Prevalence of depression, anxiety and suicidal ideas and associated factors, in particular sensory impairments, in a population of Bashkortostan in Russia.

To assess prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety and suicidal ideas in populations from Russia, we conducted in rural and urban regions in Bashkortostan/Russia two population-based studies (Ural Eye and Medical Study (UEMS), performed from 2015 to 2017; Ural Very Old Study (UVOS), performed from 2017 to 2020) which included participants aged 40 + years and 85 + years, respectively. Depression was assessed using the questionnaire of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Scoresheet, and anxiety was examined applying the State Trait Inventory Anxiety Test. Suicidal ideas were explored by the question whether suicide had previously been thought of or attempted (and if yes, for what reasons). In the statistical analysis we assessed the mean of the main outcome parameter (depression score and anxiety score) and searched for associations between these parameters and other parameters in univariable and multivariable regression analyses. In the UEMS with 5893 individuals (age: 59.0 ± 10.7 years; range 40-94 years), higher depression score and anxiety score were associated (multivariable analysis) with more marked hearing loss (beta: 0.07; P < 0.001, and beta: 0.07; P < 0.0012, respectively) and worse visual acuity (beta: 0.04; P = 0.02; and beta: 0.03; P = 0.03, resp.), in addition to female sex, Russian ethnicity, lower educational level, less alcohol consumption, weaker hand grip strength, less physical activity, and higher prevalence of dry eye disease. Attempted suicide was reported by 88 (1.5%; 95% CI 1.2, 1.8) participants. Having thought of suicide within the last 6 months was reported by 63 (1.1%) individuals. Out of 1491 UVOS participants (age: 88.2 ± 2.8 years; range 85-100 years) with a mean depression score of 20.0 ± 10.3 (median 18; range 0-58), 916 (61.4%; 95% CI 59.0, 63.9) fulfilled the definition of depression (depressions core ≥ 16). Higher depression score and higher anxiety score correlated (multivariable analysis) with higher hearing loss score (beta: 0.07; P = 0.02, and beta: 0.08; P = 0.009, resp.) and worse visual acuity (beta: 0.13; P < 0.001, and beta: 0.09; P = 0.007, resp.), in addition to female sex, urban region, less physical activity, less fruit intake, and lower cognitive function. Overall, 15 (1.0%; 95% CI 0.50, 1.50) individuals had attempted or thought of suicide. In conclusion, the findings suggest that besides female sex, lower level of education and lower cognitive function, it was sensory impairment, namely vision and hearing impairment, which belonged to the determinants of depression and anxiety in these populations from Russia.

[Multiple sclerosis in the Republic of Bashkortostan: population-specific genetic predictors and the results of a 20-year clinical follow-up study]. / Rasseyannyi skleroz v Respublike Bashkortostan: populyatsionno-spetsificheskie geneticheskie prediktory i rezul'taty 20-letnego klinicheskogo nablyudeniya.

OBJECTIVE: Identification of a complex of genetic predictors of multiple sclerosis (MS) based on previously obtained results in genome-wide association studies of disease markers (GWAS markers) in a population of MS patients and healthy individuals of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation) using polygenic detection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The total study group consisted of 2048 people (641 patients with MS and 1407 healthy individuals) who permanently resided in the Republic of Bashkortostan and belonged to the Bashkir (n=325), Russian (n=772) or Tatar (n=951) nationalities. The analysis of association between MS and polymorphisms previously associated with the disease according to GWAS data was performed. Of the 641 MS patients, 247 were the subject of a 20-year prospective clinical follow-up. RESULTS: The C6orf10 rs3129934*T allele was most significantly associated with MS in Russians (OR=2.00, P=5.85·10-5) and Tatars (OR=2.38, P=8.61·10-7). An increased MS risk in Russians was also associated with the EOMES rs11129295*T (OR=1.56, P=0.007) and IL7R rs1494558*I (OR=1.61, P=0.003) alleles. Meta-analysis confirmed the association of the C6orf10 rs3129934*T, EOMES rs11129295*T and IL7R rs1494558*I alleles with MS in the total group, as well as revealed associations of the INAVA rs7522462*G, IL7R rs10624573*I, CD6 rs17824933*G, GPC5 rs9523762*A and GPR65 rs2119704*C alleles with the disease. Using polygenic analysis, we identified a complex predictor C6orf10 rs3129934*C + INAVA rs7522462*G + CD6 rs17824933*C with a pronounced protective effect against MS in the total group (OR=0.34, PFDR=2.65·10-7). CONCLUSION: We reproduced the association of eight polymorphisms (C6orf10 rs3129934, INAVA rs7522462, IL7R rs10624573, EOMES rs11129295, GPR65 rs2119704, GPC5 rs9523762, CD6 rs17824933 and CD58 rs2300747) with MS, previously identified in GWAS in European populations. Whole exome or genome sequencing may help to reveal the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of MS in populations of the Russian Federation.

Prevalence and associated factors of glaucoma in the Russian Ural Eye and Medical Study.

To assess the prevalence and associated factors of glaucoma in a Russian population. The population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5899 (mean age 59.0 ± 10.7 years; range 40-94 years). Glaucomatous optic neuropathy was diagnosed using International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology (ISGEO) criteria. Among 5545 participants with assessable optic disc photographs, 246 individuals [4.4%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.9, 5.0] had glaucoma, with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in 177 individuals (3.2%; 95% CI 2.7, 3.7) and angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) in 69 individuals (1.2; 95% CI 1.0, 1.5), with IOP > 21 mmHg in 79 (32.1%) patients, and with 80 (32.5%) patients on glaucoma therapy. Glaucoma prevalence increased from 3/485 (0.6%; 95% CI 0.0, 1.3) in the age group of 40-45 years to 33/165 (20.0%; 95% CI 13.8, 26.2) in the group aged 80 + years. Higher OAG prevalence correlated with older age [odds ratio (OR) 1.07; 95% CI 1.04, 1.09; P < 0.001], longer axial length (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.17, 1.58; P < 0.001), higher intraocular pressure (IOP) (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.13, 1.23; P < 0.001), higher stage of lens pseudoexfoliation (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.08, 1.47; P = 0.004) and lower diastolic blood pressure (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.96, 0.99; P = 0.035). Higher ACG prevalence correlated with older age (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.03, 1.11; P < 0.001), narrower anterior chamber angle (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.77, 0.86; P < 0.001), and higher IOP (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.23, 1.38; P < 0.001). Glaucoma caused moderate to severe vision impairment (MSVI) in 9 (4.9%; 95% CI 1.8, 8.1) out of 184 individuals with MSVI (OAG, n = 7; ACG, n = 2), and blindness in one (9.1%) of 11 blind individuals. In this population from Russia, two thirds of glaucoma patients were not on therapy, and in two thirds of the glaucoma patients IOP was ≤ 21 mmHg. Otherwise, glaucoma prevalence, OAG-to-ACG ratio, and glaucoma associations did not differ markedly from Caucasian and East Asian populations.

Prevalence of and factors associated with low Back pain, thoracic spine pain and neck pain in Bashkortostan, Russia: the Ural Eye and Medical Study.

BACKGROUND: Back pain and neck pain are leading causes of the burden of disease worldwide, while information about their prevalence in Russia is missing. METHODS: The population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study was conducted in a rural and urban region in Bashkortostan/Russia. As part of a detailed systematic examination, we assessed the prevalence of low back pain, thoracic spine pain and neck pain in an interview with standardized questions in 5397 study participants (mean age:58.6 ± 10.6 years;range:40-94 years). RESULTS: The mean prevalence of low back pain, thoracic spine pain and neck pain was 2912/5397 (54.0%;95% confidence interval (CI):52.6,55.3), 1271/5397 (23.6%;95%CI:22.4,24.7), and 1570/5397 (29.1%;95%CI:27.9,30.3), respectively. A higher prevalence of low back pain was associated with females (P = 0.04;odds ratio (OR):1.14;95%CI:1.004,1.30), younger age (P < 0.001;OR:0.99;95%CI:0.98,0.99), higher body mass index (P = 0.002;OR:1.02;95%CI:1.01,1.03), lower frequency of vigorous activities during leisure time (P = 0.001;OR:0.79;95%CI:0.69,0.90), more time spent sitting and reclining (P = 0.03;OR:1.00;95%CI:1.00,1.00), higher serum concentration of high-density lipoproteins (P = 0.004;OR:1.10;95%CI:1.03,1.18), higher prothrombin index (P = 0.003;OR:1.01;95%CI:1.003,1.01), higher prevalence of a history of cardiovascular disease (P = 0.004;OR:1.23;95%CI:1.07,1.42), falls (P < 0.004;OR:1.71;95%CI:1.45,2.00), bone fractures (P = 0.01;OR:1.18;95% CI:1.03,1.34), unconsciousness (P < 0.001;OR:1.78;95%CI:1.40,2.25), osteoarthritis (P < 0.001;OR:2.76;95%CI:2.34,3.26), iron-deficiency anemia (P < 0.001;OR:1.87;95%CI:1.41,2.50), and thyroid disorder (P = 0.004;OR:1.37;95%CI:1.10,1.70), fewer days of vegetable intake (P < 0.001;OR:0.89;95%CI:0.85,0.93), smaller amounts of salt intake (P = 0.008;OR:0.97;95%CI:0.94,0.99), higher anxiety score (P < 0.001;OR:1.05;95%CI:1.03,1.06), and in women, history of menopause (P = 0.02;OR:1.36;95%CI:1.05,1.75). The prevalence of thoracic spine pain and neck pain showed similar associations. CONCLUSIONS: In a Russian population, the prevalence of low back pain, thoracic spine pain and neck pain (54.0, 23.6 and 29.1%, respectively) were correlated with parameters such as the female sex, younger age, higher body mass index, higher anxiety score, higher prevalence of a history of cardiovascular disease, lower frequency of vigorous activities and more time spent sitting or reclining. These data may be of interest for assessing the burden of back and neck pain in Russia as part of the global burden of disease.

Ural Eye and Medical Study: description of study design and methodology.

PURPOSE: Since there is a scarcity on population-based health information available for Russia, we conducted this project to assess the prevalence of major ocular and systemic disorders and their associated risk factors. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study (Ural Eye and Medical Study (UEMS)) was performed in Bashkortostan 1300 km east of Moscow. The sampling frame consisted of all inhabitants aged over 40 years and living in an urban study area in the capital city Ufa and a rural region at 65 km outside of Ufa. The target sample size was 2500 individuals for the urban region and 2500 persons for the rural region. The study participants underwent a detailed interview, a detailed ophthalmologic examination including biometry and optical coherence tomography, and clinical examination including assessment of electrocardiography, hearing test, blood sampling, spirometry, and hand grip dynamometry. RESULTS: After a first study period, the study population included 4254 individuals with a mean age of 60.3 ± 11.1 years (range: 40-94 years), mean body weight of 74.8 ± 14.4 kg (range: 31-170 kg), body height of 163.6 ± 8.9 cm (range: 112-196), body mass index of 28.0 ± 5.1 kg/m2 (range: 13.96-60.96 kg/m2), mean systolic blood pressure of 133.7 ± 21.0 mmHg (range: 84-232 mmHg), and mean diastolic blood pressure of 81.2 ± 10.6 mmHg (range: 40-134 mmHg). Mean refractive error was -0.21 ± 1.94 D and mean intraocular pressure was 13.6 ± 3.9 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: The UEMS provides population-based normative data for a Russian region on the quantitative traits such as axial length, quality of life and lifestyle including smoking and alcohol consumption, and prevalence and risk factors of ocular and systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and depression.

[Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of hereditary motor-sensory neuropathy 1X caused by the mutation c. 259C> G (p. P87A) in the GJB1 gene of patients from the Republic of Bashkortostan]. / Kliniko-épidemiologicheskie kharakteristiki nasledstvennoi motorno-sensornoi neiropatii 1Kh tipa, obuslovlennoi mutatsiei s. 259S>G (r. R87A) v gene GJBI, u patsientov Respubliki Bashkortostan.

BACKGROUND: Hereditary motor-sensory neuropathy 1X (НМСН 1X) is the second frequent form of hereditary motor-sensory neuropathies caused by mutations in the GJB1 gene (gap junction B1 type). The authors have established earlier that the с.259C>G (р.P87A) mutation is the most frequent cause of НМСН 1Ð¥ (92%) in patients from the Republic of Bashkortostan. AIM: To study in details the territorial ethnic distribution and clinical manifestations of the с.259C>G (р.P87A) in the GJB1 gene in patients with НМСН 1Ð¥ from the Republic of Bashkortostan. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical/neurological data were assessed in 52 patients (32 men and 20 women) from 13 families with this НМСН 1Ð¥ mutation in accordance to the diagnostic criteria of the European neuromuscular center. Twenty-three patients underwent standard electroneuromyographic study ('Nicolet Viking quest') using cutaneous electrodes. Data analysis was performed with Statistica ver.6.0 ('Stat Soft, Inc.', 2003) software. RESULTS: The с.259C>G (р.P87A) mutation was more frequent in Bashkir (61%) and Russian (31%) families from 6 areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The age-at-onset was 13.24±4.33 years in men. In women, the age-at-onset varied from 7 to 45 years, it was difficult to detect this parameter in several patients due to the absence of complaints and symptoms of disease. A comparative analysis revealed the higher degree of peripheral nerve lesions in men compared to women. There was the distinct difference in electrophysiological parameters (excitation spreading velocity and M-response amplitude) along motor fibers of the middle nerves between men and women that indicated the predominantly demyelinating character of the pathological process in men and the axonal character in women. CONCLUSION: Clear clinical/electrophysiological sex differences (intra- and inter family) were shown in patients with НМСН IX with the с.259C>G (р.P87A) mutation in the GJB1 gene. The disease was less severe and often with the absence of symptoms in women. Genetic testing for mutations in the GJB1 gene, including the с.259C>G (р.P87A) mutation, can be recommended to female patients with excitation spreading velocity >38m/s.

Genetic determinants of essential hypertension in the population of Tatars from Russia.

OBJECTIVE: Systemic inflammation and impaired function of endothelium play an important role in the development of hypertension. Our study aimed to analyze an association between essential hypertension and polymorphic markers in candidate genes in the group of 530 Tatars from the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. METHODS: The study group consisted of 216 male patients with essential hypertension (mean age 48.92 ±â€Š8.8 years) and 314 healthy individuals of corresponding sex and age without history of cardiovascular disease. Association between studied polymorphisms and essential hypertension was analyzed using PLINK. RESULTS: We detected an association between EDNRB rs5351, VEGFA -2549(18)I/D, and ADRB2 rs1042713 polymorphisms and essential hypertension in men of Tatar ethnic origin. EDNRB, VEGFA, and VCAM1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with SBP and DBP. However, only EDNRB rs5351 remained associated with hypertension after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. A Markov chain Monte Carlo-based approach implemented in the APSampler program was used to analyze association of genotype and/or allele combinations with disease. The most influential in conferring risk of hypertension was EDNRBG/G+ADRB2A+VCAM1A combination (odds ratio = 4.15, PBonf = 5.43 × 10). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that rs5351 single-nucleotide polymorphism is a strong independent predictor of essential hypertension in men of Tatar ethnic origin.

[(INFESTATION OF FISHES OF THE FAMILY CYPRINIDAE IN THE FOCI OF TREMATODES OF THE ECOSYSTEM OF THE BELAYA RIVER (THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN)].

In the ecosystem of the Belaya River, fishes of the family Cyprinidae were infected with three epidemically important species oftrematodes of the family Opisthorchidae: Opisthorchisfelineus, Metorchis bilis, and Pseudamphistomum truncatumn. No biotopes of mollusks of the genus Codiella were detected. The contamination of underyearlings with-Ofelineus and M.bilis metacercariae indicates that there are cores of opisthorchiasis and metorchiasis (M.bifis) foci in the ecosystem of the lower course of the river. The presence of biotopes of the genus Bithynia mollusks, the first intermediate host.for P. truncatum, in the waters, but the absence of fishes infected with P.truncatum metacercariae among the examined under- yearlings may lead to the conclusion that there are no cores of pseudamphistomiasis foci. Infestation of onein 97 older individual muvarica (Albumus alburnus) with trematode metacercariae is evidence of its infection outside the floodplain river ecosystems of the Belaya River and subsequent migration of the fish into the lowerreaches of the river, where a barren zone of a pseudamphistomiass focus is formed. In this ecosystem there is a risk of human infection with epidemically important species of trematodes of the family Opisthorchidae (O.felineus, M.bifis, and P.truncatum)-when eating the fish caught in the river, its tributaries, and floodplain waterbodies. When identifying the metacercariae and detecting the natural foci of trematodes, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the fishes of the family Cyprinidae in the river ecosystem have four types of Opisthorchis metacercariae (after D.A.Razmashkin).

[The dynamics of mortality because of diseases of blood circulation system in the regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan].

The article presents analysis of level, dynamics and structure of mortality of diseases of blood circulation system in the regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan according to data of the Territorial board of Federal service of state statistics in the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2002-2012 (table C-51). The differences are established in the levels of mortality as compared with the Republic ofBashkortostan and the Russian Federation. Despite of outlined tendency of decreasing of levels of mortality because of the given cause, it continues to be sufficiently high and requires further investigation of all its aspects.

[Structure and dynamics of occupational morbidity in Bashkortostan Republic].

The authors represent data on analysis of dinamics and structure of occupational incidence in Bashkortostan Republic, according to archive documents of Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, on occupational morbidity dynamics over 2008-2014, on its regional peculiarities.

[Ecological and physiological assessment of the elemental status in the adult population of the Republic of Bashkortostan].

The study of elemental status was carried out as a result of a multielement analysis of hair by ICP-MS within the framework of the Federal Program "National System of chemical and biological security of the Russian Federation, 2009-2014". This parameter is an index of the impact of the environment on the body. A total of 1,138 adult residents of the Republic of Bashkortostan (624 women and 514 men aged of25-50 years) were examined. The features of the element status of the adult population of the Republic were shown. The obtained data can be used as reference values of chemical elements in the hair of the adult population of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

[Modern features of the formation of occupational diseases and insurance coverage on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan].

There was executed the analysis of morbidity and disability rate in workers with occupational diseases (poisoning) of the Republic ofBashkortostan for the periodfrom 2010 to 2014. There is reflected the sectoral distribution of the relative indices of the occupational morbidity. There are selected factors of labor and the labor process, promoting occupational diseases (OD). The leading place in the structure of primary morbidity is held by OD related to physical overload and functional overexertion of certain organs and systems; the second - by diseases associated with exposure to physicalfactors; the third - by diseases from exposure to workplace allergens. This is followed by illness (intoxications) caused by exposure to chemical factors, industrial aerosols. The share of OD from exposure to biological agents and professional tumors in total accounts for about 2.0% of all cases of OD revealed for the first time.

[Evaluation of the content and migration of heavy metals in components of river ecosystems' of mining territories of the Republic of Bashkortostan].

Exploration and development of mineral deposits in the Transurals of the Republic of Bashkortostan are accompanied by a comprehensive environmental impact. Ones of the most vulnerable elements of the landscape are the surface water bodies used for fishery purposes, recreation and household needs of the population. Extraction and processing of ores lead to the contamination of aquatic ecosystems by heavy metals (HM), which by passing into a pond, can actively be involved in the cycling of matter and migrate via food chains to the human under the consumption of fish products. Possessing by cumulative properties, HM can express mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic properties. The aim of research was the study of the impact of mining facilities on the content of the priority HM in the components of river ecosystems in the Transurals of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the development of a complex of preventive measures on the improvement of the human environment. There was studied the content of Zn, Cu and Cd in the water, bottom sediments and phytomass of Elodea canadensis Michx. The measurements of mass concentrations of metals were performed by stripping voltammetry with the use of the STA device. The results showed that for the cross-sections there is typical the following descending series of elements in the river components: Zn > Cu > Cd. In water samples there is observed the exceedance of standards for water bodies of potable, cultural and community water use and fishery basins. The concentration of zinc varies in the range of 0.016-5.24 mg/dm; copper - 0.0024-0.095 mg/dm; cadmium - 0.0001-0.019 mg/dm. In bottom sediments, in general, the content of metals in comparison with control plots is increased to the tenfold value. The meaning of mobile forms of zinc in the ground varies in the range of 0.81-9.62 mg/kg; copper - 0.12-18.69 mg/kg; cadmium - 0.00013-0.092 mg/kg. The zinc concentration in above-ground phytomass of Elodea canadensis compared to control increases by 2-3.5 times, copper - 4-8 times, cadmium - 2-7 times. Univariate analysis of variance confirmed the accuracy of the impact of the degree of contamination on the accumulation of metals by Elodea canadensis. The results testify to the potential danger to health of water bodies of the region's population.

[Clinical characteristics of syringomyelia in the Bashkir disease cluster].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze clinical characteristics of syringomyelia based on the data of the Bashkir Disease Cluster. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors present the results of examination of 712 patients from the population of Bashkortostan. Disease duration varied in the wide range. In most of the patients, first symptoms usually occurred between 10 and 30 years old. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Clinical symptoms included sensory and motor disorders, trophic changes of the skin, joint and bone deformations. A mixed form with lesion localization in the cervical-thoracic region of the spine and slowly progressive course was most frequent.

[THE SUBSTANTIATION OF ACTIVITIES CONCERNING PRIMARY PREVENTION OF STROKE IN WORKING POPULATION].

The scale of Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) was modified by introduction of such risk factors as sugar level, body mass index, locomotion activity to become a basis for development of special computer program to be applied in the study. The research purpose was to detect risk factors of cardio-vascular diseases in workers of oil processing enterprises during periodic medical examinations, to allocate patients on groups depending on intensity of risk factors and to provide recommendations on correction of risk factors. It is established that 36.2% of workers have risk factors of cardio-vascular diseases, 51.2% of males and 28.8% of females included. The arterial hypertension was detected in 28%, extra body mass and obesity in 63.6%, increased cholesterol level in 36.2%, increased sugar level of capillary blood in 42.3%, lower locomotion activity in 54.4% and tobacco smoking in 21.4% of examined patients. The most prevalent risk factors of cardio-vascular diseases among males and females turned out increased body mass, lower locomotion activity and hypercholesterolemia. The allocation of patients on groups depending on intensity of risk factors demonstrated that lower and medium risk of development of cardio-vascular diseases as present in 19.1% of examined patients, 26.1% of males and 17.9% of females included. The higher risk of development of cardio-vascular diseases was detected in 9.1% of examined patients, 13.2% of males and 8.1% of females included. The very high risk of cardio-vascular diseases was established in 8% of examined patients, 11.8% of males and 2.8% of females included. The patients of each group the individual recommendations concerning correction of risk factors were given. The developed original computer program can be applied in ambulatory polyclinic medical organizations during physician's appointment that will permit the detect group of patients with risk of development of cardio-vascular diseases. The program also gives to patients an opportunity to independently answer the questions and to receive right away recommendations concerning correction of risk factors.

[THE EVALUATION OF MORTALITY OF FEMALE POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN].

The official statistical data was used to analyze indicators of mortality of female population. The dynamics of mortality of female population was established as compared with indicators of mortality of male population during 2006-2013. In 2013, indicators of mortality of urban and rural population was analyzed according ager and gender. The results of study demonstrated that in dynamics, male mortality decreased up to 4.3%, female mortality decreased up to 1.2%. In 2013, male mortality consisted 1505.6 and female mortality 1145.per 100,000 of population (1616.2 and 777.1 according standardized indicators respectively). The mortality from diabetes mellitus (9.7 and 5.2), hypertension disease (12.9 and 11.5), cerebrovascular diseases (205.4 and 173.3) and old age (273.3 and 117.1) was higher among females than among males. In all age groups mortality of males exceeded mortality of females. Under malignant neoplasms in age groups younger that 40 years mortality was higher among females and in all other age groups among males. The difference between indicators of male and female mortality because of blood circulation diseases decreased with age and in case of malignant neoplasms on the contrary increased. The indicator of mortality of rural females, turned out higher in comparison with urban females: 1347.1 and 1022.8 per 100,000 of population (814.1 and 757.8 according standardized indicators respectively). The mortality of malignant neoplasms and blood circulation diseases was higher in urban females in comparison with rural females (138 and 92.7 and 564.2 and 532.4 respectively). At the age younger than 70 years mortality of rural females were higher than mortality of urban females. On the contrary, at the ager older than 70 years, mortality of rural females were lower than mortality of urban females.

[ON PREVENTION OF CYSTIC ECHINOCOCCOSIS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN].

According to official statistics, in the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) since 1991 there is noted the increase in the number of patients with cystic echinococcosis. In 2012, the number of recorded cases increased by 55.3% if compared with 2007. In the areas of RB, where there was observed the high index of population morbidity rate, there was noted the extensive growth of the infestation in sheep. The analysis of the landscape-climatic and sanitary characteristics of the territory of the RB, as well as population economic activity revealed a definite relationship between them and the spread of echinococcosis. The performed survey of rural residents of RB showed that the population is poorly informed about the factors of transmission and ways of infection by echinococcosis. Out of respondents 73% were wrong in determining factors of transmission of infection, 34% admitted irregularities in the disposal of slaughtering condemned products. Fully correct answers were given only by 9% of respondents. The research of fruitfulness of hydatid bubbles and viability of Protoscolexes revealed that the effect of hot water (t = 90-100 ° C) is effective for disinfecting of invasive origins of larvocysts. Due to the low level of awareness of the population there is needed an active health education work on effective measures to prevent the spread of echinococcosis in RB--the prevention of feeding dogs with raw slaughtering waste and decontamination in the private courtyard slaughtering condemned products with the hot water.

[Effectiveness of the program "School Milk" for the prevention of iodine deficiency].

Republic of Bashkortostan refers to iodine-deficient regions of Russia. The incidence of endemic multinodular goiter in 2012 in the Republic amounted to 33.2 per 100 thousand of the population. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of group iodine prophylaxis of schoolchildren through the use of iodized milk. The study included 181 children of primary school (pre-pubertal) age (8-10 years), it has been carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the WHO and the International Council for Control of iodine deficiency disorders using a unified system of identification of iodine deficiency states. Level of physical development was assessed according to anthropometric measurements, which were conducted by centile distribution tables according to age and sex, and the individual assessment of physical development was determined by the level of feature by its position in a number of centile. Assessment of iodine deficiency was carried out by determining levels of iodine excretion in a single urine sample. Iodine concentration in urine was determined by ceric ion-arsenious acid method. Frequency of iodine deficiency varying degrees before the iodine prophylaxis among urban children was 57.0%, among rural-92.3%. Urban junior schoolchildren showed severe iodine deficiency in 12.7% and moderate one in 16.4% of the cases, while in the countryside their prevalence was higher--27.4 and 35.2%, respectively. It was revealed that the number of children whose body growth values are within the average values is 36% in urban children, and 48.4% in rural areas. It should be noted that the low and very low body height predominate in rural students, it makes up 16.1% (while in the town it makes-up 2.3%). Iodine prophylaxis contributed to a significant reduction of iodine deficiency in children. In the town the median urinary iodine exceeded 100 mg/L and amounted to 159.4 mg/L. After iodine prophylaxis 82.5% of urban children and 72.1% of rural showed normal urinary iodine. When comparing the results of clinical and laboratory studies before and after the group prevention of iodine deficiency there has been revealed a positive trend in terms of reflecting the tensions of thyroid status.

[The dynamics of mortality of population of able-bodied age in the Republic of Bashkortostan].

The article analyzes data of state statistics concerning mortality of able-bodied population (table C51) in the regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2002-201. The structure of main causes of death is analyzed. The comparative analysis of received data and analogous indicators in the Republic of Bashkortostan and Russia was carried out. The differences in levels of mortality per regions with different degree of economic development and ecological pollution were demonstrated. The article emphasizes high indicators of mortality of population of able-bodied age in particular regions as compared with corresponding republican and national indicators of mortality. The interregional heterogeneity of indicators of mortality of population of able-bodied age demonstrates a genuine necessity of further intensification of research in identification and qualitative evaluation of health risk factors with following implementation of target preventive programs.

[Frequency of CHEK2 gene mutations in patients with breast cancer from the Republic of Bashkortostan].

Several studies have shown, that mutation in CHEK2 gene can increase the risk of different cancers, including breast cancer (BC). Clearly, that character of mutations distribution in the defined regions is depended on genetic structure of the population. We conducted the screening of mutations c.1100delC, c.444 + 1G>A, de15395, p.I157T andIp.R145Win CHEK2 gene in patients with breast cancer (n = 977) and in control group (n = 1069) originating from the Republic of Bashkortostan. The mutation de15395 in CHEK2 gene was detected with frequency of 1,23% (12/977)in woman with BC and 0.09% (1/1069) in controls (OR:13.28, CI 95%: 1.72-102.33, p = 0.003). Mutations c.1100delC and c.444 + 1G>A were found in BC patients and controls with frequencies of 0.4%, 0.4% (4/977) and 0.09% (1/1069), 0.2% (2/1069), respectively. The missense mutation p.I157T in CHEK2 was found as the most common variant in two studied cohorts (approximately 5%), but differences did not achieved statistical significance. We found the ethnic specificity in distribution of truncating mutations, which occurs mainly among the women of Slavic origin. All three mutations were identified in women of Russian and Ukrainian ethnic origin. Mutations c.1100delC and c.444 + 1G>A in CHEK2 gene were not detected in Bashkirs and Tatars, but CHEK2 de15395 mutation was observed in Tatars.