with the rising demands for donor corneas. Australian corneal surgeons collaborated to establish and support the Australian Corneal Graft Registry in 1985. It follows the outcomes of their surgery and has become an important international resource for surgeons seeking further improvement with the procedure.
Assuntos
Transplante de Córnea/história , Austrália , Bancos de Olhos/história , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Oftalmologia/históriaAssuntos
Doenças da Córnea/história , Doenças da Córnea/cirurgia , Ceratoplastia Endotelial com Remoção da Lâmina Limitante Posterior/história , Ceratoplastia Endotelial com Remoção da Lâmina Limitante Posterior/métodos , Rejeição de Enxerto/terapia , Lâmina Limitante Posterior/cirurgia , Bancos de Olhos/história , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The story of the evolution of corneal grafting reads like a modem day epic: Complete with a cast of larger than life heroes, brilliant and heroic feats, inspired by the mundane. The history is also peppered with dismal, heart rending failures, foolhardy ventures, and the ultimate triumph of the indomitable human spirit over all odds. This review aims to highlight the significant milestones in the rich history of corneal transplantation, and to pay tribute to the many inspired and dedicated pioneers in this field for their perseverance and superior wisdom. It is also a salute and memorial to the patients who reposed their trust in the corneal surgeons, subjecting themselves to the trauma of surgery, often with less than optimal results. It was their collective, relentless toil and dynamic vision which has resulted in the state of the art surgical techniques which are the basis of modern day keratoplasty.
Assuntos
Transplante de Córnea/história , Bancos de Olhos/história , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , HumanosRESUMO
The author presents a brief chronological summary of early attempted corneal grafts over the last century culminating in the first successful Canadian keratoplasty by Dr. Jean Audet-Lapointe in Montreal on April 20, 1945. Medical journals of the day retrace the early experiences at various Canadian medical centres with this new innovative surgical procedure. Testimonials from newspaper clippings highlight the professional career of Dr. Jean Audet-Lapointe. The role and support of the CNIB in Montreal and Toronto in establishing the Canadian Eye Bank Service are also presented.
Assuntos
Transplante de Córnea/história , Canadá , Bancos de Olhos/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Oftalmologia/históriaRESUMO
Since the time of the first corneal transplant in Alaska by Dr. Milo Fritz in 1958, great strides have been made in the field of corneal transplantation surgery. The introduction of fine 10-0 nylon sutures, the operating microscope, microsurgical instrumentation, and recently developed corneal preservation techniques has improved the prognosis in transplantation for all types of corneal disease, including PKC scarring. Our own experience at ANMC suggests that we should expect 80-90% of transplants performed for PKC to remain clear.
Assuntos
Transplante de Córnea/história , Indígenas Norte-Americanos , Alaska , Bancos de Olhos/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/históriaRESUMO
Abstract One hundred years ago, on 7 December 1905, Dr Eduard Zirm performed the world's first successful human corneal transplant. This significant milestone was achieved only after many decades of unsuccessful trial and error; however, it did not lead to relatively 'routine' keratoplasty success for several more decades. The idea of replacing an opaque cornea had been suggested for centuries, and had stimulated theoretical approaches to the problem by many esteemed physicians throughout history. However, little practical progress was made in the ultimate realization of the dream until the 19th century when pioneering surgeons pursued extensive studies in relation to both animal and human 'keratoplasty'. Clinical progress and scientific insight developed slowly, and it was ultimately due to parallel advances in medicine such as anaesthesia and antisepsis that Zirm's success was finally achieved. Key concepts were enshrined such as the use of fresh tissue from the same species, careful placement and handling of tissue, and the development of specialized instrumentation such as the circular trephine. In the latter half of the 20th century, many 'masters' of corneal surgery evolved significant refinements in technique and instrumentation with the development of corticosteroids, antibiotics, surgical microscopes, improved trephines, viscoelastics and suture materials, that enable this delicate procedure to be routinely performed with the prospect of success. There are still limitations to corneal transplantation, and corneal allograft rejection still poses the greatest challenge to the modern corneal surgeon. In the foreseeable future it may be in the laboratory, rather than the theatre, that further milestones will be achieved. This review aims to highlight the significant milestones in the rich history of corneal transplantation, and to pay tribute to the many inspired and dedicated individuals involved in the development of keratoplasty to a point where the procedure is now a standard tool in the repertoire of ophthalmic surgery and more than a million people have enjoyed restoration of useful sight.
Assuntos
Transplante de Córnea/história , Bancos de Olhos/história , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Oftalmologia/históriaAssuntos
Transplante de Córnea/história , Bancos de Olhos/história , Córnea , Criopreservação/história , Criopreservação/métodos , Dinamarca , Bancos de Olhos/métodos , Bancos de Olhos/organização & administração , História do Século XX , Humanos , Oftalmologia/história , Preservação de Órgãos/história , Preservação de Órgãos/métodosRESUMO
PURPOSE: This review of milestones and challenges in eye banking describes efforts made by dedicated eye bankers to ensure the quality and quantity of corneal tissue for corneal blind patients over the last 25 years. METHODS: This account is the result of the recollection of the author, discussions with eye bankers, and a review of the literature, public documents, and Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA) records. RESULTS: A measure of the success of eye banking is the fact that corneal transplant surgery is now scheduled as an elective procedure. Corneal tissue has also enjoyed a stellar safety record. This is due in part to the establishment of comprehensive medical standards by the EBAA, the accreditation of eye banks, and the training and certification of eye bank technicians. CONCLUSION: Advancements in eye banking over the last 25 years have improved the quality of life of several hundred thousand corneal blind persons in this country. More efforts must be made in the future to eliminate corneal blindness internationally.
Assuntos
Bancos de Olhos/história , Oftalmologia/história , Doenças da Córnea/história , Doenças da Córnea/cirurgia , Transplante de Córnea/história , Transplante de Córnea/métodos , Transplante de Córnea/normas , Bancos de Olhos/normas , Bancos de Olhos/tendências , História do Século XX , Humanos , Sociedades Médicas , Preservação de Tecido/história , Preservação de Tecido/métodos , Preservação de Tecido/normas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
In 1955, the Eye Bank of Canada introduced Canadians to the idea of postmortem tissue donation. The long-time administrator of the bank's Ontario Division, Anne Wolf, recalls the organization's early days and how the management of donated corneas became a family affair.
Assuntos
Bancos de Olhos/história , Canadá , Feminino , História do Século XX , Humanos , Masculino , Doadores de Tecidos/história , Doadores de Tecidos/psicologiaRESUMO
In the United States, standards for cell and tissue processing have been developed by a variety of professional tissue banking organizations. Several organizations, including the American Association of Tissue Banks and the Eye Bank Association of America, have accreditation programs for member institutions. Some governmental agencies, such as the New York State Department of Health and the Food and Drug Administration, have adopted strict regulations, which may subject noncompliant tissue banks to certain enforcement actions. Professional tissue banking organizations have also issued guidelines that provide recommendations for implementing efficacious policies and procedures for the acquisition, processing, storage, and distribution of tissues.
Assuntos
Guias como Assunto , Controle Social Formal , Bancos de Tecidos/legislação & jurisprudência , Bancos de Tecidos/normas , Doenças Transmissíveis/transmissão , Bancos de Olhos/história , Bancos de Olhos/legislação & jurisprudência , Bancos de Olhos/normas , História do Século XX , Humanos , New York , Bancos de Tecidos/história , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/história , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/legislação & jurisprudência , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/normas , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug AdministrationAssuntos
Bancos de Olhos/história , Baltimore , História do Século XX , New York , Oftalmologia/históriaRESUMO
In 1961, the Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA) was developed to promote universal standards for the procurement of eye tissue. Over the last 30 years, the EBAA has had to change its original guidelines to include medical standards, technical personnel, updates in serology testing, and public relations. Certified technicians are required to perform procurement after careful donor chart review, where they must also review the lab results and check the postmortem blood sample to see if it tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus.
Assuntos
Bancos de Olhos/tendências , Transplante de Córnea , Bancos de Olhos/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Instituições Filantrópicas de Saúde/história , Instituições Filantrópicas de Saúde/tendênciasRESUMO
Through the efforts of Dr. Townley Paton, eye banks were founded in New York in the early 1940s. Since that time there has been steady growth in both the supply of and demand for donor material. A number of factors have contributed to the success of eye banks in the U.S.A., including improvements in eye banking techniques and administration, increase in corneal surgery, legislation facilitating corneal donations, and growing confidence of patients and ophthalmologists in the success of corneal tissue transplantation.